Lightships and Lighthouses

by Frederick Arthur Ambrose Talbot

While the lamp is burning, time cannot drag, owing to the multitude of details which compel the keeper’s constant attention. The official log has to be kept posted with a host of facts, such as temperature, barometric readings, weather conditions as they vary from hour to hour, behaviour of the lamps, etc.; while, when the lighthouse is a marine signal-station as well, passing ships have to be signalled and reported. The spell of labour varies from four to five hours or more. Obviously, the task is more exacting and arduous in the winter than in summer. During the former season the lamps have to be lighted as early as 3.15 p.m., and are not extinguished until eight o’clock the next morning. In the summer, on the other hand, the lamps may be required for less than six hours or so. In northern latitudes where the daylight is continuous owing to the midnight sun, the light scarcely seems necessary. Yet it is kept burning during the scheduled hours of darkness.

Thus, night in and night out the whole year round, a comparatively small band of faithful toilers keeps alert vigil over the dangers of the deep, for the benefit of those who “go down to the sea in ships, and do their business in great waters.” The safety of thousands of human lives and of millions sterling of merchandise is vested in their keeping. The resources of the shipbuilder, the staunchness of the ship, the skill and knowledge of the captain—all would count for nothing were it not for the persistent, steady glare of the fixed, the twinkling of the occulting, or the rhythmic, monotonous turning spokes of the revolving light, thrown over the waste of waters from the lighthouse and the lightship.

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INDEX

• Aberbrothock, Abbot of, [96]
• Acetylene: as illuminant, Daléngas, [49], [274];
• systems for floating lighthouses, [238], [278], [285–95];
• cost of lighting by, [282];
• dissolved, French system of using, [291];
• use in Sweden, [291–94]
• Acetylene gun, the, [68–71]
• Admiralty, the: adoption of the siren, [60–61];
• use of the Wigham light, [296]
• Adriatic shoreline, [203]
• “Aga” principle of lighting, [274], [277], [291], [293];
• adopted by the United States, [294–95]
• Ailly, Pointe d’, [303]
• Ailsa Crag, system of fog-signalling, [63–65], [66]
• Alaska: trade of, [173];
• controlled by the Lighthouse Board, [206];
• unattended lighthouses, [277];
• coastline [284]
• Alderney coastline, [12–13]
• Alexander, Lieutenant B. S., the Minot’s ledge-light, [8], [179]
• Alexandria, Pharos of, [2–3]
• Allerton Point lighthouse, [6]
• Altacarry Head, [313]
• Ambrose Channel, [251]
• American Thimble Shoal lighthouse, [308]
• Amour Point light, [169]
• Anderson, Lieutenant-Colonel William P., [172], [174], [217]
• Anglo-Saxon, Allan liner, wreck, [163–64]
• Anticosti, [171]
• Antifer, Cap d’, lighthouse, [39]
• Antipodes, the, [239]
• Arbroath, [97]
• Arena Point, [204]
• Argand burner, the, [47], [55], [79], [219]
• Argyll, Duke of, [115];
• lays foundation-stone of Skerryvore, [105]
• Ar-men light, Finisterre, [20–24]
• Arthur, Port, [214], [217]
• Assyrian, the, wreck, [164]
• Astoria, [13], [185], [188], [193]
• Auckland coastline, [236], [237], [238]
• harbour, [238]
• Islands, [239]
• Auer, Dr. von, the incandescent mantle, [47–48]
• Australia: lighthouses of, [229–39];
• unattended lighthouses, [283]
• Austria, lighthouses, [48]
• Bache, General Hartmann, [63];
• Brandywine Shoal light, [200–201]
• “Back lights,” [20]
• Ballantyne, A., the Tillamook Rock lighthouse, [185–95]
• Ballycastle, [313]
