[328] Compare Brunner’s chapter 32, ‘Adel und Freie,’ in his Deutsche Rechtsgeschichte, p. 247 et seq., with Das Römische Recht in den Germanischen Volksstaaten, von Prof. Dr. Alfred von Halban (Breslau, 1899), pp. 132, 207, 262, 280, and 294. And see Dahn’s chapter ‘Der Adel,’ p. 88 et seq., in his Die Könige der Germanen, Band vi. (Leipzig, 1885).
[329] Compare the tendency to triple divisions in the Kentish Laws: supra, p. 465.
[330] Marculfe, ii. 18 and 16. Formulæ Lindenbrogianæ, 16. And see F. de Coulanges’ useful chapter on ‘Organisation judiciaire chez les Francs’ in Quelques problèmes d’histoire (1885).
INDEX.
- Aillts and Alltuds (strangers in blood) under Cymric law, [50], [51];
- kindreds of, recognised at fourth generation, [52]
- Alamannic Laws, [172-178];
- wergelds, [172-175];
- value of animals, [178]
- Alcuin uses Roman currency, [19], [184]
- Alfred, K., his laws, [370-377], [392], [396];
- compact with Guthrum, [352-355], [500]
- Alod of land, a family holding, [508];
- Lex Salica ‘de alodis,’ [151];
- Ripuarian law, [170];
- Lex Angliorum et Werinorum, [226]
- Ancilla as currency, see ‘[Cumhal]’
- Anglii and Werini, Laws of, [224-228];
- Wergelds of liber 200 sol., [225];
- triple wergeld of the Adaling, [225]
- Anglo-Saxon Custom, [321 et seq.];
- from Norman point of view, [321-336];
- from Danish point of view, [337-350];
- from Viking or Northmen’s point of view, [351-368];
- from early custom (Alfred’s Laws), [370-377];
- Archbishop Egbert’s Dialogue, [377-385];
- King Ine’s Dooms, [386-439];
- Kentish Laws, [441-495];
- Twelve-hynde and twy-hynde classes, [406-416];
- Gesithcund and Ceorlisc classes, [417-436];
- Six-hynde stranger class, [371], [392], [396];
- position of wife, [326]
- Anglo-Saxon Wergelds, position of paternal and maternal parentes in payment of, [322], [323], [328], [358];
- of thane or twelve-hynde man, [325];
- of ‘freeman,’ Dane and English, [326], [349], [353-55];
- of ‘cyrlisci vel villani,’ [328];
- of ‘villanus et socheman’ in Danelaga, [331-332];
- of ‘ceorl on gafol-land’ and Danish ‘lysing,’ [353], [355];
- how paid, [329], [357-59]
- Animals, value of as currency:
- Ripuarian, [171];
- Saxon, [215], [217], [221];
- Alamannic, [178];
- Cymric cow 3 oz., [48], [49];
- Irish bo 1 oz., [97];
- Frisian dog, [202]
- Argenteus (silver drachma) of Roman currency.
- See ‘[Currency]’
- Bavarian Laws, [175-177];
- wergelds, [174]
- Beowulf, evidence of, as to feuds, [56-72];
- as ‘sister’s son’ becomes chieftain, [68];
- as to marriage, [71], [72]
- Borhbryce, fine for breach of pledge or protection, like mundbryce, [347];
- of various classes, [377]
- Bullock as currency in Saxon Laws, [217]
- Burgundian Laws, [121-125], [527];
- original wergeld of 160 sol., [167];
- Roman and Christian influence on, [527]
- Burh-bryce (Burg-bryce) (breach of fence of precinct), of various classes, [372], [377], [387]
- Cæsar, evidence of, as to Gallic wergelds, [115-120];
- and on Gallic landholding, [116];
- as to division of classes, [528]
- Canones Hibernenses, [101]
- Canones Wallici, [105-109]
- Ceorl = man—husband, [482];
- so man with household and flet or precinct, [371], [394], [482]—‘who sits on gafol-land’ twy-hynde, [353-355], [361];
- ceorlisc class mostly gafolgeldas, and twy-hynde, [373];
- once could rise to be twelve-hynde, [366], [503];
- accused of theft, [388];
- harbouring a fugitive, [390];
- his mundbyrd in Kent, see ‘[Mundbyrd]’
- Chamavi, laws of, [229-231];
- wergeld of ingenuus 200 sol., [229];
- triple wergeld of ‘Homo Francus,’ [229]
- Charlemagne, conquest of Italy, [181];
- becomes emperor, [19], [181];
- and issues nova moneta in silver solidi of 12d. and at 1:4 with gold, [182-194];
- conquers Frisians and Saxons, [182], [195]
- Cnut. His greater Scandinavia, [339];
- his ore of 1/15th lb. or 16d., [341];
- his smaller silver pence, [343]
- Compurgation, under Frisian law, [203-205];
- under Anglo-Saxon law, see ‘[Hyndens]’ and see ‘[Werborh]’
- Congildones = gegildas, sureties in lieu of kinsmen, [323], [389], [415]
- Cows, as currency, [1].
