The Frontier in American History - Frederick Jackson Turner

[335:1] An address delivered at the dedication of the building of the State Historical Society of Minnesota, May 11, 1918. Printed by permission of the Society.

[343:1] See De Tocqueville's interesting appreciation of this American phenomenon.

INDEX

Absentee proprietors, [55], [297]
Achievement, [309]
Adams, Henry, [213]
Adams, J. Q., [26], [192], [230]
Agriculture, [314], [329];
Middle West, [149], [150]
Agriculture, Department of, [320]
Alamance, [119], [120]
Alaska, [296]
Albany, [43], [52]
Albany congress of 1754, [15]
Algonquin Indians, [130]
Aliens, land tenure by, [110]
Alleghany Mountains, [9], [18], [67];
as barrier to be overcome, [195]
Allen, Ethan, [54]
Allen, W. V., [220]
American Historical Assoc., [159]
American history, social forces, [311];
survey of recent, [311]
American life, distinguishing feature, [2]
American people, [339]
American spirit, [306], [336], [337]
"American System," [171], [172]
Americanization, effective, [4]
Arid lands, [9], [147], [219], [239], [245], [278]
Aristocracy, [250], [254], [257], [275]
Army posts, frontier, [16];
prototypes, [47]
Asia, [296]
Association, voluntary, [343], [344], [358]
Astor's American Fur Co., [6], [143]
Atlantic coast, as early frontier, [4];
Mississippi Valley and, [190], [191];
Northern, History, [295]
Atlantic frontier, composition, [12]
Atlantic states, [207], [208]
Augusta, Ga., [98]
Autocracy, [344]
Back country, [68], [70];
democracy of, [248];
New England, [75]
Backwoods society, [212]
Backwoodsmen, [163], [164]
Bacon, Francis, [286]
Bacon's Rebellion, [84], [247], [251], [301]
Baltimore, trade, [108]
Bancroft, George, [168]
Bank, [171], [254], [325]
Bedford, Pa., [5]
Beecher, Lyman, [35]
Bell, John, [192]
Benton, T. H., [26], [35], [192], [325], [328]
Berkshires, [60], [71], [77]
Beverley, Robert, [85], [91];
manor, [92]
"Birch seal," [78]
Black Hills, [145]
Blackmar, F. W., [238]
Blank patents, [95]
Blood-feud, [253]
Blount, William, [187]
Blue Ridge, [90], [99]
Boone, A. J., [19]
Boone, Daniel, [18], [105], [124], [165], [206]
Boston, trade, [108]
Boutmy, E. G., [211]
Braddock, Edward, [181], [324]
Brattle, Thomas, [56]
British and Middle West, [350]
Brown, B. Gratz, [355]
Brunswick County, Va., [91]
Bryan, W. J., [204], [236], [237], [246], [281], [327], [330]
Bryce, James, [165], [206], [211], [284]
Buffalo, N. Y., [136], [150], [151]
Buffalo herds, [144]
Buffer state, [131], [134]
Burke, Edmund, [33];
on the Germans, [109]
Byrd, Col. William, [84], [87], [98]
Calhoun, J. C., [2], [105], [141], [174], [206], [241];
on representation, [117];
policy of obtaining western trade for the South, [196]
California, [8];
gold, [144]
Canada, [53], [226];
barrier between, and the United States, [131];
border warfare, [44];
homesteads, [296];
Middle West and, [128];
wheat fields, [278]
Canadians, [227]
Canals, deep water, [150]
Capital, [276], [305], [325];
concentration and combinations, [245], [261], [266], [280], [305-306]
"Capitalistic classes," [285]
Capitalists, [20];
"expectant," [343]
Capitals, state, transfers, [121]
Captains of industry, [258], [259], [260]
Carnegie, Andrew, [260], [265]
Caroline cow-pens, [16]
Catron, John, [345]
Cattle raising in Virginia, [88], [89], [92]
Census, first, frontier at, [5]
Census of 1820, frontier, [6]
Census of 1890, extinction of frontier, [1], [9], [38], [39], [297]
Center of nation, [222]
Channing, W. E., [355]
Charleston, S. C., [88], [108], [196]
Chase, S. P., [104], [142]
Cherry Valley, [104]
Chicago, [137], [150], [151], [180], [350];
character, [232]
Chillicothe, [133], [223]
Cincinnati, [133], [151], [162], [223], [231], [232]
Cincinnati and Charleston R. R., [174]
Cities, [297], [316-317];
northeastern, [294-295];
seaboard, [194], [195], [196];
three periods of development, [195]
Civil War, [356];