• Baltic Sea, unattended lighthouses of the, [274], [278], [291]
• Bar lightship, Mersey, [240]
• Barnard, General, the Minot’s Ledge light, [178–82]
• Barra Head, [113]
• Barra Island, [113]
• Barsier rock, [269]
• Bauld Cape light, [169]
• “Bay of the Dead,” Finisterre, [21], [22]
• Beachy Head lighthouse, [24–27], [94]
• Belfast, [306]
• Bell Rock lighthouse, [9];
• lighting, [53];
• fog-signals, [59];
• the reef, [96–97]
• Bell-buoys, [68]
• Belle Ile, [51];
• the beacons, [169];
• the Northern light, [170–71];
• the Southern light, [169];
• the auxiliary light, [169–70];
• isolation of, [171]
• Belle Ile, Straits of, [162], [163], [169]
• Bells: on lighthouses, [58];
• submarine, [249–50]
• Biscay, Bay of, gales, [3–4]
• Bishop Rock lighthouse, [38], [51], [81–87]
• Black Prince, the, in Gascony, [4]
• Black Sea, lighthouses on the, [18–19]
• Blau liquid gas, [48–49]
• “Blowing-holes,” [62–63]
• Bluff, the, [236]
• Bois Blanc Island, [211]
• Bordeaux, trade of, [3–4]
• Boston Harbour: lighting, [6], [33–4], [196];
• Minot’s Ledge light, [176–82]
• Bothnia, Gulf of, unattended lighthouses, [268], [274]
• Bounty Islands, [239]
• Bourdelles, M., investigations, [56], [219]
• Brandywine Shoal light, [200–201]
• Brebner, Alexander, [117]
• “Breeches-buoy,” used at Tillamook Rock, [187–89]
• Bréhat, Heaux de, Reynaud’s tower, [149–53]
• Bréhat, Isle of, [149]
• Bremerhaven, [132], [138], [139], [141]
• Brett, Cape, lighthouse, [238]
• Brewster, Sir David, lighting methods, [29]
• Bridges and Roads, Department of, [148]
• Bristol Channel: the Flat Holme light, [7];
• unattended lighthouses, [278–79]
• British Columbia coastline, [284]
• Brittany coastline, [148]
• Brothers light, the, [234–35]
• Bull Rock lighthouse, [39]
• Bullivant cableways, [25–26]
• Bungaree Norah. See [Norah Head]
• Buoys: bell and whistle, [68];
• gas-buoys, [244];
• the Willson, [286–89];
• combined light and whistling, [290]
• Büsun, [226]
• Byron Bay, [232]
• Byron Cape, [232]
• Cabrillo Point light, [205]
• Calf Rock light, [123]
• California coastline, [204]
• Campbell, General, [270]
• Campbell Island, [239]
• Canadian Marine Department, [8];
• systems of building, [18–19];
• fog-signalling apparatus, [66–68];
• lighting of the coastline, [161–75];
• lighting of the Great Lakes, [208–17];
• floating lighthouses, [286]
• Caribou Island lighthouse, [216–17]
• Carmel Head, [94]
• Carolina, North, [240]
• Carrington, W. H. T., [25]
• Casquets lighthouse: the approach to, [12–13];
• keepers of the, [314]
• Castle Point lighthouse, [238]
• Casuarina Island, [55]
• Catoptric system of lighting, [28]
• Centre Island lighthouse, [237]
• Chance Bros. and Co.: systems of lighting, [33], [36], [42], [55], [256];
• the hyperradiant method, [38–39];
• lenses, [40];
• clockwork mechanism, [43–44];
• the incandescent mantle, [48];
• works carried out by, [53], [222]
• Channel Islands coastline, [269]
• Charles, Cape, [200]
• Chatham Island, [239]
• Chauffer, the, [4–6]
• Chesapeake Bay lights, [199], [200], [308]
• Chicken Rock light, [9], [94], [238]
• China, coast-lighting, [258–59]
• Clear, Cape, [121]
• Coffin Island, [171]
• Cohasset Rocks, [177]
• Colchester Reef lighthouse, [210], [216]
• Colfax: “Miss Colfax’s light,” [315–16]
• Collinson, Sir Richard, rocket system invented by, [58–59]
• “Colossus,” the Rothersand caisson, [138–9]
• Colton family, the, [170]
• Columbia River, [183], [184], [185]
• Colza oil as illuminant, [46], [47]
• Concrete, reinforced, use of, [18], [174]
• Cook’s Strait, [233], [234], [237]
• Cordouan, rocks of, [4]
• Cordouan, Tour de, [4–5], [30]