- In Cymric law, [49];
- Irish, [97];
- Alamannic, [178];
- value of, see ‘[Animals]’;
- Norse, [247-250];
- Bretts and Scots, [307]
- Cumhal in Irish currency, [97-98] = female slave and ‘ancilla’ of the Canones Hibernenses and Wallici, [101], [109]
- Currency, in oxen: ox-unit of Professor Ridgeway, [2];
- in cows, Cymric, [1], [49];
- Irish, [97];
- Norse, [247-250];
- Bretts and Scots, [307];
- in cumhals, ancillæ or female slaves, [97-98], [101], [109];
- in gold torques, &c., [17];
- Anglo-Saxon in silver sceatts of 28·8 w.g. or 20 to the Roman ounce, [12], [443-455];
- in silver pence of 32 w.g. or 20 to the Frankish and Norman ounce, [12];
- gold and silver mancus of 30d., [18], [329];
- Mercian scilling of 4d., [12], [363];
- Wessex scilling of 5d., [12], [325];
- Kentish scilling of 20d., or two gold tremisses, [443-455];
- Northumbrian thrymsa of 3d., [362-368];
- Danish in marks and half-marks, [16], [353-354];
- Cnut’s in ores of 16d., [306], [341], [343] (see ‘[Ore]’);
- Imperial in gold solidi and tremisses of 32 w.g., [5], [6];
- in silver sicli (didrachmæ) and argentei (drachmæ), [184], [382];
- Merovingian in gold solidi and tremisses of 28·8 w.g., [9];
- afterwards in silver tremisses, [10], [180], [443-445];
- Charlemagne’s nova moneta in silver solidi of 12d. of 32 w.g., [10], [11], [186, et seq.];
- of Norse laws in gold and silver marks, ores and ortugs at ratio 1:8, [233-238]
- Cymric tribal custom as to galanas, [30];
- fiscal unit for food-rents, the tref and treffgordd, [33-42];
- strangers, how treated, [50-54];
- as to marriage, [32];
- galanas of several classes paid in cows, [46-55].
- See ‘[Gwely],’ ‘[Galanas]’
- Danelaga, [331-332], [338], [522]
- Ealdorman in judicial position, [387];
- his burgbryce, [387];
- his fightwite, [394];
- his residence, [420]
- Egbert, Archbishop, Dialogue of, [377 et seq.];
- uses Roman currency, [20], [379];
- wergeld of his monks, [382], [491];
- value of their oaths, [379]
- Eye, hand, and foot, payments for, [175], [222], [225], [252], [300], [465], [489]
- Fightwite, fine for fighting within a person’s precinct or jurisdiction, [328-332], [359], [393];
- in a ceorl’s flet, [371], [394], [482]
- Firma unius noctis, mode of paying food-rents to chieftain, [41], [431]
- Frankish Tribal Custom.
- Wergeld of Lex Salica of 200 sol., [131-146];
- division of classes, [147];
- triple wergeld of officials, [148];
- half wergeld of strangers, [149];
- the Alod or family holding of terra Salica, [150];
- the ‘de alodis,’ [151], [170], [226];
- edict of Chilperic, [159];
- Ripuarian Law, [163-171];
- wergeld of 200 sol., [163];
- division of classes, [165]
- Fredus, payment for breach of king’s peace, equivalent to A.S. mundbryce or grithbryce, [488], [489]
- Freedman (libertus) under Frankish Law, [168-170], [199];
- under Bavarian Law, [175];
- under Kentish Law, [478], [484].
- And see ‘[Læt]’ and ‘[Leysing]’
- Frisian Laws, [194-212];
- wergeld of 160 sol., [167], [195], [201], [210];
- ordeal under, [203-5]
- Frith, between Ethelred II. and Olaf, [349];
- between Alfred and Guthrum, [352-355]
- Frostathing Law (Ancient Norse), [238-276].
