This is not to say that one must not recognize the meaning and the need of law-making by statute; of law made by the people themselves to suit present conditions. "There should be a law about it," is the popular phrase—commonly there is a law about it, and the best of all law, because tested by time and experience; only, the people do not realize this, and their power and practice of immediate legislation is not only the great event in our modern science of government, but it is also the greatest change in the rules and conditions of our living, and our doing, and our having. Not only our office-holders, but we ourselves, are born, labor, inherit, possess, marry, devise, and combine, under a perpetual plebiscitum, referendum, and recall. I can only hope that I have made some suggestions to my readers which will awaken their interest to the importance of the subject.
INDEX
Abbot of Lilleshall case,
Abduction, statute against, A.D. 1452, (see Kidnapping).
Acton Burnel (see Statute Merchant).
Actors forbidden from swearing on the stage.
Administration of estates, unfair laws in American States.
Administrative law (see Boards and Commissions),
still exists in Germany;
forbidden by Magna Charta;
did not exist in England.
Adultery now made a crime.
Advertising,
signs forbidden;
of patent medicines, divorce matters, etc., prohibited.
"Affected with a public interest"; use of phrase to justify rate
regulation.
African labor, etc. (see Negro).
Agricultural products,
exempted from anti-trust laws;
stations usually exist in State.
Aids (see Taxation, Taxes);
the three customary.
Ale (see also Sumptuary Legislation), Assize of.
Alfred, laws of (see Wessex)
Alien,
legislation against, in labor matters dates from 1530;
rights of, in real estate;
in personal property;
immigration of, regulated;
naturalization of;
alien and sedition laws;
libel against the government, suits for;
general scheme of our legislation concerning;
laborers may not be specially taxed;
may be forbidden to hold lands.
Alienation of affections, discussion of suit for.
Allowable socialism (see Socialism).
American legislation in general, chapter concerning, chapter VI.
Anarchism (see Socialism),
definition of;
advocating of, made a felony
Anarchists,
legislation against;
naturalization of;
may be denied immigration.
Anglo-Saxon law (see Law),
re-establishment of, chapter concerning, chapter III;
was customary law;
method of enforcing;
its nature, loss, and restoration.
Anglo-Saxon legislation (see also Legislation).
Anti-truck laws.
Anti-trust laws (see Trusts).
Apparel (see Sumptuary Laws), statute of 1482.
Appeal, right to, in criminal cases given government.
Apprentices, early laws of.
Arbitration,
of labor disputes, laws for;
laws aimed against strikes;
laws in the British colonies.
Archery favored by legislation.
Arms (see Assize of Arms), chapter relating to, chapter XIII.
right to bear;
does not extend to Parliament;
history of;
made compulsory;
right to bear established in bill of rights;
does not include concealed weapons.
Army (see Standing),
use of;
its bearing upon liberty;
complained of in petition of rights;
used to control internal disputes;
use of by President in civil matters objectionable.
Arrest, freedom from, under Magna Charta.
Artificers and craftsmen (see Labor).
Asiatics (see Mongolians),
may not be citizens;
legislation against in the Far West;
may be unconstitutional;
may not be employed in public work.
Assembly,
right of, as bearing upon freedom of speech;
the right to, and free elections.
Assignable (see Negotiable).
Assistance, writs of, in Massachusetts.
Assize of Arms.
Assize of Bread and Beer.
Association, freedom of (see Combination), is guaranteed in
Switzerland.
Atheism does not disqualify a witness.
Austin's views of law.
"Avocation, affected with a public interest."
Bakers, statute of (see Assize of Bread and Ale).
Bakeshops, bakeries, legislation concerning (see Sweatshops).
Balance of trade thought desirable as early as 1335.
Ballot,
form of, (see Elections);
the Australian, New York, etc.
Banishment not a constitutional punishment.
Bankruptcy act,
the first, A.D. 1515;
under Cromwell;
national.
Battle, trial by.
Beds, making of, regulated in Oklahoma and the England of 1495.
Beer (see Sumptuary Legislation, Assize of Beer).
