The Last American Frontier

by Frederic L. Paxson

[INDEX]

• Acton, Minnesota, Sioux massacre at, [235].
  
• Alder Gulch mines, Idaho, [168].
  
• Anthony, Major Scott J., [259].
  
• Apache Indians, [247], [267], [268], [292], [312];
  
  • treaty of 1853 with, [124];
  • troubles with, in Arizona, [162–163];
  • last struggles of, against whites, [368–369].
• Arapaho Indians, [247], [248], [252], [256] ff., [263], [267], [292];
  
  • Medicine Lodge treaty with, [292–293];
  • issue of arms to, [312–313];
  • join in war of 1868, [313–318];
  • Custer's defeat of, [317–318].
• Arapahoe, county of, [141].
  
• Arickara Indians, treaties of 1851 with, [123–124].
  
• Arizona, beginnings of, [158] ff.;
  
  • erection of territory of, [162].
• Arkansas, boundaries of, [28–29];
  
  • admission as a state, [40].
• Army, question of control of Indian affairs by, [324–344].
  
• Assiniboin Indians, treaties of 1851 with, [123–124].
  
• Atchison, Senator, [129].
  
• Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fé Railway, [347], [384].
  
• Atlantic and Pacific Railway, [375], [376], [377];
  
  • becomes the St. Louis and San Francisco, [378].
• Augur, General C. C., [292], [295], [359].
  
• Auraria settlement, Colorado, [142].
  
• Bannack City, mining centre, [168].
  
• Bannock Indians, [295].
  
• Beadle, John H., on western railways and their builders, [332–333], [335].
  
• Bear Flag Republic, the, [105].
  
• Becknell, William, [56].
  
• Beckwith, Lieut. E. G., Pacific railway survey by, [203–206].
  
• Bell, English traveller, on railway building in the West, [329–331].
  
• Benton, Thomas Hart, [58];
  
  • interest of, in railways, [193–194].
• Bent's Fort, [65], [66].
  
• Billings, Frederick, [382].
  
• Blackfoot Indians, [264].
  
• Black Hawk, Colorado, village of, [145].
  
• Black Hawk, Indian chief, [17].
  
• Black Hawk War, [21], [25–26], [37].
  
• Black Hills, discovery of gold in, [359];
  
  • troubles with Indians resulting from discovery, [361] ff.
• Black Kettle, Indian chief, [255–261];
  
  • leads war party in 1868, [313];
  • death of, [317].
• Blind pool, Villard's, [383].
  
• Boisé mines, [165].
  
• Boulder, Colorado, [145].
  
• Bowles, Samuel, on railway terminal towns, [332], [333].
  
• Box family outrage, [307].
  
• Bridge across the Mississippi, the first, [210].
  
• Bridger, "Jim," [274].
  
• Brown, John, murder of Kansans by, [134].
  
• Brulé Sioux Indians, [264], [266].
  
• Bull Bear, Indian chief, [309].
  
• Bureau of Indian Affairs, [31], [123], [341] ff.
  
• Burlington, capital of Iowa territory, [45];
  
  • description of, in 1840, [47–48].
• Burnett, governor of California, [117].
  
• Bushwhacking in Kansas during Civil War, [231].
  
• Butterfield, John, mail and express route of, [177] ff.
  
• Byers, Denver editor, [144];
  
  • quoted, [149], [150].
• Caddo Indians, [28].
  
• California, early American designs on, [104–105];
  
  • becomes American possession, [105];
  • discovery of gold in, and results, [108–113];
  • population in 1850, [117];
  • local railways constructed in, [219];
  • Central Pacific Railway in, [220], [222].
• Camels, experiment with, in Texas, [176].
  
• Camp Grant massacre, [162].
  
• Canals, land grants in aid of, [215], [217].
  
• Canby, E. R. S., [228], [233];
  
  • murder of, [367].
• Carleton, Colonel J. H., [160], [233].
  
• Carlyle, George H., [250–251].
  
• Carrington, Colonel Henry B., [274–275].
  
• Carson, Kit, [285].
  
• Carson City, [157–158].
  
• Carson County, [157].
  
• Cass, Lewis, [21], [23].
  
• Census of Indians, in 1880, [351].
  
