Memminger, Christoph Gustav.—Secretary of the Treasury in the Confederate Cabinet, appointed 1861. Born in Mergentheim, Wurtemberg.
Mergenthaler, Ottmar.
Mergenthaler, Ottmar.—Inventor of the Mergenthaler Linotype machine, used in almost every printing office throughout the world. Born in Wurtemberg, Germany, and arrived in Baltimore in 1872, working at his trade of clock and watch manufacturer. The Linotype was the result of years of study and experimentation and represents as great an advance over hand composition as the sewing machine does over the sewing needle.
Military Establishments of Warring Nations.
Military Establishments of Warring Nations.—Germany, occupying the third place in population of eight leading powers, stood in the second place in regard to enlistment in her army and navy, behind Russia and England, respectively. Her expenditures for maintaining the armed force, however, were surpassed by those of England, Russia and France, and in the case of the navy, by those of the United States as well. The per capita cost of her armaments was $4.54, while that of France was $7.91 and that of England $9.97, or twice the capita expenditure of Germany. The following table gives a comparison of population and enlistment in army and navy of eight of the leading countries: (E. Dallmer.)
| Population | Army | Navy | |
|---|---|---|---|
| England | 45,000,000 | 254,500 | 137,500 |
| Russia | 160,100,000 | 1,290,000 | 52,463 |
| France | 39,300,000 | 720,000 | 60,621 |
| Germany | 64,900,000 | 810,000 | 66,783 |
| United States | 94,800,000 | 89,000 | 64,780 |
| Italy | 33,900,000 | 250,000 | 33,095 |
| Austria-Hungary | 49,400,000 | 390,000 | 17,581 |
| Japan | 52,200,000 | 250,000 | 51,054 |
The estimated expenditure for the year 1913-14 was as follows:
| Army | Navy | Total |
Per Capita | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| England | $224,300,000 | $224,140,000 | $448,440,000 | $9.97 |
| Russia | 317,800,000 | 122,500,000 | 440,300,000 | 2.75 |
| France | 191,431,580 | 119,571,400 | 311,002,980 | 7.91 |
| Germany | 183,090,000 | 111,300,000 | 294,390,000 | 4.54 |
| United States | 94,266,145 | 140,800,643 | 235,066,788 | 3.30 |
| Italy | 82,928,000 | 51,000,000 | 133,928,000 | 3.95 |
| Austria-Hungary | 82,300,000 | 42,000,000 | 124,300,000 | 2.52 |
| Japan | 49,000,000 | 46,500,000 | 95,500,000 | 1.85 |
Germany maintained a navy larger than that of the United States and a standing army of 810,000, at an expense of but $1.24 per capita more than that of the United States with a standing army of 75,000. In addition the United States is burdened with a pension system involving large expenditures.