Beggars (see Vagabonds).
Benefit funds, legislation against.
Benefit of clergy,
origin of;
in modern trials;
reason of;
modification of in murder, etc.;
extended to women;
withheld from all women earlier.
Betterment taxes (see Eminent Domain),
limitation of;
reason for.
Bigamy,
a sin, not a crime in the earlier view;
statute of;
forbidden by statute of James I.
Bill of rights (see Petition of Right, Constitution).
Bills of exchange, invention of.
Bills of lading.
Bishops,
may be appointed by the crown;
abolished in 1646.
Black death,
gave rise to first statute of laborers;
plague of, 1348;
effect of on prices;
Black labor (see Negroes, Peonage, etc.), in the Orange River
Colony.
Blacklists (see Boycotts),
American statutes against;
in modern American statutes;
laws against in Germany and Austria.
Blackmail statutes.
Blackstone quoted as to legislation.
"Bloody" statute against heretics, 1539.
Boards and commissions,
growth of;
must be bi-partisan.
Bounties,
constitutional objection to;
usually unconstitutional;
in foreign countries;
Federal bounties;
public appropriations may be justified in times of emergency;
State usual subjects of.
Bows and arrows (see Archery) much used in England.
Boycotts (see Conspiracy)
first recorded precedent of in 1221;
"against the common weal of the people" made unlawful in 1503;
in modern times;
intent the test;
statutes;
definitions of;
unlawful under anti-trust laws;
in modern American statutes;
Alabama definition of;
no European legislation on;
right to prosecute as bearing upon right to freedom of speech.
Brewer, Justice, Yale address quoted
Bribery of votes by employment, etc. (see Corruption);
recent statute against.
Building,
laws regulating;
sanitary regulations under police power.
Bulk, sales in.
Business corporations, act of, Massachusetts.
By-laws,
of guilds must not be in restraint of trade;
against the common weal of the people made unlawful in 1503;
of corporations must be reasonable;
illegal, forbidden, 1503;
forbidding appeal to the law courts unlawful;
the Norwich tailors' case.
Cabinet, functions of in England. Cade, Jack, attainder of; rebellion of, its effect, etc. Canada, legislation on arbitration. Canon law (see Church Law), supplanted by common law; early jealousy of. Canons of the Church (see Canon Law). Canute, laws of. Capital, combinations of (see Trusts). Capital punishment, laws abolishing. Carlyle, his remark on legislation. Carriers, rates of fixed by law. Carter, James C., quoted. Cartoons, laws against. Cash payment of wages, danger of laws for. Caucuses (see Primaries), regulation of by law. Celibacy of priests a modern doctrine. Cemeteries, eminent domain for. Centralization, by Federal incorporation law; as caused by the fourteenth amendment. Certificates (see Stock Certificates, Trust Certificates, etc.). Chancellor (see Injunction). Chancery (see Equity Jurisdiction), early jealousy of by the people; court of, origin; the star chamber; statute against jurisdiction; in labor disputes. Charity (see Bounties), modern legislation concerning. Charter of liberties, of Henry I; of Henry II. Charter (see Magna Charta), early royal charters a concession of Anglo-Saxon liberties; as previously existing. Child labor, laws concerning; hours; absolute prohibition of; age limit; dangerous and immoral trades; young girls; in mines. Children, guardianship of; in America, labor of, regulated; guardianship of may be given either parent; rights of in marriage and divorce; tendency to State control of, its effect. Chinese (see Mongolian), laws against. Chitty, cited as to conspiracy. Christian Science, laws regulating practice of; not protected by the Constitution. Church law (see Canon Law), freedom from; early jurisdiction of; governs sin; of Henry VIII and Mary; of Elizabeth III in U.S. tests. Church of Rome supreme over England. Cigarettes manufacture and sale of forbidden; laws against. Cigar making (see Sweatshops). Cincinnati, order of. Citizens (see Aliens Suffrage, etc.). Citizenship, of American Indians; of other races, chapter XVI. City (see Government), debt limited by statute; ordinances in effect laws. Civil law, early jealousy of; supplanted as to legitimacy. Civil rights of negroes, etc. (see Class Legislation, Liberty, Equality). Civil service reform, tendency to extend. Clarendon, constitutions of. Class legislation, as to war veterans; as to boycotts; making hereditary privilege. Clergy (see Benefit of Clergy). Clerks (see Benefit of Clergy), meaning