• Cornish plunderers of the Wolf Rock, [88]
• Corunna lighthouse, [3]
• Couedie, Cap de, lighthouse, [55]
• Courtenay, whistling device, [290]
• Creach, electric light at, [156]
• Daboll, C. L., invention of the trumpet fog-signal, [59], [60]
• Dalén, Gustaf: the sun-valve, [49];
• system of lighting, [274], [275], [291];
• unattended lights, [269];
• honour for, [291] note;
• experiments, [292–93]
• Danger Point, [230]
• Darling, Grace, [95], [314]
• Daudet, Alphonse, “Phares de Sanguinaires,” [93]
• Delaware Bay, [143], [199], [200]
• Denmark, coastline, lighting, [48]
• Detroit River, Lower, [208]
• “Deviline” toy whistle, [61]
• Dewey, Admiral, [310]
• Dhu-Heartach lighthouse, [9], [107], [113–20], [311]
• Diamond Shoal, dangers of, [205–6];
• the lightship, [251–53]
• “Diaphone,” the, [67], [68], [165]
• Dieppe, [303–304]
• Differential arc, use of, [227–28]
• Dioptric system of lighting, [37], [220]
• Disappointment Cape lighthouse, [186]
• Distances, table of, [52]
• “Divergence,” [39]
• Dog Island lighthouse, [237]
• Doty burner, the, [238]
• “Double-shell” principle of construction, [200]
• Douglass, Sir James: design for the new Eddystone, [78–80];
• preservation of the Bishop Rock, [86–87];
• system of lighting, [223]
• Douglass, William, and the Fastnet, [123]
• Dover Harbour lightship, [245]
• Dover, the pharos at, [3]
• Doyle Fort, [271–74]
• Drummond Castle, wreck, [148]
• Dues, lighthouse, [4], [7], [239]
• Duluth, [214]
• Duncansby Head, [108]
• Dunedin, N.Z., [236]
• Dungeness light, [94]
• Dunkirk, [249]
• Earraid, [115], [116]
• East Cape, N.Z., [236]
• East Indies Archipelago, [257]
• Eddystone lighthouse: lighting of, [38], [41], [55];
• fog-signals, [59];
• description, [72], [82];
• the Winstanley construction, [73–4];
• John Rudyerd’s lighthouse, [74], [75], [94];
• Smeaton’s work, [75], [78], [80];
• the Douglass tower, [78–80];
• keepers of, [311]
• “Eddystones,” [72]
• Edinburgh, Duke of, [79]
• Egmont, Cape, [233]
• Electricity: as luminant, [50–51], [148], [218], [295–96];
• used in operation of derrick, [159]
• Eider lightship, [249]
• Erie, Lake, [208], [216]
• Estevan Point light, [174]
• Fair Isle lighthouse, [39]
• “Family of Engineers (A),” [8–9]
• Faraday, Professor, [218]
• Farallon Beacon, [205]
• Farallon Isles, fog-signalling on, [63]
• Farne Islands, [95], [314]
• Faro, the, [3]
• Fastnet lighthouse, [121–31];
• lighting, [41];
• keepers, [311]
• Ferro-concrete, use in construction, [18–19]
• Feu-éclair, the, [56]
• Finisterre, Cape, [3];
• the Ar-men light, [20–24]
• Fire Island lighthouse, [250]
• Fire Island lightship, [240], [242], [250]
• Fisher’s Island Sound, [203]
• Flamborough Head light, [95]
• Flannen Islands lighthouse, [9], [113];
• disappearance of keepers, [313–14]
• Flat Holme light, the, [7]
• Florida coastline, [201]
• “Focal point,” [39]
• Fog-signals: discharge of guns, [57–58];
• rockets, [58–59];
• explosion of gun-cotton, [59];
• the Daboll trumpet, [59–60];
• the siren, [60–62];
• blowing-holes, [62–63];
• installation on Ailsa Crag, [63–66];
• diaphone on Ailsa Crag, [66–68];
• the acetylene gun, [68–71];
• diaphone at Cape Race, [165];
• Belle Ile diaphone, [170]
• Foix, Louis de, [4–5], [8]
• Forfarshire, the, [95], [314]
• Forteau Bay, [169]
• Forth, Firth of, lighthouses in, [7], [218–19]
• Fourteen Foot Bank, [132], [143–47]
• Foveaux Strait, [237]
• Fowey Rocks lights, [201–3]
• French coast: lighting of, [148];
• lightships, [243], [249]
• French Lighthouse Commission (1811), [29]
• Fresnel, Augustin: system of lighting, [28], [33], [286];
• adopted by the United States, [36]
• Gap Rock lighthouse and signal-station, [264]