- See ‘[Norse Tribal Custom]’
- Gafolgeldas, tenants on others’ land paying gafol to their lord, with twy-hynde wergelds, [353-355];
- fighting in gafolgelda or gebur’s house, [394].
- See ‘[Twy-hynde]’
- Galanas (Cymric death fine or wergeld), [30];
- liability of kindred for, [30-32];
- method of payment, [42-46];
- amount of, [46-49];
- of non-tribesmen goes to the lord, [54]
- Gebur, tenant of a yardland doing work and paying gafol to lord for house and oxen, [422-429];
- fighting in house of gafolgelda or gebur, [394]
- Gegildas (see ‘[Congildones]’) sureties in lieu of kinsmen, [323], [389];
- hyndens of frith-gegildas in the city, [415]
- Gesithcund class, in direct service to the king and twelve-hynde, [366];
- in landed position with five hides to king’s utware, [369];
- forfeit land if they neglect the fyrd, [391];
- in their connection with land, [417 et seq.];
- sometimes evicted, [433]
- Grith, Danish for frith or peace, [344-348];
- grithbryce of English and mundbryce of Kentish law the same, [346];
- extent in area, [348];
- in duration of time, [346];
- of different moots, [345]
- Gulathing Law, oldest Norse law, [238-276].
- See ‘[Norse Tribal Custom]’
- Gwely (Cymric family holding of four generations), [21-30];
- of non-tribesmen, [52]
- Halsfang, first part of wergeld paid to those ‘within the knee,’ [328], [329], [359]
- Hide in agriculture of four yardlands, [423];
- Mr. Corbett on tribal hidage, [424];
- in pastoral stage, [424];
- = familia of Bede, also = hiwisc, [407];
- also = ‘manentes et tributarii’ of Archbishop Egbert, [381], [408];
- oaths reckoned in hides, [381], [408];
- the 10-hide oath of the twelve-hyndeman, [411];
- oath of himself and hynden of oath-helpers, [120];
- hides, [411]
- Hiwisc (family) of land = hide, [364], [381]
- Homicide. Within the family unavenged, [30], [63], [66], [164], [176], [241], [336];
- by a slave, [108], [202], [333], [472], [474];
- of a slave, [202], [333];
- between kindreds caused blood-feud, see ‘[Beowulf],’ or wergeld in lieu of it.
- See ‘[Wergeld]’
- Hyndens of oath-helpers, [409];
- of twelve-hynde and twy-hynde class, [409-411];
- of city frith-gegildas, [415]
- Ine, K. Laws of, [386-439];
- as to theft, [387-389];
- burgbryce, [387];
- ealdorman, [387-894];
- gesithcund class, [388], [391];
- six-hynde class, [392], [396];
- gafolgeldas and geburs, [393];
- ceorlisc class, [391], [396];
- wealh and wylisc class, [397-405];
- twelve-hynde and twy-hynde classes, [400-417];
- gesithcund and ceorlisc classes, [417-436];
- comparison of Wessex and Mercian with continental wergelds, [436]
- Irish Tribal Custom, [73-120];
- the Eric-fine consisting of (1) the coirp-dire, or body-price, of seven cumhals, [74];
- in Irish and Breton canons, [101 et seq.];
- (2) the eneclann, or honour-price, varies with rank, [75], [80-83], [92];
- the hearths or kindreds liable, [76-80];
- gradations in rank, [83-86];
- grades of tenants, [86 et seq.];
- currency, [97]
- Kentish Laws, currency in scætts and scillings, [443-455];
- scilling of 20 scætts or two gold tremisses, [450-455];
- laws of Ethelbert, [455-466];
- of Hlothære and Eadric, [467-476];
- of Wihtræd, [477-481];
- division of classes, [481-487];
- Kentish wergelds, [487-492];
- compared with Continental and Anglo-Saxon wergelds [492-495];
- Kentish sulungs and yokes, [514-515];
- gavelkind holdings, [515];
- Kentish læts, [463], [484-486], [502]
- Kindred, solidarity of, [30], [45], [157], [276];
- grades of, [22], [30], [76], [318];
- disintegration of, [111], [124], [129], [162], [164];
- emancipation from restraints of, [134], [158], [507];
- power of, in East Anglia and Kent, [415], [416];
- liability of, for wergeld, under Cymric custom, [42], [45];
- Irish, [77-80];
- Breton, [109];
- Burgundian and Wisigothic, [121-130];
- Salic Franks, [144], [164];
- Frisian, [212];
- Saxon, [216];
- Norse, [246-257];
- Scanian, [290], and see ‘[Anglo-Saxon wergelds];’
- groups of, holding land, Cymric gwely, [21-30];
- Alod of terra salica, [150-162], [183];
- Ripuarian hereditas aviatica, [171];
- Norse odal-sharers, [271-275];
- Scanian family holdings, [276-288];
- Anglo-Saxon family holdings, [511-516]
- King’s thane, oath of, [353], [368], [390]
- Læt, in Kentish Law of three grades, [463], [484-486], [502].