of word; may dress like knights. Closed shop, early case of, (see Union Labor). Cloth of gold worn only by the king. Clothing, regulation of by law; manufacture of, a "sweated" trade. Cloths, trade to be free in; act for spinning, weaving, and dyeing of. Coal (see Fuel), Massachusetts law regulating sale of. Codes, in the United States; in England. Codification, early, in England; partial. Co-education, present tendency against; universal in State colleges. Cohabitation (see Fornication), made a crime in many States. Coin (see Money) Coinage, debasement of, forbidden. Cold storage, need of legislation against. Collective bargaining, principle of. Color, persons of (see Negro). Combinations (see Labor, Trusts, Conspiracy), chapter concerning, chapter XII; the law of; the modern definition of; against individuals; intent makes the guilt; to injure trade; individual injuries to business; to fix prices; Professor Dicey quoted; law of, in European countries; with an evil end forbidden by Code Napoleon. Commerce, legislation concerning, (see Interstate Commerce, Trade). Commissions and tips forbidden; government by commission (see Boards, Administrative Law). Common law, enforcement of; contrast with Roman law; growth of by court decision; effort to restore soon after the conquest; as distinct from Roman law; as against civil law; how far enforced in United States; early jealousy of chancery power; does not apply in towns of the staple, but the law merchant; superiority over statutes; prevails in criminal matters; self-regardant actions; Massachusetts statute declaring. Common land. Common pleas, court not to follow king's person. Common right shall be done to rich and poor. Commons (see House of Commons). Commonwealth of England, constitution of. Commonwealth vs. Hunt, 4 Met. 111, case of cited. Communism, definition of (see Socialism). Company stores forbidden; so, tenements; company insurance. Compulsory labor (see Peonage). Compurgation, trial by. Concealed weapons (see Arms). Confirmation of charters. Congress, usurpation of powers by. Conscience, rights of (see Religion). Conscription (see Military Service), does not exist among English peoples. Consent, age of, in rape; in marriage; the age raised as high as twenty-one; in criminal matters. Conservation (see Forest Reserves); of rivers, dates from statute of Henry VIII. Conspiracy, first statute against in 1305; doctrine first applied to maintaining lawsuits; next to combination between mechanics or guilds; reason of common law doctrine of; definition of; determined by intent or ethical purpose; early statutes probably declared merely the common law; definition of in statute of 1304; definition of as evolved in history; finally includes intent to injure another person in his liberties as well as results actually criminal; reason of doctrine of; doctrine under common law; remedies for; combinations necessarily attended with the use of unlawful means; unlawful act is the combining, not any action done; actual result unimportant; intent the question; punishment far more severe than for offences done under it; always unlawful, may not amount to criminality; principle of extended to trades unions and their by-laws; of masons, etc., forbidden in 1425; against the law or customs of the staple town made criminal in 1333; general discussion of law of, chapter XII; continuing conspiracies, doctrine of; extension of, by new statutes; early English law of, discussed with the modern law of combinations; to maintain lawsuits; Conspiracy and the Trade Disputes acts (English); copied in Maryland; changing of law recommended in labor matters; English statute of, copied in Oklahoma; doctrine of, contended for by labor unions. Constitutional law (see Unconstitutional), growth of in America; applied by the courts in early England; Magna Charta to be interpreted by Ordainours; anticipates in earliest times U.S. Supreme Court. Constitution, State, modern form of; adoption of by referendum. Constructive total loss, origin of doctrine. Contempt of court, effort to obtain jury trial, (see Chancery, Injunction). Contract (see Freedom of), status of, desirable for labor. Convict-made goods, denial of to interstate commerce. Co-operation (see Profit Sharing). Corn, exportation of, forbidden in 1360. "Corners" (see Engrossing, Forestalling), unlawful to create at the common law; corners of wheat in Athens; by Joseph in Egypt. Coronation oaths, history of. Corporation, general discussion