• Gas Accumulator Company, of Stockholm, [49], [274], [291]
• Gas as illuminant, the incandescent mantle, [47–48]
• Gasfeten tower, [274]
• Gedney’s Channel, lighting of, [295–96]
• General Superintendent of Lights, office of, [197–98]
• Georgian Bay, [216]
• Gerholmen light-boat, [294]
• Germany: coastline of, lighting, [48], [50–51];
• the lightship service, [249–50]
• Gironde lighthouse, [19]
• Gironde, the, rocks of the estuary, [3–4]
• Goodwin Sands, [205], [240], [244–45], [248]
• Grand Banks, the, [163]
• Grande Braye Rock, [296]
• Grand Trunk Pacific, [173]
• Granite, use of, [18]
• Great Lakes of North America: lighting of the, [27], [173], [208–17];
• Lighthouse Board, control of, [206];
• floating lighthouses, [286]
• Green Cape lighthouse, [232–33]
• “Grouting,” [27]
• Guantanamo Bay, [308]
• Guernsey coast lighthouse, [9], [16];
• unattended lights, [269]
• Gun-cotton, explosion of, [58], [59]
• Halifax Harbour: lights, [192];
• the “Outer Automatic,” [290]
• Halpin, George, the Fastnet lighthouse, [121–23], [129]
• Hand Deeps, [79]
• Hanois lighthouse, [16]
• Hargreaves, Riley and Co., [260]
• Harkort, Society of, Duisburg, [133–34]:
• the Rothersand contract, [136–43]
• Hatteras, Cape: coastline, [147], [251–53];
• sandbanks, [205–6], [240]
• Hauraki Gulf, [238]
• Hawaiian Islands, [206]
• Hebrides, lighthouses of the, [112], [313]
• Heligoland lighthouse, [133], [218];
• use of the rocket system, [59];
• the electric installation, [224–26]
• Hellespont, Sigeum lighthouse, [2]
• Henlopen Cape, light, [199]
• Hennebique system, [260]
• Henry, Cape, lighthouse, [20], [199–200]
• Héve, Cape, lighthouse, [218], [219]
• Hinemoa, New Zealand Government steamer, [235], [236], [238]
• Hoheweg lighthouse, [138]
• Hole-in-the-Wall, Vancouver, [174]
• Holland coastline, [48]
• Holmes, Professor, fog-horns, [60–62], [64], [66], [218]
• Holophotal revolving apparatus, [33]
• Hong-Kong, [264]
• “Hoo-doo,” [91]
• Horaine, plateau of, [153–56]
• Horn, Cape, [268]
• Hornum light, the electric installation, [226–28]
• Howe, Cape, [230], [232]
• Huddart Parker, liner, wreck, [236]
• Hudson Bay coastline, [268]
• Hugo, Victor, “The Toilers of the Sea,” [269]
• Hunting Island tower, South Carolina, [19–20]
• Huron, Lake, [211]
• Hynish harbour, [107]
• “Hyperradiant,” the, [37], [41];
• the quicksilver trough, [42–43]
• “Ice-breakers,” [201]
• “Ice-stoves,” [200–201], [210]
• Inchcape. See [Bell Rock]
• Ingrey, Charles, scheme for Ailsa Crag, [64], [66]
• Invercargill, [237]
• Iona, [100]
• Ireland, Congested Districts Board beacons, [282–83]
• Irish lights, Commissioners of, [7];
• the Fastnet, [123], [127]
• Iron, use in construction, [19–20]
• Islay, [298]
• Jamaica coastline, lighting, [283]
• Japan, coastline, lighthouses, [9–10], [257–58]
• Java, [257]
• Jersey coastline, [243]
• Jument of Ushant, [156], [160]
• Karachi, unattended light, [281]
• Kavanagh, James, the Fastnet, [125], [128]
• “Kingdom of Heaven,” [92]
• Labrador coastline, [169], [268]
• Lagerholmen lighthouse, [278]
• Lampaul, Bay of, [157]
• Land’s End coastline, [247]
• Lard-oil as fuel, [46], [47]
• Leasowe lighthouse, [16];
• fire at, [309]
• Lenses, preparation, [39], [40]
• Lewes, Delaware, [144]
• Lewis, Isle of, [113]
• Lewis, Winslow, invention of, [34], [35]
• “Light-boats,” [294]
• Lighthouse Board, U.S.A., [178–79]
• Lighthouse dues, origin, [4], [7];
• levy of, [7], [239]
• Lighthouse Literature Mission, [306]
• Lighthouses, construction of, [174];
• wooden towers, [198];
• electric, of the world, [218–28];
• unattended, [267–83];
• floating, [284–300]
• Lighting: candles, [33];