- See ‘[Leysing]’ and ‘[Freedman]’
- Leases for three successive lives, tribal reason for, [524];
- St. Oswald’s tenants, [525]
- Leysing in Norse law, newly made freedman, his rett, [240];
- his wergeld, [259];
- his want of kindred and his rise by steps of three generations into freedom, [260-267]
- Leysing’s son, great grandson of leysing in higher social position, [259], [268]
- Litus, Ripuarian, [168];
- Frisian, [199], [201-207];
- Saxon, [214], [215], [219], [224];
- of Chamavi, [229]
- Lombardic tribal custom compared with Scanian as to family holdings, [292-296]
- London, ‘De Institutis Lundonie,’ [337-344];
- Port of the Greater Scandinavia in Cnut’s time, [339];
- ‘Judicia Civitatis Lundoniæ,’ [415]
- Lysing (leysing of Norse law), with same wergeld as A. S. ‘Ceorl on gafol land,’ [353-355], [501].
- See ‘[Leysing]’
- Manbot, payment for value of a man to his lord, [328-332], [359];
- of freeman and of slave compared, [334-335];
- of various classes, [392]
- Mancus, weight of 30 dwts., [18], [329]
- Mark, Norse gold and silver weight of eight ores or ounces, [234-237];
- used in Frisia, [207];
- half-marks of gold in compact between Alfred and Guthrum, [353];
- 27 marks of Charlemagne= 30 of old Norse and Merovingian, [256]
- Marriage, how regarded, [498];
- under Cymric custom, [32];
- in Beowulf, [69-72];
- in Lex Salica, [146];
- under Alamannic law, [177];
- under Lex Saxonum, [216];
- under Scanian law, [276-281];
- under Lombardic law, [294];
- under Laws of Bretts and Scots, [318];
- under Kentish custom, [465-466]
- Mercian law, fragments of, [360-369];
- Mercian oaths, [360];
- wergelds, [361];
- rise of ceorl into thane, [366]
- Merovingian kings, currency of, mostly in gold tremisses, see ‘[Currency]’
- Mina, gold value of normal wergeld, [4];
- ancient Eastern of 100 staters, [2], [7];
- of 200 gold solidi, [6];
- Italica of 20 Roman ounces, [14], [491];
- Attica of 16 Roman ounces, [16], [233]
- Mundbryce or mundbyrd of king, [346], [377], [451];
- of various classes, [377];
- in Kent, [346], [452], [460], [476], [481], [488]
- Norse tribal custom, [238-276];
- personal rett, [240];
- wergelds how reckoned and paid, [242-258];
- wergeld of the hauld odalman or typical freeman, [96];
- cows = 200 sol., [259];
- gradations in rank, [260-270];
- the leysing or freedman, [261-267];
- odal-sharers of odal land, [271-276], [284], [504], [508]
- North peoples law, fragments of, [360-369];
- wergelds in thrymsas (of 3d.), [363];
- wergeld of ‘hold’ double that of Saxon thane, [363]
- Nova Moneta of Charlemagne, [11], [179-193], and see ‘[Currency]’
- Ordeal in absence of oaths of kinsmen, [166], [403], [413], [499];
- under Frisian law, [203-205]
- Ore or ounce of 20d.;
- Merovingian = Roman ounce of 20 silver tremisses of 28·8 w.g. (1/12 lb. of 6912 w.g.), [10];
- and so also Kentish scilling, [443-455];
- Charlemagne’s and later Anglo-Saxon and Norman ore of 20 pence of 32 w.g. (1/12 lb. of 7680 w.g.), [11-13]
- Ore, Cnut’s of 16d. (1/15 Anglo-Saxon lb.), [306], [341];
- divided by him into 20 smaller pence, [343];
- used in Laws of Bretts and Scots, [306]
- Ore, Norse, of three ortugs = 1/12 of Roman lb. 6912 w.g., [234-237]
- Ortug, of Scandinavia, ⅓ ounce = Greek stater, [233].