• Central City, Colorado, [145].
  
• Central Overland, California, and Pike's Peak Express, [186].
  
• Central Pacific of California Railway, [220], [222];
  
  • description of construction of, [325–335].
• Cherokee Indians, [28–29].
  
• Cherokee Neutral Strip, [29].
  
• Cheyenne, founding of, [301];
  
  • consequence of, as a railway junction, [334].
• Cheyenne Indians, massacre of, at Sand Creek, [260–261];
  
  • assigned lands in Indian Territory, [263];
  • Medicine Lodge treaty with, [292–293];
  • issue of arms to, [312–313];
  • begin war against whites in 1868, [313];
  • Custer's defeat of, [317–318].
• Chicago, Burlington, and Quincy Railway, [383].
  
• Chickasaw Indians, [28–29].
  
• Chief Joseph, leader of Nez Percé Indians, [363–365];
  
  • military skill shown by, in retreat of Nez Percés, [366–367].
• Chief Lawyer, [363–364].
  
• Chinese labor for railway building, [326–327].
  
• Chippewa Indians, [26–27].
  
• Chittenden, Hiram Martin, [70–71], [93].
  
• Chivington, J. M., [229–230], [257];
  
  • massacre of Indians at Sand Creek by, [260–261].
• Civil War, the West during the, [225] ff.
  
• Claims associations, [47].
  
• Clark, Governor, [20], [21], [25].
  
• Clemens, S. L., quoted, [186–187].
  
• Cody, William F., [184].
  
• Colley, Major, Indian agent, [255], [258], [262].
  
• Colorado, first settlements in, [142–145];
  
  • movement for separate government for, [146] ff.;
  • Senate bill for erection of territory of, [151], [154];
  • boundaries of, [154];
  • admission of, and first governor, [154–155];
  • during the Civil War, [228–230].
• Colorado-Idaho plan, [151].
  
• Comanche Indians, [28], [124], [252], [253], [263], [267], [268], [292].
  
• Comstock lode, the, [157].
  
• Conestoga wagons, [41], [64].
  
• Connor, General Patrick E., [274].
  
• Cooke, Jay, railway promotion and later failure of, [376–377].
  
• Cooper, Colonel, [57].
  
• Council Bluffs, importance of, as a railway terminus, [334].
  
• Council Grove, rendezvous of Santa Fé traders, [59], [63–64].
  
• Crédit Mobilier, the, [335].
  
• Creek Indians, [28–29].
  
• Crocker, Charles, [220];
  
  • activity of, as a railway builder, [327].
• Crook, General George, [368–369].
  
• Crow Indians, treaties of 1851 with, [123–124].
  
• Culbertson, Alexander, [200].
  
• Cumberland Road, [41], [215], [325].
  
• Custer, General, [304], [306], [307] ff., [310], [316], [359];
  
  • commands in attack on Cheyenne, [316–318];
  • romantic character of, and death in Sioux war, [362].
• Dakota, erection and growth of territory of, [166–167];
  
  • Idaho created from a part of, [167].
• Dawes bill of 1887, for division of lands among Indians, [354–355];
  
  • effect of, on Indian reserves, [356].
• Delaware Indians, settlement of, in the West, [24], [127].
  
• Demoine County created, [42].
  
• Denver, settlement of, [142];
  
  • early caucuses and conventions at, [147–149].
• Denver and Rio Grande Railway, [383–384].
  
• Desert, tradition of a great American, [11–13];
  
  • disappearance of tradition, [119];
  • Kansas formed out of a portion of, [137];
  • final conquest by railways of region known as, [384–386].
• Digger Indians, [203–204].
  
• Dillon, President, [336].
  
• Dodge, Henry, [35–36], [37–38], [44], [328–329].
  
• Dole, W. P., Indian Commissioner, [239].
  
• Donnelly, Ignatius, [237].
  
• Douglas, Stephen A., [128], [213–214].
  
• Downing, Major Jacob, [252], [260].
  
• Dubuque, lead mines at, [34];
  
  • as a mining camp, [42].
• Dubuque County created, [42].
  
• Education of Indians, [351–352].
  
• Emigrant Aid Society, [130].
  
• Emory, Lieut.-Col., survey by, [208].
  