• Fresnel system, [28–33];
• holophotal revolving apparatus, [33];
• hyperradiants, [33–41];
• sperm-oil, [46];
• colza-oil, [46–47];
• lard-oil, [46], [47];
• petroleum, [47–48], [296–98];
• paraffin, [47–48];
• oil-gas, [48–49], [296];
• various gases, [49–50];
• electric lighting, [50–51], [148], [295–96];
• acetylene system, [69–71], [238], [291]
• Light-keepers, life of the, [301–17]
• Lights: wood or coal in open braziers, [28];
• tallow candles, [28];
• indentification of, [32];
• classification of, [37], [44–45];
• “divergence,” [39];
• focal point, [39];
• white and coloured, [45–46];
• candle-power, [51], [53];
• subsidiary, [53–55];
• duration of flash in revolving, [55–56]
• Lightships: the Stevenson unattended, [70];
• maintenance of, [240–41];
• description, [241–42];
• the Minquiers light, [243–44];
• average crew for, [244–45];
• incidents, [244–55];
• illuminating apparatus, [255–57]
• “Light valve,” the Dalén, [275–78]
• Lipson’s Reef, [55]
• Little Brewster Island lighthouse, [196–197]
• Lizard Head, [72], [82], [94]
• Lizard lighthouse, [94], [218]
• Lloyd’s, signalling-station at the Fastnet, [131]
• Longfellow, lines to Minot’s Ledge light, [176]
• Longships light, [82], [92], [311]
• Longstones lighthouse, [95], [314]
• Louis XIV. and the Eddystone, [75]
• Lundy Island, [92]
• Lupata, sailing-ship, wreck, [183]
• Lusitania, French emigrant steamer, wreck, [164]
• Ly-ce-moon, steamer, wreck, [233]
• Mackinac, Strait of, [211]
• Macquarie, tower, [231]
• Magellan, Straits of, [268];
• unattended lighthouses, [274–75]
• Malacca Straits lighthouse, [257];
• One Fathom Bank, [259–64]
• Malay Peninsula, [257]
• Malcolm Baxter Junior, schooner, collision with the lighthouse, [308]
• Man, Isle of, Chicken Rock light, [94]
• Manacles, wrecks on the, [7]
• Manilla, [310]
• Manora breakwater, the Wigham light, [281]
• Manora Point light, Karachi, [39–41]
• Maria Van Diemen, Cape, lighthouse, [237], [238]
• Marine and Fisheries, Department of, Canada, [171]
• Marine Department, New Zealand, [233]
• Matthews, Sir Thomas, [26];
• light designed by, [278–79], [299]
• May, Isle of, lighthouse, [7], [218–23]
• Megantic, White Star liner, [313]
• Meldrum, Sir John, the North Foreland lighthouse, [81]
• Mendocino, Cape, lighthouse, [204–5]
• Ménier, Henri, [171]
• Mercury float, the, [42], [43], [56]
• Meriten (De), dynamos, [221], [223]
• Mersey lightship, [240]
• Mew Island lighthouse, [38], [41]
• Mexico, Gulf of, coastline, [201]
• Michigan City Harbour light, [315–16]
• Michigan Lake, lighting of, [208], [211], [214], [215], [217]
• Minches, the, [112], [113]
• Minnehaha, wreck of the, [82], [83]
• Minot’s Ledge light, [11], [74], [204];
• Captain Swift’s tower, [176–78];
• General Barnard’s structure, [178–82]
• Minquiers lightship, [243–44]
• Mohegan wreck, [7]
• Moko Hinou, [238]
• Monach Island light, [113]
• “Monolithic” method of construction, [16–19]
• Montagu Island lighthouse, [30–31]
• Monterey Bay, [315]
• Morocco, Cape Spartel light, [207]
• Moye system of lighting, [69]
• Muckle Flugga, [109–112]
• Mull, Isle of, [102], [115]
• Mull of Kintyre, [108]
• Murray, Hon. A., [260]
• Nantucket Shoals lightship, [250]
• Navesink lighthouse, [51], [218]
• Needles light, the, [94]
• New Jersey coastline, [218]
• New London, Connecticut, Race Rock lighthouse, [203–4]
• New South Wales, lighthouses of, [230], [231], [232–33]
• New York Harbour: lighting, [218], [295];
• lightships, [251]
• New Zealand: system of lighting, [33];
• lighthouses of, [229–30], [233–35];
• the lighthouse-keepers, [235];
• unattended lighthouses, [268]
• Newfoundland coastline, [162], [169]