Middle West and, [142];
Mississippi Valley and, [201];
Northwest and, [217]
Clark, G. R., [131], [167], [186]
Clark, J. B., [332]
Class distinctions, [280], [285]
Clay, Henry, [26], [168], [171], [172], [173], [174], [192], [197], [206], [213], [216], [226], [241], [304], [325]
Cleaveland, Gen. Moses, [133], [222], [257]
Cleveland, [133], [150], [223], [231], [232]
Clinton, De Witt, [195], [196]
Coal supply, [313]
Coast, Atlantic, [206];
destiny, [295];
interior and, antagonisms, [110]
Coeducation, [353]
Colden, Cadwallader, [80]
Colonial life, [11]
Colonial system, [127]
Colonization, [312];
English and French contrasted, [13-14];
peaceful, [169]
Colony of free humanity, [337-338]
Columbus, Ohio, [162], [229]
Combinations of capital and of labor, [245]
Commencement seasons, [290]
Commons, J. R., [327]
Community, "beloved community," [358];
life, [347];
type of settlement, [73], [74], [125]
Competition, [154], [203], [277], [308], [312]
Compromise, [174], [198], [230], [236];
slavery, [140], [142]
Concentration of power and wealth, [245], [261], [266], [280]
Concord, Mass., [39]
Concurrent majority, [118]
Congregational church, [74], [112]
Congress and frontiersmen, [252-253]
Connecticut, frontier towns, [42], [45], [53];
land policy, [76]
Connecticut River, [52], [53], [72]
Connecticut Valley, [63], [73]
Conquest, [269]
Conscience, American, [328]
Constitution, U. S., [209], [244]
Constitutional convention of 1787, [249]
Constitutions, state, [121], [252], [352];
reconstruction, [192]
Coöperation, voluntary, [165], [257], [258]
Corn, areas, [149];
belt, [151]
Corporations, [265], [328]
Cotton culture, [28], [139], [255];
early extension, [7];
transfer from the East to Mississippi Valley, [194]
"Cotton Kingdom," [174], [189], [194], [198]
Coureurs de bois, [182]
Cow pens, [16], [88]
Crockett, Davy, [105]
Crops, migration, [149]
Currency, [148];
evil, [32];
expansion, [210]
Cutler, Manasseh, [141]
Dairy interests in Wisconsin, [234], [236]
Dakotas, settlement, [145], [146]
Darien, Ga., [98]
Davis, Jefferson, [105], [139], [174]
De Bow, J. D. B., [197]
De Bow's Review, [217]
Debs, E. V., [281]
Dedham, [40], [58]
Deerfield, [48], [52], [58], [70]
Democracy, [32], [54], [306];
doubts of, [280];
established in Old West, [107];
free land and, [274];
frontier, early, [106];
frontier and, [30], [31], [247], [249];
Godkin on, [307];
in early 18th century, [98];
Jacksonian, [192], [302], [342-343];
Jeffersonian, [250], [251];
magnitude of achievement in the West, [258];
Middle West, [154];
Mississippi Valley, [183];
neighborhood, [346];
new type in West, [210], [216];
Ohio Valley, influence, [172];
Ohio Valley and, [175];
organized, [357];
origin, [293];
outcome of American experiences, [266];
pressure on the universities, [283];
significance of Mississippi Valley in promoting, [190];
Upland South, [165];
Western contributions, [243];
Western ideals, [261];
see also [Pioneer democracy]
Democratic party, [327], [330];
basis, [248];
Middle Western wing, [352]
Democratic-Republican party, [250]
Denver, Colo., [19]
De Tocqueville. See [Tocqueville]
Detroit, [135], [150]
Development, American, [205], [221];
four changes, [244];
personal, [271];
significant decade, [246-247];
study of, [10];
true point of view, [3];
Western, [218]
D'Iberville. See [Iberville]
Discovery, [271], [293], [301], [306]
Doddridge, Joseph, [115]
Dogs for hunting Indians, [45]
Douglas, S. A., [140];
Lincoln debates, [230]
Douglas, William, [109]
Down east, [79]
Dracut, [111]
Dreams, [301], [339]
Duel, [253]
Duluth, [150], [151], [234]
Dunkards, [263]
Dunstable, [48], [56]
Duquesne, Abraham, [14]
Dwight, Timothy (1752-1817), [63];
fears of pioneer class, [251]
East, efforts to restrict advance of frontier, [33], [34];
fears of the West, [208];
out of touch with West, [18]
Economic forces and political institutions, [243]