• Erie Canal, [10], [21], [24], [38], [325].
  
• Evans, Governor, war against Indians conducted by, [253] ff.;
  
  • quoted, [269].
• Ewbank Station massacre, [250].
  
• Fairs, agricultural, for Indians, [352–353].
  
• Falls line, [5].
  
• Far West, Mormon headquarters at, [90].
  
• Fetterman, Captain W. J., [274], [277–278], [279];
  
  • slaughter of, by Indians, [280–281].
• Fiske, Captain James L., [188].
  
• Fitzpatrick, Indian agent, [122–124].
  
• Fort Armstrong, purchase at, of Indian lands, [26].
  
• Fort Benton, [163], [164].
  
• Fort Bridger, [301].
  
• Fort C. F. Smith, [275–277].
  
• Fort Hall, [74].
  
• Fort Kearney, [78].
  
• Fort Laramie, [78], [121];
  
  • treaties with Indians signed at, in 1851, [123–124];
  • conference of Peace Commission with Indians held at (1867), [291].
• Fort Larned, conference with Indians at, [308].
  
• Fort Leavenworth, [24], [59].
  
• Fort Philip Kearney, Indian fight at (1866), [274–275];
  
  • extermination of Fetterman's party at, [280–282].
• Fort Pierre, [267].
  
• Fort Ridgely, Sioux attack on, [235–236].
  
• Fort Snelling, [33–34], [48].
  
• Fort Sully conference, [271–272], [273].
  
• Fort Whipple, [162].
  
• Fort Winnebago, [35].
  
• Fort Wise, treaty with Indians signed at, [249].
  
• Forty-niners, [109–118].
  
• Fox Indians, [21], [25], [26], [127].
  
• Flandrau, Judge Charles E., [236–237].
  
• Franklin, town of, [63].
  
• Freighting on the plains, [174] ff.
  
• Frémont, John C., [58];
  
  • explorations of, beyond the Rockies, [73–75], [195];
  • senator from California, [117].
• Fur traders, pioneer western, [70–71].
  
• Galbraith, Thomas J., Indian agent, [238].
  
• Geary, John W., [135].
  
• Georgetown, Colorado, [145].
  
• Geronimo, Indian chief, [369].
  
• Gilpin, William, first governor of Colorado Territory, [155];
  
  • quoted, [225];
  • responsibility assumed by, during the Civil War, [228–229].
• Gold, discovery of, in California, [108–113];
  
  • in Pike's Peak region, [141–142];
  • in the Black Hills, [359–361].
• Grattan, Lieutenant, [265].
  
• Great American desert. See [Desert].
  
• Great Salt Lake. See [Salt Lake].
  
• Great Salt Lake Valley Carrying Company, [176].
  
• Greeley, Horace, western adventures of, [145], [179], [182].
  
• Gregg, Josiah, [61–62].
  
• Grosventre Indians, treaties of 1851 with, [123–124].
  
• Guerrilla conflicts during the Civil War, [230–233].
  
• Gunnison, Captain J. W., [204–205].
  
• Hancock, General W. S., [306–311].
  
• Hand-cart incident in Mormon emigration, [100–101].
  
• Harney, General, [266].
  
• Harte, Bret, verses by, [338].
  
• Hayt, E. A., Indian Commissioner, [350].
  
• Hazen, General W. B., [320–321].
  
• Helena, growth of city of, [169].
  
• Highland settlement, Colorado, [142].
  
• Holladay, Ben, [186–190], [284];
  
  • losses from Indians by, [250].
• Hopkins, Mark, [220].
  
• Howard, General O. O., [365–366].
  
• Hungate family, murder of, by Indians, [253].
  
• Hunkpapa Indians, [264].
  
• Hunter, General, in charge of Department of Kansas during Civil War, [230–231].
  
• Huntington, Collis P., [220].
  
• Idaho, proposed name for Colorado, [151], [154];
  
  • establishment of territory of, [166–167].
• Idaho Springs, settlement of, [145].
  
• Illinois, opening of, to whites, [21].
  
• Illinois Central Railroad, [210], [216–218].
  
