Footnote 461: It is to be observed, however, that many authorities agree with Professor Duguit in his contention that although the individual rights enumerated in the Declaration of Rights of 1789 are passed without mention in the constitutional laws of 1875, they are to be considered as lying at the basis of the French governmental system to-day. Any measure enacted by the national parliament in contravention of them, says Professor Duguit, would be unconstitutional. They are not mere dogmas or theories, but rather positive laws, binding upon not only the legislative chambers but upon the constituent National Assembly. Traité de droit constitutionnel (Paris, 1911), II., 13.[(Back)]
Footnote 462: Art. 8. Dodd, Modern Constitutions, I., 288.[(Back)]
Footnote 463: Art. 3. Dodd, Modern Constitutions, I., 291.[(Back)]
Footnote 464: A. Tridon, France's Way of Choosing a President, in Review of Reviews, Dec., 1912.[(Back)]
Footnote 465: Art. 3. Dodd, Modern Constitutions, I., 286.[(Back)]
Footnote 466: Dupriez, Les Ministres, II., 358-372; J. Nadal, Attributions du président de la république en France et aux États-Unis (Toulouse, 1909). For a brief American discussion of the same subject see M. Smith, The French Presidency and the American, in Review of Reviews, Feb., 1906. Cf. A. Cohn, Why M. Fallières is an Ideal French President, ibid., July, 1908.[(Back)]
Footnote 467: Henry Maine, Popular Government (London, 1885), 250.[(Back)]
Footnote 468: Arts. 3 and 6. Dodd, Modern Constitutions, I., 287.[(Back)]
Footnote 469: In earlier days the ministers of war and of the marine were selected not infrequently from outside Parliament, but this practice has been discontinued.[(Back)]
Footnote 470: Dupriez, Les ministres, II., 332-357. A recent treatise of value is H. Noell, L'Administration centrale; les ministères, leur organisation, leur rôle (Paris, 1911). Mention may be made of L. Rolland, Le Conseil d'État et les réglements d'administration publique, in Revue du Droit Public, April-June, 1911; J. Barthélemy, Les sous-secrétaires d'état, ibid.; P. Ma, L'organisation du Ministère des Colonies, in Questions Diplomatiques et Coloniales, Sept. 1, 1910.[(Back)]