of, Chapter X; Federal incorporation; first appearance of secular trading corporations uncertain; companies corporate required to record their charters as early as 1426; by-laws of must be reasonable; first trading companies under Elizabeth; early charters of difficult to find; business, origin of; discussion of; peculiar powers of incorporated persons; unknown in Rome and early England; special municipal corporations and monasteries; limited liability of, invented in Connecticut; form of the modern; Federal supervision; powers of in other States; prohibition of; holding stock by; earliest business companies; history of; limited liability; monopoly given to Federal corporations; powers of in other States; the Massachusetts law; two theories of legislation concerning; clash of State and Federal law; the "Trust problem"; discussion of subject by Massachusetts commissioners; now created under general laws; modern legislation concerning; liability of stockholders; payment in of stock; income; "publicity"; monopoly, consolidation, etc.; the holding company; public service; duration of franchise; powers of in other States; have no immunity from giving testimony; are subject to the criminal law; primarily through individual officers. Corrupt practices (see Bribery) election laws. Corruption (see Bribery), modern statute against. Council, the great, was originally executive and judicial as well as legislative (see Three Functions of Government); primarily judicial; legislation incidental to judicial judgments; law declared, not made, by Great Council; development with legislative power into Parliament; the great judicial functions of; in Magna Charta; so-called until 1275. Counsel, right to, etc. Cousins, marriage of forbidden; County courts, early history of; counties may loan for seed. Courts, at first followed the king's person; special royal courts forbidden; our judicial system. Covins (see Conspiracy). Crime, distinction from sin; tendency of modern legislation. Criminating (see Incriminating). Criminal law and police, chapter concerning, chapter XVIII, modern basis of; procedure in; laws regulating procedure; right of appeal; President Taft's recommendation. Criminal procedure, reform of, necessary. Cromwell, legislation under; laws all repealed, but had some effect upon laws of New England colonies, and vice versa; assumed supreme power; he had absolute veto; no constitutional government under; unrestricted will of majority becomes will of one. Cross-bows forbidden except to lords. Crown land. Crown property, wrecks, fish, precious metals, etc. Crusades, expenses of, origin of taxation. Cummins, Governor, his ideas as to trust controlled articles. Curfew laws in early England; in U.S. Custom, of the trade; (see also Law, Customary Law, etc.), enforcement of Custom House, regulation of officers of; may not make unreasonable search; travellers to be believed upon their oath. Customs (see Duties), the law of England, recognized by early English charters, as well as laws, Customary law, or natural, enforced without sanction: sanction of often the best; sanction not a penalty; early legislation declaring.
Dairies (see Farms).
Danbury hatters' case, desired legislation against.
Dane Geld, London free from.
Dangerous trades, hours of labor in.
Day's work (see Hours of Labor).
Debtor and creditor, laws concerning.
Debts (see Imprisonment)
laws to enforce collection of not necessary;
suits to recover comparatively modern;
State, city, etc., for internal improvements;
State, municipal or county may be limited by statute;
Modern statutes concerning;
Imprisonment for forbidden;
Municipal limited by statute;
limit generally evaded.
Delegation of legislative power (see Three Functions of
Government).
Democracy, legislation of.
De odio et atia, writ of, explained in statute of Westminster
II.
Department stores, legislation against anticipated in early England;
forbidden (see Trading Stamps).
Descent of property, legislation concerning.
Desertion, a cause for divorce.
Destruction of food stuffs highly criminal by early law.
Diet and apparel (see Sumptuary Laws),
laws concerning soon repealed,
Direct legislation (see Referendum),
nominations;
primaries;
elections;
taxes (see Taxation).
Discharge, reason of, must be stated by employer.
Discrimination, unlawful under early common law;
modern view of;
by the "trusts";
the Elkins law against;
in ordinary trade;
against localities by trusts.
Divine right, asserted by King James.