• Independence, town of, [63];
  
  • outfitting post of traders, [71];
  • Mormons at, [89–90].
• Indian agents, position of, in regard to Indian affairs, [304–305];
  
  • question regarding, as opposed to military control of Indians, [342–343].
• Indian Bureau, creation of, [31];
  
  • transference from War Department to the Interior, [123];
  • history of the, [341] ff.
• Indian Commissioners, Board of, created in 1869, [345].
  
• Indian Intercourse Act, [31].
  
• Indian Territory, position of Indians in, during the Civil War, [240–241];
  
  • breaking up of, following allotment of lands to individual Indians, [357].
• Indians, numbers of, in United States, [14];
  
  • governmental policy regarding, [16] ff.;
  • Monroe's policy of removal of, to western lands, [18–19];
  • treaties of 1825 with, [19–20];
  • allotment of territory among, on western frontier, [20–30];
  • troubles with, resulting from Oregon, California, and Mormon emigrations, [119–123];
  • fresh treaties with at Upper Platte agency in 1851, [123–124];
  • further cession of lands in Indian Country by, in 1854, [127];
  • treatment of, by Arizona settlers, [162–163];
  • danger to overland mail and express business from, [187–188], [250];
  • Digger Indians, [203–204];
  • the Sioux war in Minnesota, [234] ff.;
  • effect of the Civil War on, [240–242];
  • causes of restlessness of, during Civil War, [234] ff.;
  • antagonism of, aroused by advance westward of whites, [244–252];
  • conditions leading to Sioux war, [264] ff.;
  • war with plains Sioux (1866), [273–283];
  • the discussion as to proper treatment of, [284–288];
  • appointment of Peace Commissioner of 1867 to end Cheyenne and Sioux troubles, [289–290];
  • Medicine Lodge treaties concluded with, [292–293];
  • report and recommendations of Peace Commission, [296–298];
  • interval of peace with, [302–303];
  • continued troubles with, and causes, [304] ff.;
  • war begun by Arapahoes and Cheyenne in 1868, [313];
  • war of 1868, [313–318];
  • President Grant appoints board of civilian Indian commissioners, [323], [341] ff.;
  • railway builders' troubles with, [328–329];
  • question of civilian or military control of, [342–344];
  • Board of Commissioners, appointed for (1869), [345];
  • Congress decides to make no more treaties with, [348];
  • mistaken policy of treaties, [348–349];
  • census of, in 1880, [351];
  • agricultural fairs for, [352–353];
  • individual ownership of land by, [354–357];
  • effect of allotment of lands among, on Indian reserves, [356–357];
  • end of Monroe's policy, [357];
  • last struggles of the Sioux, Nez Percés, and Apaches, [361–371].
• Inkpaduta's massacre, [51].
  
• Inman, Colonel Henry, quoted, [285].
  
• Iowa, Indian lands out of which formed, [26];
  
  • territory of, organized, [45].
• Iowa Indians, [127].
  
• Jackson, Helen Hunt, work by, [344].
  
• Jefferson, early name of state of Colorado, [147], [149], [151], [153], [155].
  
• Johnston, Albert Sidney, commands army against Mormons, [102];
  
  • escapes to the South, on opening of the Civil War, [226–227].
• Jones and Russell, firm of, [181].
  
• Judah, Theodore D., [219], [220], [326].
  
• Julesburg, station on overland mail route, [182], [331].
  
• Kanesville, Iowa, founding of, [95].
  
• Kansa Indians, [19], [20], [24].
  
• Kansas, reasons for settlement of, [124–125];
  
  • creation of territory of, [129];
  • the slavery struggle in, [129–131];
  • squatters on Indian lands in, [131–132];
  • further contests between abolition and pro-slave parties, [132–136];
  • admission to the union in 1861, [136];
  • boundaries of, [138];
  • during the Civil War, [230–233].
• Kansas-Nebraska bill, [128–129].
  
• Kansas Pacific Railway, [340].
  
• Kaskaskia Indians, [30], [127].
  
• Kaw Indians. See [Kansa Indians].
  
• Kearny, Stephen W., [65–66], [78].
  
• Kendall, Superintendent of Indian department, quoted, [165].
  
• Keokuk, Indian chief, [25].
  
• Kickapoo Indians, [24], [127].
  
• Kiowa Indians, [252], [253], [263], [267], [268], [292], [306].
  
