PROFESSOR JOHN WESLEY JUDD
this work is dedicated as a
slight tribute of esteem, and
in grateful acknowledgement
of kindly help and encouragement
through many years.

[CONTENTS.]

Page
Preface[10]
Introduction by Professor E. W. Skeats, D.Sc., F.G.S.[13]

PART I.—GENERAL PRINCIPLES.
Chap.I.—Nature and uses of Fossils[21]
"II.—Classification of Fossil Animals and Plants[34]
"III.—The Geological Epochs and Time-range of Fossils[41]
"IV.—How Fossils are Found, and the Rocks They Form[51]

PART II.—SYSTEMATIC PALAEONTOLOGY.
Chap.V.—Fossil Plants[82]
"VI.—Fossil Foraminifera and Radiolaria[95]
"VII.—Fossil Sponges, Corals and Graptolites[107]
"VIII.—Fossil Starfishes, Sea-lilies and Sea-urchins[133]
"IX.—Fossil Worms, Sea-mats and Lamp-shells[152]
"X.—Fossil Shell-fish[174]
"XI.—Fossil Trilobites, Crustacea and Insects[220]
"XII.—Fossil Fishes, Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds and Mammals[257]
Appendix.—Notes on Collecting and Preserving Fossils[315]
Index[321]

[LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.]