Divorce, chapter concerning, chapter XVII;
jurisdiction over first in church;
reform movement discussed (see Marriage and Divorce);
equal rights of husband and wife;
causes for to both sexes alike;
statistics discussed;
in most cases given to the wife;
whether innocent or not;
in England not to the wife for adultery alone;
for desertion and failure to support;
reforms in legislation;
reforms in procedure, preferable;
causes now existing;
meaning of cruelty, cause for divorce;
uniformity of law in;
statute for reform of divorce procedure;
commissioners created by States;
effect of in other States;
law formerly appertained to the church;
history of in the past;
earliest in 1642;
first general law that of Massachusetts Bay;
corespondents may appear and made defence;
crime made cause for;
neglect cause for;
advertising;
remarriage after divorce usually permitted;
should be absolute;
unchastity the cause if before marriage;
government reports upon;
in European countries.
Doctors' commons lasted until the nineteenth century.
Dog, or cat, why usually kept on ships
Dogberry, speech to the watch, based on the statute of Winchester.
Dogger, statute of;
dogger fish, trade in regulated;
regrating of dogger fish forbidden;
storage and preservation;
must be sold before night.
Domestic labor, no regulation of.
Dorr, rebellion.
Double standard in divorce matters;
in matters of ordinary morality.
Double taxation (see Taxes).
Double trading, and department stores.
Dower right, recognized in Magna Charta;
in American legislation.
Drainage (see Irrigation), laws for usual in the South and West.
Drains and irrigation.
Drill companies (see Military Companies).
Droit d'aubaine.
Drugs (see Pure Food Laws).
Drunkenness, first punished by law in 1606;
other laws against;
in U.S.
Due process of law, under Magna Charta;
principle may include immunity from self-incrimination.
Duties (see Imports), first upon wool in Westminster I;
General nature of;
early revenue laws prohibitive not protective, hence tariffs for
protection, not for revenue alone, are constitutional;
"new" customs forbidden in 1309;
suspension of all duties in 1309 in order to see what the
effect is upon the people's prosperity;
"new" customs again abolished, saving only the duty on wool or
leather;
only to be paid upon goods actually sold in England, not upon goods
exported;
in the United States.
Early methods of trial.
East India Company, monopoly of, attacked.
Edgar, laws of.
Education, may be separate for different races;
tendency of to be technical;
usually includes agricultural instruction;
state functions of declared a natural right;
compulsory in all states;
compulsory age of.
Edward I, charter of, in 1297;
Restores constitutional principle of taxation;
legislation of;
grants confirmation of charters.
Edward the Confessor, codes of;
laws of (see Wessex);
laws of sworn to be observed by Norman kings;
laws of restored by Charter of Liberties.
Edward II, reign of.
Edward III, legislation of.
Edward VI, legislation of.
Edward VII, minimum wage legislation.
Egyptians (see Gypsies).
Elections (see Voters), freedom of, principle dates from statute
of Westminster I;
local regulation of essential;
free right to;
house the judge of;
right of voting;
control of votes of employees;
Federal and State authority;
regulation of machinery of;
of corruption in, 290, 291.
Electric power companies, eminent domain for.
Elevators, subject to rate regulation;
hours of labor on.
Elizabeth, legislation of.
"Elkins" act, 176 (see Discrimination, Trusts); form of, 361.
Eminent domain, a modern doctrine;
applies to personal property;
personal property seized by royal purveyors;
damages in;
does not exist in England;
growth of in United States;
public service corporations entitled to;
extended to public service corporations;
to private corporations;
to the taking of easements;
damages given for land damaged as well as taken;
only for a public use;
national uses;
State uses;
parks and playgrounds;
railways, telegraphs, etc.
what is a public use;
under State constitutions;
increased application of;
water subject to, in the arid States;
powers of Federal government;
no more land to be taken than needed.
Employers' liability.
Employment offices (see Intelligence Offices), regulated in
Oklahoma, etc.
England, statutes of, enforced in
United States, 55; New, forbidden to plant tobacco.
Englishry, London free from.
English language, replaces French;
to be used in law courts.