• Kirtland, Ohio, temporary headquarters of Mormons, [88].
  
• Labor question in railway construction, [326–327].
  
• Lake-to-Gulf railway scheme, [217].
  
• Land, allotment of, to Indians as individuals, [354–357].
  
• Land grants in aid of railways, [215–218], [222], [325], [329], [336], [375].
  
• Land titles, pioneers' difficulties over, [46–47].
  
• Larimer, William, [147], [152].
  
• Last Chance Gulch, Idaho, mining district, [169].
  
• Lawrence, Amos A., [130].
  
• Lawrence, Kansas, settlement of, [130–131];
  
  • visit of Missouri mob to, [134];
  • Quantrill's raid on, [232].
• Lead mines about Dubuque, [34–35].
  
• Leavenworth, J. H., Indian agent, [306], [308–309].
  
• Leavenworth and Pike's Peak Express Company, [181].
  
• Leavenworth constitution, [135–136].
  
• Lecompton constitution, [135–136].
  
• Lewiston, Washington, founding of, [164].
  
• Linn, Senator, [72–73].
  
• Liquor question in Oregon, [81–82].
  
• Little Big Horn, battle of the, [362].
  
• Little Blue Water, defeat of Brulé Sioux at, [266].
  
• Little Crow, Sioux chief, [235–239].
  
• Little Raven, Indian chief, [306].
  
• Long, Major Stephen H., [11].
  
• McClellan, George B., survey for Pacific railway by, [199].
  
• Madison, Wisconsin, development of, [44], [45].
  
• Mails, carriage of, to frontier points, [174] ff.
  
• Manypenny, George W., [126], [266].
  
• Marsh, O. C., bad treatment of Indians revealed by, [360–361].
  
• Marshall, James W., [108–109].
  
• Massachusetts Emigrant Aid Society, [130].
  
• Medicine Lodge Creek, conference with Indians at, [292–293].
  
• Menominee Indians, [27].
  
• Methodist missionaries to western Indians, [72].
  
• Mexican War, Army of the West in the, [65–66].
  
• Miami Indians, [30], [127].
  
• Michigan, territory and state of, [39–40].
  
• Miles, General Nelson A., as an Indian fighter, [366], [370].
  
• Milwaukee, founding of, [44].
  
• Mines, trails leading to, [169–170].
  
• Miniconjou Indians, [265].
  
• Mining, lead, [34–35], [42];
  
  • gold, [108–113], [141–142], [156–157], [359–361];
  • silver, [157] ff.
• Mining camps, description of, [170–173].
  
• Minnesota, organization of, as a territory, [48–49];
  
  • Sioux war in, in 1862, [234] ff.
• Missionaries, pioneer, [72];
  
  • civilization and education of Indians by, [345–346].
• Missoula County, Washington Territory, [168].
  
• Missouri Indians, [127].
  
• Modoc Indians, last war of the, [367].
  
• Modoc Jack, [367].
  
• Mojave branch of Southern Pacific Railway, [381–382].
  
• Monroe's policy toward Indians, [18–19];
  
  • end of, [357].
• Montana, creation of territory of, [169].
  
• Montana settlement, Colorado, [142].
  
• Monteith, Indian Agent, [365].
  
• Mormons, the, [86] ff., [102].
  
• Mowry, Sylvester, [159], [161].
  
• Mullan Road, the, [167], [170].
  
• Murphy, Thomas, Indian superintendent, [312].
  
• Nauvoo, Mormon settlement of, [91–94].
  
• Navaho Indians, [243], [368].
  
• Nebraska, movement for a territory of, [125];
  
  • creation of territory of, [129];
  • boundaries of, [138].
• Neutral Line, the, [21].
  
• Nevada, beginnings of, [156–158];
  
  • territory of, organized, [158].
• New Mexico, the early trade to, [53–69];
  
  • boundaries of, in 1854, [139];
  • during the Civil War, [229–230].
• New Ulm, Minnesota, fight with Sioux Indians at, [236–237].
  
• Nez Percé Indians, [164], [363–365];
  
  • precipitation of war with, in 1877, [365–366];
  • defeat and disposal of tribe, [366–367].
• Niles, Hezekiah, [60], [79].
  
