CHAPTER III
The Deseado Fauna
The exposure of the Deseado, which the Amherst party worked, yielded 293 specimens, each presumably representing an individual. (There were besides these a few that were indeterminate and are not therefore included.) The consideration of the fauna as a whole suggests certain ideas as to the country in which the animals lived, and also certain comparisons with the fauna of the preceding and later faunas.
The first striking feature is the presence of so many excessively large animals, as Asmodeus, Parastrapotherium, and Pyrotherium, in each case forms larger than a rhinoceros. Further than that they are in each case the largest members of their family, even larger than the representatives in the later Santa Cruz. This would indicate a period in which living conditions were at a high grade, suggesting both abundance of food and a moderate climate.
The following table will give a good idea as to the range of species, and their relative abundance in the fauna, also a suggestion as to the class of food they used; and from that an idea as to what sort of country they occupied:
In our collection, all from one point, there are thirty-nine different species. Beside these Ameghino has described a considerable number of species, some of which in time will probably turn up at our locality; but others and I think the majority will be found to be representative of other localities which he worked. It is to be expected that a difference of locality will make a little difference in the fauna. Further I expect that no two localities represent exactly the same period of time, though they may do so approximately; but some of these local deposits must have been begun earlier, and others probably lasted to a later period. Thirty-nine species of mammals and land birds is a fairly varied fauna for one spot; and the time element involved in laying down the 50 feet which separated the bottom from the top of the Deseado deposit is not probably very long; for the material of which the deposit is composed is of a character which would have been laid down fairly rapidly.
Of this fauna only 8 per cent belongs to the edentates; and if any element were disproportionately represented it would be this one, for the armadilloes have in addition to the skeleton the hundreds of tiny plates of the carapace, and several of the forms are represented by one or two plates only. When compared with the condition in the Santa Cruz this 8 per cent is strikingly small, for in that later bed, fully 50 per cent of the finds represent edentates. Are the Edentata just originating? Or, was the country less favorable to their habitation? The edentates which we did find are only slightly less advanced in their development than those of the Santa Cruz. Also, though infrequent, all of the families of the Santa Cruz are represented. It would seem therefore that the origin of the edentates was much earlier than the Deseado; and this relative paucity of edentates is also characteristic of the Casamayor and Astraponotus beds; but they are there, and in considerable variety, though small numbers. It would seem then that the country for some reason was less adapted to edentates, and that in some other part of South America they were flourishing and evolving.
In the Deseado the rodents appear for the first time in South America. They are all Hystricomorpha and in a relatively primitive stage of development, but they are typically developed already. Did they migrate in from some other locality, or were they evolved on the spot? Ameghino believed that they were developed from some such form as Promysops or Propolymastodon of the Casamayor, and that these forms were ancestral to rodents all over the world. If my interpretation of the age of these beds is anywhere near correct, this last at least is impossible, for in North America and Europe typical rodents are present in the Eocene. Then as to even the hystricomorphs being developed in Patagonia, I am very skeptical, for the material offered in evidence of this is very insufficient, especially in the region of the incisors; and may be interpreted in other more probable ways. I am confident that either just before the beginning of the Deseado, or at the beginning, the rodents of these beds migrated, either from some other continent, or at least from some other section of South America into this Patagonian region.
Some idea of the type of country and the climate of the Deseado period in Patagonia may be obtained by analyzing the fauna as to the character of its teeth as indicative of the food; and by studying the feet as indicative of the ground on which they were used.