English law, restoration after the conquest.
Engrossing (see Forestalling, Restraint of Trade), first statute
against;
definition of;
of foreign trade;
punishment of;
forbidden to the merchants called grocers;
forms forbidden;
final definition of;
of corn permitted in certain cases;
of butter and cheese forbidden;
by trusts.
Entail created by statute of 1284.
Equality, recognized in charter of Henry II;
before the law in Magna Charta;
guaranteed by statute of Westminster I.
Equity (see Chancery, Injunction),
separate from law in some States.
Equity jurisdiction (see also Chancery),
jealousy of;
its interference with the common law forbidden by statute of, 1311;
in abductions;
separate still.
Eugenics, modern statutes recognizing.
Evidence, compulsory intrust cases;
legislation upon (see Incriminating Evidence).
Exclusive contracts forbidden (see Trusts).
Executive (see also King),
usurpation of, under Henry VIII.
Exemption laws for debtors.
Exile (see Banishment) forbidden in Magna Charta.
Experiments on.
Exportation of wool forbidden 1337;
corn, 1360;
iron.
Extortion and discrimination;
unlawful under early common laws;
rare in railway rates (see Elkins Act).
Factory legislation (see Hours of Labor, Labor),
acts exist under police power;
as to married women, etc.;
the factory system, possible abolishment of;
hours of labor limited;
the factory acts;
stores and dwellings.
Fairs (see Markets).
Farming on shares.
Farms, labor on, no regulation of;
State, frequently created.
Federal and State jurisdiction, effects of;
as to use of army;
question as to prohibition laws.
Federal government, powers of, in eminent domain.
Federal incorporation (see Corporation, Trusts) effect of.
Federal troops employed by President Cleveland.
Federation of Labor (see Gompers, Samuel).
Female labor, etc. (see Women).
Ferries, charges of, regulated.
Feudal system, imposition of, by Normans in England.
Feudal tenures, abolished under Charles I;
in United States.
Fines must be reasonable principle dates from Westminster I.
Fish and game laws, first precedent in 1285;
law protecting wild fowl under Henry VIII;
snaring of birds forbidden.
Fish, destruction of to enhance price made criminal in 1357;
universally regrated in American markets;
may not be carried out of England.
Flume companies, eminent domain for.
Food and drugs act (see Pure Food Laws, Trusts, etc.).
Force bills (see Elections).
Foreclosure of mortgages regulated by statute in United States.
Forest reserves created in some States.
Forestalling (see Trusts, Monopoly), first statute against;
definition of;
offence gradually lost sight of;
laws against, made perpetual under Elizabeth;
only repealed under George III;
first statute merely inflicts punishment;
full statutory definition of;
in the staple;
next statute that of 1352, applying to wine, etc. or imports;
double forfeiture imposed;
imprisonment for two years;
in cloths abandoned, A.D. 1350;
of Gascony wines forbidden in 1532;
in fish, milk, etc., forbidden;
last complete act A.D. 1551;
made perpetual under Elizabeth and repealed in 1772;
final definition of;
an element of the "Trust,";
by Joseph;
in modern statutes.
Forestry laws, the first.
Form of our statutes, the.
Fornication, made a crime;
with a woman under age a crime though with her consent.
Fourteenth Amendment, securing private property.
France, English people not subject to, by statute of 1340.
Franchises (see Corporations), challenged by quo
warranto;
rates of may be regulated;
to be limited in time;
to pay taxes;
regulation of, meaning of.
Frauds, statute of;
need of legislation against.
Fraudulent conveyances, statute against 1571.