• Noland, Fent, [42–43].
  
• No Man's Land, [357].
  
• Northern Pacific Railway, [375], [376], [377], [382–383].
  
• Oglala Sioux, [281], [291], [360].
  
• Oklahoma, [357], [386].
  
• Omaha, cause of growth of, [334].
  
• Omaha Indians, [25].
  
• Oregon, fur traders and early pioneers, in, [70–72];
  
  • emigration to, in 1844–1847, [75–76];
  • provisional government organized by settlers in, [79–80];
  • region included under name, [83–84];
  • territory of, organized (1848), [85];
  • population in 1850, [117];
  • boundaries of, in 1854, [139];
  • territory of Washington cut from, [163];
  • railway lines in, [382–383].
• Oregon trail, [70–85];
  
  • course of the, [78–79];
  • the Mormons on the, [86] ff.
• Osage Indians, [19], [20].
  
• Oto Indians, [127].
  
• Ottawa Indians, [27].
  
• Overland mail, the, [174] ff.
  
• Owyhee mining district, [165].
  
• Paiute Indians, murder of Captain Gunnison by, [205].
  
• Palmer, General William J., [383].
  
• Panic, of 1837, [43–44];
  
  • of 1857, [51–52];
  • of 1873, [377–379].
• Parke, Lieut. J. G., survey for Pacific railway by, [207–208].
  
• Peace Commission of 1867, to conclude Cheyenne and Sioux wars, [289–290];
  
  • Medicine Lodge treaties concluded by, [292–293];
  • report of, quoted, [296–298].
• Pennsylvania Portage Railway, [325].
  
• Peoria Indians, [30], [127].
  
• Piankashaw Indians, [30], [127].
  
• Pike, Zebulon M., [19], [34], [55].
  
• Pike's Peak, discovery of gold about, [141–142];
  
  • the rush to, [142–145];
  • reaction from boom, [145–146];
  • origin of Colorado Territory in the Pike's Peak boom, [146–155].
• "Pike's Peak Guide," the, [144].
  
• Plum Creek massacre, [250].
  
• Pony express, [158], [182–185].
  
• Pope, Captain John, survey by, [207].
  
• Popular sovereignty, doctrine of, [128].
  
• Poston, Charles D., [159].
  
• Potawatomi Indians, [26–27].
  
• Powder River expedition, [273–274].
  
• Powder River war with Indians, [276–283].
  
• Powell, Major James, [283].
  
• Prairie du Chien, treaty made with Indians at, [20–21];
  
  • second treaty of (1830), [25].
• Prairie schooners, [64].
  
• Pratt, R. H., education of Indians attempted by, [351].
  
• Price's Missouri expedition, [233].
  
• Quantrill's raid into Kansas, [231–232].
  
• Quapaw Indians, [29].
  
• Railways, early craze for building, [40];
  
  • advance of, in the fifties, [51];
  • first thoughts about a Pacific road, [192] ff.;
  • surveys for Pacific, [192] ff., [197–203];
  • bearing of slavery question on transcontinental, [211–214];
  • Senator Douglas's bill, [213–214];
  • land grants in aid of, [215–218], [222], [325], [329], [336], [375];
  • Indian hostilities caused by advance of the, [283];
  • description of construction of Central Pacific and Union Pacific roads, [325–335];
  • scandals connected with building of roads, [335];
  • description of formal junction of Central Pacific and Union Pacific, [336–337];
  • effect of roads in bringing peace upon the plains, [347];
  • charter acts of the Northern Pacific, Atlantic and Pacific, Texas Pacific, and Southern Pacific, [375];
  • slow development of the later Pacific roads, [376];
  • the five new continental routes and their connections, [379–382];
  • Northern Pacific, [382–383];
  • Chicago, Burlington, and Quincy, [383];
  • Denver and Rio Grande, [383–384];
  • disappearance of frontier through extension of lines of, and conquest of Great American Desert, [384–386].
• Ration system, pauperization of Indians by, [352].
  
• Real estate speculation along western railways, [333–334].
  
• Red Cloud, Indian chief, [274], [281], [283], [291–292], [294], [360].
  
• Reeder, Andrew H., governor of Kansas Territory, [131–133].
  