Fig.Page
1.Fossil Shells in clay[22]
2.Tracks, probably of Crustaceans[22]
3.Structure of Silicified Wood in tangential section: Araucarioxylon Daintreei, Chapm.[24]
4.Portrait of William Smith[26]
5.Raised Beach: Brighton, England[28]
6.Raised Beach: Torquay, Victoria[28]
7.Marine Fossils in Volcanic Tuff: Summit of Snowdon[29]
8.Kitchen Middens: Torquay, Victoria[30]
9.Submerged Forest on the Cheshire Coast[30]
10.Pecten murrayanus, Tate. A fossil shell allied to a living species[32]
11.Cliff section: Torquay, Victoria[42]
12.Diagram of superposition of Strata[42]
13.Diagram of the Range-in-time of Australasian Fossils[50]
14.Diprotodon skeletons in situ: Lake Callabonna, S. Australia[51]
15.Bird remains on sand dunes: King Island, Bass Strait[52]
16.Impression of Bird’s feather in Ironstone: Western Victoria[52]
17.A Fossil Turtle: Notochelone costata, Owen sp.[52]
18.A Ganoid Fish: Pristisomus crassus, A. S. Woodward[54]
19.A fossil Insect in amber (Tipula sp.)[54]
20.A fossil Crustacean: Thalassina emerii, Bell[55]
21.An Ammonite: Desmoceras flindersi, McCoy sp.[55]
22.Belemnites: Belemnites diptycha, McCoy[56]
23.A Group of Lamp-shells: Magellania flavescens, Lam. sp.[56]
24.Zoarium of a living Polyzoan: Retepora sp.[58]
25.A fossil Polyzoan: Macropora clarkei, T. Woods sp.[58]
26.Fossil Worm-tubes: (?) Serpula[60]
27.A living Sea-urchin: Strongylocentrotus erythrogrammus, Val.[60]
28.A fossil Sea-urchin: Linthia antiaustrails, Tate[60]
29.A fossil Brittle-Star: Ophioderma egertoni, Brod. sp.[60]
30.A fossil Crinoid: Taxocrinus simplex, Phillips sp.[62]
31.Graptolites on Slate: Tetragraptus fruticosus, J. Hall sp.[62]
32.A Stromatoporoid: Actinostroma [63]
33.Corals in Devonian Marble: Favosites[64]
34.Siliceous Skeleton of a living Sponge: (?) Chonelasma[64]
35.Spicules of a fossil Sponge: Ecionema newberyi, McCoy sp.[65]
36.Nummulites: N. gizehensis, Ehr. var. champollioni, De la Harpe[65]
37.Cainozoic Radiolaria[66]
38.Radiolaria in Siliceous Limestone[67]
39.Travertin Limestone, with leaves of Beech (Fagus)[67]
40.Freshwater Limestone with shells (Bulinus)[68]
41.Hardened mudstone with Brachiopods (Orthis, etc.)[69]
42.Diatomaceous Earth[72]
43.Lepidocyclina Limestone[73]
44.Coral in Limestone: Favosites grandipora, Eth. fil.[74]
45.Crinoidal Limestone[74]
46.Turritella Limestone[75]
47.Ostracodal Limestone[75]
48.Halimeda Limestone[77]
49.Tasmanite: a Spore Coal[77]
50.Kerosene Shale[77]
51.Bone Bed[77]
52.Bone Breccia[79]
53.Cainozoic Ironstone with Leaves (Banksia)[80]
54.Girvanella conferta, Chapm., in Silurian Limestone[83]
55.Palaeozoic Plants[83]
56.Restoration of Lepidodendron[84]
57.Stem of Lepidodendron (Lepidophloios), showing leaf-scars[84]
58.Upper Palaeozoic Plants[85]
59.Map of Gondwana-Land[87]
60.Mesozoic Plants[88]
61.Cainozoic Plants[90]
62.Eucalyptus leaves from the Deep Leads[92]
63.Palaeozoic and Mesozoic Foraminifera[97]
64.Lepidocyclina marginata, Mich. sp. Sections of shell showing structure[99]
65.Cainozoic Foraminifera[100]
66.Fossil Radiolaria[103]
67.Palaeozoic Sponges and Archaeocyathinae[108]
68.Cainozoic Sponges[111]
69.Silurian Corals[111]
70.Upper Palaeozoic Corals[116]
71.Cainozoic Corals[118]
72.Stromatoporoidea and Cladophora[121]
73.Lower Ordovician Graptolites [125]
74.Lower Ordovician Graptolites[125]
75.Upper Ordovician and Silurian Graptolites[127]
76.Fossil Crinoids[135]
77.Fossil Starfishes[140]
78.Protaster brisingoides, Gregory, in Silurian Sandstone[142]
79.Gregoriura spryi, Chapm., in Silurian Mudstone[143]
80.Cainozoic Sea-urchins[145]
81.Cainozoic Sea-urchins[147]
82.Fossil Worms[153]
83.Palaeozoic Polyzoa[156]
84.Cainozoic Polyzoa[157]
85.Lower Palaeozoic Brachiopods[159]
86.Silurian and Devonian Brachiopods[161]
87.Carbopermian Brachiopods[163]
88.Mesozoic Brachiopods[165]
89.Cainozoic Brachiopods[167]
90.Lower Palaeozoic Bivalves[176]
91.Palaeozoic Bivalves[179]
92.Carbopermian Bivalves[180]
93.Lower Mesozoic Bivalves[181]
94.Cretaceous Bivalves[183]
95.Cainozoic Bivalves[185]
96.Cainozoic Bivalves[186]
97.Fossil Scaphopods and Chitons[188]
98.Lower Palaeozoic Gasteropoda[192]
99.Silurian Gasteropoda[194]
100.Upper Palaeozoic Gasteropoda[195]
101.Mesozoic Gasteropoda[197]
102.Cainozoic Gasteropoda[199]
103.Cainozoic Gasteropoda[200]
104.Late Cainozoic and Pleistocene Gasteropoda[201]
105.Palaeozoic Cephalopoda[206]
106.Mesozoic and Cainozoic Cephalopoda[208]
107.Diagram restoration of an Australian Trilobite (Dalmanites)[224]
108.Cambrian Trilobites[226]
109.Older Silurian Trilobites[228]
110.Newer Silurian Trilobites[230]
111.Carboniferous Trilobites and a Phyllopod[232]
112.Silurian Ostracoda[236]
113.Upper Palaeozoic and Mesozoic Ostracoda[238]
114.Cainozoic Ostracoda[239]
115.Fossil Cirripedes[242]
116.Cirripedes. Lepas anatifera, Linn.: living goose barnacle, and L. pritchardi, Hall: Cainozoic[242]
117.Ceratiocaris papilio, Salter[244]
118.Ordovician Phyllocarids[245]
119.Silurian Phyllocarids [245]
120.Fossil Crabs and Insects[247]
121.Silurian Eurypterids[249]
122.Thyestes magnificus, Chapm.[259]
123.Gyracanthides murrayi, A. S. Woodw. Restoration[260]
124.Teeth and Scales of Palaeozoic and Mesozoic Fishes[260]
125.Cleithrolepis granulatus, Egerton[263]
126.Tooth of Ceratodus avus, A. S. W., and phalangeal of a carnivorous Deinosaur[264]
127.Scale of Ceratodus ? avus[265]
128.The Queensland Lung-fish: Neoceratodus forsteri, Krefft[266]
129.Leptolepis gregarius, A. S. W.[266]
130.Cretaceous and Cainozoic Fish-teeth[268]
131.Cainozoic Fish remains[270]
132.Bothriceps major, A. S. W.[273]
133.Ichthyosaurus australis, McCoy[277]
134.Fossil Reptiles[278]
135.Impression of Bird’s feather, magnified, Cainozoic: Victoria[281]
136.Cnemiornis calcitrans, Owen[284]
137.Dinornis maximus, Owen. Great Moa[284]
138.Pachyornis elephantopus, Owen[285]
139.Skeleton of Sarcophilus ursinus, Harris sp.[288]
140.Skull of fossil specimen of Sarcophilus ursinus[288]
141.Thylacinus major, Owen. Hind part of mandible[289]
142.Phascolomys pliocenus, McCoy. Mandible[290]
143.Cainozoic Teeth and Otolith[291]
144.Skeleton of Diprotodon australis, Owen[291]
145.Right hind foot of Diprotodon australis[292]
146.Restoration of Diprotodon australis[292]
147.Skull and mandible of Thylacoleo carnifex, Owen[293]
148.Wynyardia bassiana, Spencer[294]
149.Tooth of Scaldicetus macgeei, Chapm.[297]
150.Impressions of footprints in dune sand-rock, Warrnambool[301]
Map of Australia, showing chief fossiliferous localities[Map]