Free speech in Parliament finally established under Henry VIII,
Freedom in England, early method of attaining;
of American Indians secured, (see Citizenship);
before the law recognized in charter of Henry II,
Freedom of contract (see Labor, Trade),
principle of,
value of,
of elections,
Freedom of speech, legislation relating to,
does not extend to anarchistic statements,
Freedom of the press, limitations of,
meaning of,
Freedom of trade,
Freehold land, common in United States,
Freemen (see Liberty),
made up Witenagemot,
rights of under Magna Charta,
rapid increase of after the conquest,
French, language, first law in A.D. 1266,
customs and law of in force in England,
language not to be used in England,
coat of arms not to be used in England,
language declared to be unknown in England in 1360,
Fuel, Assize of,
modern statutes,
municipal distribution of,
Fur, black only to be worn by the king,
Futures (see Forestalling),
buying of unlawful at common law,
dealing in forbidden,
buying and selling,
Fyrd, the early Anglo-Saxon militia.
Gambling, contracts forbidden (see Futures),
Game (see Fish and Game).
Gas (see Municipal Socialism).
Girls (see Women, Labor, Child Labor),
protection of,
absolute prohibition of in some occupations,
newspapers may not be sold by,
may not be telegraph messengers,
Gold (see Silver).
Golden Rule, applied to the law of combination,
Gompers, Samuel, quoted,
Gospel, society for the foundation of, founded,
"Government by injunction" (see Injunction),
Government, threefold division of,
none above law,
powers of in militia,
chapter concerning,
chapter XIX;
general principle that of home rule,
by individual heads,
by boards or commissions,
system of taxation,
Grand Army of the Republic given special privileges,
"Granger" cases, laws, etc.,
Gratuities forbidden,
Great Case of monopolies cited,
Grievances, summary of, A.D. 1309,
Grosscup, Judge, on Federal incorporation,
Guards, private (see Pinkerton Men),
Guilds (see Trade Unions),
freedom gained in,
meaning of word,
all members freemen in towns,
partly lawful,
partly unlawful in English history,
history of,
became combinations of employers,
their control of all trades,
abolished by French Revolution,
monopolies recognized under Elizabeth,
getting charters take corporate form,
may have suggested the corporation,
growth of the trade guilds,
Gypsies, early statutes against.
Habeas Corpus act,
foreshadowed in Magna Charta,
its predecessor,
writ de odio et atia
suspension of, by Lincoln, etc.
Harvard, John, residence in Southwark,
Harvard University, recognized in the Massachusetts Constitution,
Hat-pins, legislation against,
Hawkins's, definition of conspiracy in pleas of the crown,
Health (see Pure Food Laws, Police Power).
Henry II, laws of,
Henry IV, legislation of,
Henry VIII, legislation of,
declares God created all men free,
personal government under,
declares himself head of the church,
history of the Bloody Statute,
Hepburn act (see Rates), (see Interstate Commerce Act).
Hereditary privilege (see Privilege).
Heresy, first secular law against, A.D. 1400;
the bloody statute of Henry VIII against;
the statutes.
Heretics to be tried in clerical courts and burned if guilty.
Hermeneutics, meaning of word.
Herrings, ordinance of, to prevent waste and extortion.
Highways, State, exist in some States.
Hindoos may be naturalized.
"Holding" companies (see Corporations).
Holidays, laws concerning in early England.
Holt cited as to conspiracy.
Horses, breeding of encouraged by statute;
to be over fifteen hands;
sale of forbidden.
Hotels not entitled to eminent domain.
Hours of labor, first fixed in 1495;
fixed again, 1514;
repealed next year as to city of London;
regulation of by combination forbidden;
freedom in;
modern statutes;
of women;
in special employments;
of child labor;
Federal laws concerning;
in dangerous trades;
in factories, effect of on male labor;
attitude of the courts;
laws regulating labor of adult males;
of women;
in special occupations;
of children;
night work;
general discussion;
child labor prohibited;
age limit;
school certificates, etc.;
educational restrictions;
mines;
dangerous or immoral occupations;
railroads and telegraph;
unsanitary trades;
foreign legislation.
House of Commons, has sole power of taxation;
growth of legislative power (see Parliament).
House of Lords, abolished 1648.
"House of Mirth" at Albany.
Husband and wife, may testify against each other;
contracts between may be regulated;
in divorce matters;
right to guardianship of children;
husband is head of the family;
may fix the abode;
power of mother over children;
duty of the husband to support the wife and children;
they are joint guardians of children;
may be witnesses against each other.