• Report on the Condition of the Indian Tribes, [286–287].
  
• Rhodes, James Ford, cited, [128].
  
• Riggs, Rev. S. R., [239].
  
• Riley, Major, [59–60].
  
• Rio Grande, struggle for the, in Civil War, [228–230].
  
• Robinson, Dr. Charles, [130];
  
  • elected governor of Kansas, [133].
• Rocky Mountain News, the, [144], [150].
  
• Roman Nose, Indian chief, [309].
  
• Ross, John, Cherokee chief, [241].
  
• Russell, William H., [181], [182], [185].
  
• Russell, Majors, and Waddell, firm of, [181].
  
• St. Charles settlement, Colorado, [142];
  
  • merged into Denver, [146].
• St. Paul, Sioux Indian reserve at, [19];
  
  • early fort near site of, [33–34];
  • first settlement at, [49].
• Saline River raid by Indians, [313], [314].
  
• Salt Lake, Frémont's visit to, [74];
  
  • settlement of Mormons at, [96];
  • population of, in 1850, [117–118].
• Sand Creek, massacre of Cheyenne Indians at, [260–261].
  
• Sans Arcs Indians, [264].
  
• Santa Fé, trade with, [53–69].
  
• Santa Fé trail, Indians along the, [20];
  
  • beginnings of the (1822), [56–58];
  • course of the, [64–65].
• Satanta, Kiowa Indian chief, [306].
  
• Sauk Indians, [21], [25], [26], [127].
  
• Saxton, Lieutenant, [199], [201].
  
• Scandals, railway-building, [335].
  
• Scar-faced Charley, Modoc Indian leader, [367].
  
• Schofield, General John M., [232].
  
• Schools for Indians, [351–352].
  
• Schurz, Carl, policy of, toward Indians, [350].
  
• Seminole Indians, [28–29].
  
• Seneca Indians, [29].
  
• Shannon, Wilson, governor of Kansas, [133], [134].
  
• Shawnee Indians, [23–24], [127].
  
• Sheridan, General, in command against Indians, [310–323];
  
  • quoted, [384–385].
• Sherman, John, quoted on Indian matters, [285], [289].
  
• Sherman, W. T., quoted, [143–144], [298];
  
  • instructions issued to Sheridan by, in Indian war of 1868, [316].
• Shoshoni Indians, [123–124], [295].
  
• Sibley, General H. H., [228], [237–238], [362].
  
• Silver mining, [157] ff.
  
• Sioux Indians, treaty of 1825 affecting the, [21];
  
  • location of, in 1837, [27];
  • surrender of lands in Minnesota by, [49];
  • treaties of 1851 with, [123–124];
  • war with, in Minnesota, in 1862, [234] ff.;
  • trial and punishment of, for Minnesota outrages, [239–240];
  • bands composing the plains Sioux, [264–265];
  • war with the plains Sioux in 1866, [264–283];
  • lands assigned to, by Fort Laramie treaty of 1868, [294];
  • sources of irritation between white settlers and, in 1870, [359];
  • disturbance of, by discovery of gold in the Black Hills, [359], [361];
  • war with, in 1876, [362–363];
  • crushing of, by United States forces, [363].
• Sitting Bull, [361];
  
  • career of, as leader of insurgent Sioux, [362–363];
  • settles in Canada, [363];
  • returns to United States, [369];
  • death of, [370].
• Slade, Jack, [182].
  
• Slavery question, in territories, [128] ff.;
  
  • bearing of, on transcontinental railway question, [211–214].
• Slough, Colonel John P., [229–230].
  
• Smith, Joseph, [87], [90–93].
  
• Smohalla, medicine-man, [365].
  
• Sod breaking, Iowa, [46].
  
• Solomon River raid, [313], [314].
  
• Southern Pacific Railway, [375–376], [379], [381].
  
• South Pass, the gateway to Oregon, [70].
  
• Southport, founding of, [44].
  
• Spirit Lake massacre, [51].
  
• Stanford, Leland, [220], [336].
  
• Stansbury, Lieutenant, survey by, [112], [113], [203];
  
  • quoted, [114–115].
• Steamboats as factors in emigration, [40–41], [49].
  