- See ‘[Ore]’
- Ox as currency, [1], [2];
- value of, see ‘[Animals]’
- Parage, tenancy in, [513], [525]
- Pound, Roman of 6912 w.g., [8], [11], [18];
- Charlemagne’s of 7680 w.g., [11], [18];
- Anglo-Saxon and Norman of 7680 w.g., [12];
- Northern lb. of two marks, [234]
- Ratio between gold and silver:
- Norse of 1:8, [238];
- Merovingian 1:10, [185];
- Imperial, 1:12, [11];
- Charlemagne’s (attempted), 1:4, [11], [189];
- restored Frankish, 1:12, [11], [191];
- Cymric, 1:12, [49];
- Irish, [98];
- Bretts and Scots, 1:8, [307]
- Romanus possessor, half wergeld of, [149], [167];
- his res propria, [158], [162]
- Saxon Laws (Lex Saxonum), [213-228];
- wergeld of liber 160 sol., [214];
- wergeld stated in silver, [214];
- gold solidus of 2 tremisses or bullock, [217]
- Scæt.
- See ‘[Currency]’
- Scanian tribal custom. The lex Scania antiqua, family holdings, [276-288];
- Scanian wergeld, [291];
- Scanian and Lombardic custom compared, [292-296]
- Scilling.
- See ‘[Currency]’
- Scotland, tribal custom in ancient laws of, [297-302];
- the Regiam Majestatem, [302-307];
- Leges inter Brettos et Scotos, [307-318];
- wergeld of thane 100 cows, [314];
- rules of kindred, [318], [320]
- Siclus, silver didrachma or ¼ oz. of Roman currency, see ‘[Currency]’
- Six-hynde class, [371], [392], [397]
- Soc and sac, [330], [348]
- Sochemen in Danelaga, [331-332], [522];
- their services, [332 note]
- Solidus (gold) of Constantine of three tremisses, [7], [9];
- of Merovingian kings, [10];
- of Frisian custom (2 and 2½ tremisses), [197];
- of Saxon (2 tremisses), [217];
- (silver) of Charlemagne ‘nova moneta,’ see ‘[Currency]’
- Strangers in blood, how treated under Cymric custom, [50-54];
- under Irish custom, [90];
- their rights increase with growth of kindred, [51], [90];
- their half wergeld, [401-403];
- galanas and wergeld of, without kindred, goes to the lord, [54], [478];
- ordeal instead of oaths, [166], [403]
- Thane = twelve-hyndeman, [325];
- might rise to be an eorl, [368].
- See ‘[King’s Thane]’
- Thrymsa, Northumbrian unit of currency = 3d., [362-366]
- Twelve-hynde and Twy-hynde, [406-416];
- hyndens of oath-helpers, [409];
- full kindred twelve hyndens of oath-helpers, [409-411];
- twy-hynde class, originally the kinless class, as freedmen, [412], [500];
- steps to higher grade, [365-369], [502]
- Werborh (wereplegium), [328], [358], and see ‘[Hyndens]’
- Wergeld, death-fine in substitution for blood feud between kindreds, see ‘[Beowulf],’ and [150];
- liability of kindred for, see ‘[Kindred];’
- normal of 100 head of cattle or gold mina, [3];
- of 200 gold solidi, [6], [49], [163], [171], [225], [229], [231], [233], [314];
- of 160 gold solidi, [1], [167], [172], [214], [232];
- Wessex and Mercian and Kentish wergelds compared with Continental wergelds, [436-439];
- of various tribes, see names of tribes;
- of clergy, [170], [177], [382]
- Wife, see ‘[Marriage]’
- Wilisc, Wealisc, Wealh, non-Anglo-Saxon people, [364-5];
- with five hides to King’s utware, six hynde, [397];
- Gallo-Roman Wala, [398];
- Wallerwente of Yorkshire, [399];
- with half wergelds, [401-403];
- wealh gafolgelda, [404];
- Servus Waliscus [333];
- Wilisc witetheow, [404];
- theow-wealh, [405]
- Wisigothic Laws, [126-130];
- Roman influence on, [527]
- Yardlands of gafolgeldas and geburs, [393], [422 et seq.];
- single succession to, [517-521]
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