• Newhaven, [303]
• “No. 87” lightship, [251]
• Norah Head lighthouse, [232]
• Norderney lightship, [242], [249]
• Nore lightship, [240], [242], [245]
• Norge liner, wreck, [299]
• Norman Cape light, [169]
• North Cape, New Zealand, lighthouse, [237], [238]
• North Foreland light, [81]
• North German Lloyd Atlantic liners, [132], [137]
• North Island, New Zealand, coastline, [233]
• North Ronaldshay lighthouse, [33]
• North Unst lighthouse, [9], [109], [110–12]
• Northern lighthouses, Commissioners of, [8–10], [37], [63], [64], [94], [96], [100–02], [105], [109], [114], [219]
• North-West lightship (Mersey), [240]
• Nova Scotia: Sable Island lighthouse, [166];
• floating lighthouses, [285], [290]
• Nuremberg, tests carried out at, [225–26]
• Oil-gas, compressed, use of, [48], [296]
• One Fathom Bank lighthouse, [259–64]
• “One-tenth flash,” [294]
• Ontario Lake, [217]
• Oregon coastline, [13], [195]
• Orkneys coastline, [108], [109]
• Otter Rock lightship, [9], [297–99]
• Ouessant, Ile d’. See [Ushant]
• “Outer Automatic,” Halifax Harbour, [290]
• Outer Diamond Shoal lightship, [147]
• Outer Minot light, [177], [178]
• Panama Canal, unattended lighthouses, [277]
• “Panels,” system of dividing the light by, [31–32]
• Paraffin, use of, [47]
• Paris Exhibition of 1867, [61]
• Paris, wreck of the, [7]
• Parry sound, [216]
• Patents granted for upkeep of beacons, [5–6]
• Pei Yu-Shan lighthouse, [39]
• Pencarrow Head lighthouse, [234]
• Pentland Firth, [108]
• Pentland Skerries light, [109]
• Petroleum gas, use of, [47], [48], [279], [296–98]
• Phare, the term, [3]
• Phares, Service des, [19], [148], [219]
• Pharos, constructional vessel, [110]
• Pharos, the, Dover, [3];
• of Alexandria, [2–3]
• Philippines coastline, [206]
• Phœnicians, beacons erected by the, [3]
• Pilgrim Fathers, the, and lighthouses, [6]
• Pilotage, Board of, Sweden, experiments with acetylene, [292], [293–94]
• Pino Point lighthouse, [315]
• Pladda, Island of, [64]
• Planier lighthouse, [219]
• Platte Fougère, land-controlled station of, [269–74], [283]
• Pleasanton, Stephen, [197–98]
• Plenty, Bay of, [236]
• Plymouth Harbour, [72]
• Plymouth Hoe, [80]
• Poe, General O. M., Spectacle Reef lighthouse, [211–14]
• Portland Canal, [173]
• Portland, Duke of, lighthouse on the Isle of Man, [7]
• Portland stone, used for building Eddystone, [76]
• Port of Dublin Corporation, [121]
• Potomac, ice-shores of the, [200–201]
• Potron, Charles Eugène, generosity of, [157], [159–60]
• Prince Rupert, port of, [173], [284]
• Pulsometer Engineering Company, Reading, [66]
• Punta Gorda light-station, [311]
• Puysegur Point, [237]
• Queenstown harbour floating light, [297]
• Race, Cape, lighthouse, [39], [43];
• the lens, [40–41];
• clockwork mechanism, [43];
• fog-signalling apparatus, [67];
• dangers of, [162–64];
• the first beacon, [164–65];
• the new beacon, [165]
• Race Rock lighthouse, [203–4]
• Ralph the Rover, [96]
• Rame Head, [72]
• Rathlin light, [313]
• Rattray Briggs lighthouse, [9]
• Ray, Cape, [164]
• Red Rock lighthouse, [210], [216]
• Red Sea lighthouses, [311]
• Rennie, John, the Bell Rock light, [97]
• Reyes Point, [205]
• Reynaud, Léonce, tower on the Heaux de Bréhat, [149–53]
• Rhins of Islay, [113]
• Ribière, [8]
• Rock Island, [124]
• Rock of Ages lighthouse, [210], [214–15], [216]
• Rockall, the, [299–300]
• Rockets, use of, [58–59]
• Rose of Mull, the, [113]
• Rothersand lighthouse, [11], [218];
• the first attempt, [132–36];
• work of the Society Harkort, [136–43]
• Round Island lighthouse, [39]
• Royale, Isle, [214]
• Rudyerd, John, the Eddystone lighthouse, [74], [75], [92–93]