• Steele, Robert W., governor of Jefferson Territory (Colorado), [150], [152], [153], [155].
  
• Stevens, Isaac I., [197–203].
  
• Stuart, Granville and James, [168].
  
• Subsidies to railways, [222], [325], [329], [375].
  
  • See [Land grants].
• Sully, General Alfred, [268], [319].
  
• Surveys for Pacific railway, [192] ff.
  
• Sutter, John A., [104], [107–109].
  
• Sweetwater mines, [301].
  
• Telegraph system, inauguration of transcontinental, [185];
  
  • freedom of, from Indian interference, [283].
• Ten Eyck, Captain, [280].
  
• Texas, railway building in, [375–376], [377] ff.
  
• Texas Pacific Railway, [375–376], [378], [379].
  
• Thayer, Eli, [129–130].
  
• Tippecanoe, battle of, [17].
  
• Topeka constitution, [133].
  
• Traders, wrongs done to Indians by, [234–235].
  
• Treaties with Indians, [19–20], [123–124], [292–293];
  
  • fallacy of, [348–349].
  • See [Indians].
• Tucson, [159], [160].
  
• Union Pacific Railway, the, [211] ff.;
  
  • reason for name, [221];
  • incorporation of company, [221];
  • route of, [221–222];
  • land grants in aid of, [222] (see [Land grants]);
  • financing of project, [222–223];
  • progress in construction of, [298–299], [301];
  • description of construction of, [325–335].
• Utah, territory of, organized, [101–102];
  
  • boundaries of, [139];
  • partition of Nevada from, [157] ff.;
  • derivation of name from Ute Indians, [295].
• Victorio, Indian chief, [369].
  
• Vigilance committees in mining camps, [172].
  
• Villard, Henry, [145], [182], [186], [382–383].
  
• Vinita, terminus of Atlantic and Pacific road, [377].
  
• Virginia City, [158], [168–169].
  
• Wagons, Conestoga, [41], [64];
  
  • overland mail coaches, [178–179];
  • numbers employed in overland freight business, [190].
• Wakarusa War, [133–134].
  
• Walker, General Francis A., [285], [349].
  
• Walker, Robert J., [135].
  
• Washington, creation of territory of, [163];
  
  • mining in, [164–166];
  • a part of Idaho formed from, [166–167].
• Washita, battle of the, [317–318].
  
• Wayne, Anthony, [8], [17].
  
• Wea Indians, [30], [127].
  
• Wells, Fargo, and Company, [186], [190].
  
• Whipple, Lieut. A. W., survey for Pacific railway by, [206–207].
  
• White, Dr. Elijah, [75–76].
  
• White Antelope, Indian chief, [256], [260], [313].
  
• Whitman, Marcus, [72], [77], [80–81].
  
• Whitney, Asa, [193], [212].
  
• Willamette provisional government, [79–80].
  
• Williams, Beverly D., [149].
  
• Williamson, Lieut. R. S., survey by, [208].
  
• Wilson, Hill P., Indian trader, [314].
  
• Winnebago Indians, [26].
  
• Wisconsin, opening of, to whites, [21];
  
  • territory of, organized, [44].
• Wounded Knee, Indian fight at, [370].
  
• Wyeth, Nathaniel J., [72].
  
• Wynkoop, E. W., [255–259], [306], [310], [312–313].
  
• Wyoming, territory of, [299], [302].
  
• Yankton Sioux, the, [25], [166], [264].
  
• Yerba Buena, village of, later San Francisco, [105].
  
• Young, Brigham, [93–94], [96], [97] ff., [206];
  
  • made governor of Utah Territory, [101–102].

[Transcribers' Note]

Punctuation, hyphenation, and spelling were made consistent when a predominant preference was found in this book; otherwise they were not changed.

Simple typographical errors were corrected; occasional unpaired quotation marks were retained. For example, the paragraph beginning on page [311] with "There is little doubt" and ending on page [313] with "sincerity of their protestations" contains an unpaired quotation mark.

Ambiguous hyphens at the ends of lines were retained.

Index not checked for proper alphabetization or correct page references.

Text uses both "reconnaissance" and "reconnoissance"; both retained.

Text mostly uses "Santa Fé", so three occurrences of "Sante Fé" have been changed.