• Russell Channel, the, [269–70]
• Russian lighthouse authorities, [18]
• Rutingen lightship, [242], [249]
• Sable Island, [162];
• description, [165–66];
• lighthouses and chief station, [166–67];
• the west end light, [167–68];
• the east end light, [168]
• St. Agnes light, [81]
• St. Catherine’s Downs, [223]
• St. Catherine’s lighthouse, [55], [94], [218];
• the electric installation, [223–24]
• St. Clair, Lake, [208]
• St. David’s Head, [92]
• St. John’s, Newfoundland, [164]
• St. Kilda, [300]
• St. Lawrence, Gulf of, [163];
• dangers, [171]
• St. Lawrence River:
• fog-signalling apparatus, [66–68];
• entrance, [162];
• the ice, [172];
• lighting of the, [172–73]
• St. Malo Harbour, [243]
• St. Mary’s, [85]
• St. Peter Port lighthouse, [269–70]
• Sambro Island lighthouse, [162]
• Samoan Islands, American, controlled by the Lighthouse Board, [206]
• San Francisco: bay, [63];
• coastline, [205]
• Sand, lighthouses built on, [132–47]
• Sandbanks, signposts of the, [240–56]
• Sandy Hook lighthouse, [199], [295]
• Sarnia, [216]
• Salara, the, wreck, [232–33]
• Sault Ste. Marie, [216]
• Scammon’s Harbour, [212]
• Schiller, German packet, wreck of, [86]
• Schukert, [225]
• Scilly Island, [81], [82], [247]
• Scotland: lighting, [50];
• sea-rock lights of, [96];
• the coastline, [108]
• Scotsman, Dominion liner, [171]
• Scott, C. W., and the Fastnet, [123–24], [129]
• Scott, Sir Walter, quoted, [100], [101]
• “Screw-pile lighthouses,” [19], [83], [200–203], [261–62]
• Sea-rock lighthouses, construction, [20] et seq.
• Serrin-Berjot lamps, [221–23]
• Seven Hunters. See [Flannen Islands]
• Seven Stones lightship, [242], [248–49]
• Seven Wonders of the world, [2]
• Shark-catching, [311–12]
• Sherman, General, [211]
• Shetlands coastline, [108–109]
• Shovel, Sir Cloudesley, [82]
• Sigeum lighthouse, on the Hellespont, [2]
• Singapore, [257]
• Siren, the, developments, [59–60], [159]
• Skerries light, [94]
• Skerryvore lighthouse, [11], [59], [100–107], [113], [311]
• Slave-running, [312]
• Slight, Mr., the modern siren, [62]
• Smalls, The, [92–93]
• Smeaton, John, the Eddystone lighthouse, [8], [75–78], [80]
• Smeaton, the, [97–99]
• Smith, Thomas, [9], [219]
• Solent, the, [94]
• Sound, aberration of, [68]
• South Carolina, lighthouses of, [19–20]
• South Foreland lighthouse: lighting, [38], [95];
• electricity adopted, [218–19];
• keepers of the, [314]
• South Island, N.Z., coastline, [237]
• South Solitary Island lighthouse, [230], [231]
• South Stock light, [94]
• Southey, ballad of the Bell Rock, [96]
• Spain, early beacons, [3]
• Spartel Cape lighthouse, [207], [300]
• Spectacle Reef lighthouse, [74], [210–14], [215–16]
• Sperm-oil, as luminant, [46]
• “Spider-web braces,” [201]
• Spurn Point lighthouse, [38–39]
• Standard Oil Co., [282]
• Stannard’s Rock lighthouse, [214], [216]
• Start Point, [94]
• Stephens Island, [233]
• Stevenson, Alan: “Skerryvore,” [9], [100–107];
• improvements in lighting, [32–33];
• table of distances by, [51–52]
• Stevenson, Charles, [9]
• Stevenson, David, “North Unst,” [9]
• Stevenson, David and Charles: the acetylene gun, [68–71];
• the unattended light, [269];
• the Platte Fougère fog-signal, [270–71];
• the Otter Rock light, [297];
• scheme for Rockall, [300]
• Stevenson, David and Thomas: works carried out by, [15], [53];
• the Chicken Rock light, [94];
• building of the Dhu-Heartach, [114–20]
• Stevenson, family of engineers: preeminence of, [8–10];
• systems of lighting, [36–38];
• adoption of electricity, [219–22];
• work in Japan, [258];
• characteristics, [305]
• Stevenson, George, and the Fastnet, [122]
• Stevenson, Robert, and the Bell Rock lighthouse, [9], [97–100];
• Skerryvore, [101]
• Stevenson, Robert Louis, “A Family of Engineers,” [8–9]
• Stevenson, Thomas, [9], [222]
• Stewart Island, [237]
• Stornoway lighthouse, lighting, [53–54]
• Strain, Samuel H., [306]
• Subsidiary lights, [53–55]
• Suez, [312]
• Sugar-Loaf Point lighthouse, [232]
• Sule Skerry lighthouse, [9], [39]
• Sumatra, [257]
• “Sun-valve,” the Dalén, [275–78]
• Superior, Lake, lighting of, [214], [216], [217]
• Sweden: floating lighthouses, [291];
• unattended lighthouses, [277–82]
• Swift, Captain W. H., the Minot’s Ledge light, [176–78], [182]
• Sydney lighthouse. See [Macquarie Tower]
• Tararua, steamship, wreck of the, [236], [237]
• Tay, Firth of, [96]
• Terawhiti, Cape, [238]
• Thames lightships, [240–41]
• Thomas, O. P., [260]
• Three Kings Rock, [236]
• Tierra del Fuego, [268]
• Tillamook Head, [183]
• Tillamook Rock lighthouse, [13–15], [183–95], [204];
• the keepers, [307–8]
• Tiri-Tiri Island lighthouse, [236–38]
• Torrain Rocks, [113]
• Tory Island lighthouse, [39]
• Trade, Board of:
• collection of light dues, [7–8];
• and the siren, [61];
• Mr. Ingrey’s scheme, [64];
• adoption of electricity, [219]
• Trewavas, John R., death of, [14–15]
• Triangle Island, British Columbia, light, [174]
• Trinity House Brethren: purchase of patents, [6];
• maintenance of English lights, [7], [26];
• adoption of the Daboll trumpet, [60];
• and the Eddystone, [77];
• and the Wolf Rock, [88–89];
• and the Whiteside light, [93];
• and the Fastnet, [122];
• adoption of electricity, [218], [223];
• the light on the Seven Stones, [248]
• Trinity House Museum: Smeaton’s clock, [76–77];
• Bishop Rock fog-bell, [85–86]
• Triumph, steamship, wreck, [236]
• Tyndall, Professor, [59]
• Tyree, island of, [100], [102], [105], [107]
• United States Corps of Engineers, [63], [198]
• United States Lighthouse Board, [13] [36], [195];
• coastline lighting, [20], [196–207];
• methods of lighting, [46–47];
• inauguration, [198];
• extent of control [206–7];
• lighting of the Great Lakes, [208–17];
• lightship service, [255];
• adoption of the Aga light, [294–95]
• United States Typographical Engineers, [176]
• Unst, island of, [112]
• Ushant, [148], [156], [157]
• Ushant Island, [158]
• Vancouver, [173];
• coastline, [284]
• Vancouver Island, [174]
• Victoria, [173]
• Victoria, steamer, wreck, [303–4]
• Waipapapa Point lighthouse, [236], [237]
• Walker, James, [8];
• Bishop Rock light, [84–5]
• Wanganui, N.Z., [233]
• Water-gas, [48]
• Wellington, N.Z., [233–4]
• Weser River estuary, [132]
• West Indies lighthouses, [309]
• White ant, ravages of the, [264–66]
• White Shoal lighthouse, [215], [216]
• Whiteside light, [92], [93]
• Whistles on lighthouses, [58]
• Wigham light, [279–280], [282], [296–97]
• Willson, Mr. Thomas: the acetylene automatic light, [285–89], [291], [294]
• Winchelsea, wreck of the, [72], [74]
• Windward Point, Cuba, [308]
• Winstanley, Henry: the Eddystone lighthouse, [73]
• Wireless installation: on the Fastnet, [131];
• station, Sable Island, [167];
• Belle Ile, Southern Point, [170];
• the Eider lightship, [249]
• Wirral, [16], [309]
• Wolf Rock lighthouse, [14];
• blowing holes, [63], [87–92];
• relief, [311]
• Women as lighthouse-keepers, [314–15]
• Wrath, Cape, [112]
• Wreckers of the Wolf Rock, [88];
• Chinese, [258–59]

BILLING AND SONS, LTD., PRINTERS, GUILDFORD

Transcriber’s Notes

Punctuation, hyphenation, and spelling were made consistent when a predominant preference was found in this book; otherwise they were not changed.

Simple typographical errors were corrected; occasional unbalanced quotation marks retained.