Economic historian, [332]
Economic legislation and Ohio Valley, [170]
Education, [282];
Middle West, [156]
Edwards, Jonathan, [63]
Egleston, Melville, [55]
Eliot, C. W., on corporation, [265];
on democracy and slavery, [256]
Emerson, R. W., [353];
on Lincoln, [256]
England, decrease of dependence on, [23];
Mississippi Valley and, [180], [186];
Old Northwest and, [131], [134]
English pioneers, [270]
English settlers in Michigan and Wisconsin, [226]
English stock and English speech, [23]
Equality, [274];
New England, [61], [62], [63];
Western settlers, [212]
Erie Canal, [7], [136], [195], [197]
Europe, American democracy and, [282];
how America reacted on, [3];
Southeastern, [294], [295], [316]
Europeans, [267]
Evolution, American, as key to history, [11]
Expansion, [206], [219], [304], [345];
Ohio Valley and, [166];
world politics, [246]
Experts, [284], [285], [286]
"Fall line," [4], [9], [68];
efforts to establish military frontier on, [84]
Fairfax, Lord, [92], [123]
Far East, [315]
Far West, [315], [341]
Farm lands, [297]
Farm machinery, [276]
Farmers, [238], [239]
Farmer's frontier, [12], [16], [18]
Federal colonial system, [168], [169]
Federal Reserve districts, [322]
Fertility, [129]
Field, Marshall, [265]
Finance, [318], [325];
pioneer ideas, [148]
Fire-arms and Indians, [13]
Firmin, Giles, [56]
Food supply, [279], [294], [314]
Foreign parentage, Indiana and Illinois, [232];
Michigan, [233];
Western States, [237];
Wisconsin, [233-234]
Foreign policy, [168], [219]
Forest Service, [320]
Forest philosophy, [207]
"Foresters," [63]
Forests, [270], [293];
Middle West, [130]
Fortified houses, [71]
Fourierists, [263]
France, efforts to revive empire in America, [167];
Middle West and, [131];
Mississippi Valley and, [180], [186];
western exploration, [163];
Franchise, [249-250], [252]
Franklin, Benjamin, Mississippi Valley and, [182];
on the Germans, [109]
Free Soil party, [141], [173], [217]
French explorers, [163]
French frontier, [125]
French settlers in Michigan and Wisconsin, [226]
Frontier, conservative attitude toward advance, [63];
definition, [3], [41];
demand for independent statehood, [248];
efforts to check and restrict it, [33];
evil effects, [32];
extinction, [1], [9], [38], [39], [321];
farmers, [239], [240];
first official, [39], [54];
French, [125];
importance as a military training school, [15];
influence toward democracy, [247], [249];
kinds and modes of advance, [12];
Massachusetts, [65];
military, of Old West, [106-107];
religious aspects, [36];
Spanish, [125];
towns in Massachusetts, [42], [45], [53], [70];
various comparisons, [10]
Frontiersmen, [206], [209], [212];
in Congress, [252-253];
Mississippi Valley, [182];
Virginia idea, [86]
Fulton, Robert, [171]
Fur trade, [13];
England after Revolution, [131];
Hudson River, [80];
Southern, Old West, [87]
Gallatin, Albert, [191], [252], [317]
Galveston, [202]
Garfield, J. A., [241]
Geographic factors, [329]
Geographic provinces, [158]
Georgia, [174], [196];
restriction of land tenure, [97];
settlement, [97]
Germanic germs, [3], [4]
Germans, [263];
in New York in early times, [5];
Middle West and, [137-138], [146];
Palatine, [5], [82], [100], [109], [124];
political exiles, [349];
sectaries, [164];
Wisconsin, [23], [227], [236];
zone of settlement in Great Valley, [102]
Glarus, [236]
Glenn, James, [23], [108]
Godkin, E. L., [307]
Goochland County, Va., [93]
Government, [321];
paternal, [328];
popular, [357]
Government discipline, [356]
Government expeditions, [17]
Government intervention, [344]
Government ownership, [148]
Government powers, [307]
Government regulation, [281]
Granger movement, [148], [203], [218], [276], [281]
Grant, U. S., [142]
Granville, Lord, [95], [123]
Great Lakes, [128], [149], [150], [173], [297]
Great Plains, [8], [128], [147];
Indian trade and war, [144]
Great Valley, [100];
colonization, [100-101]
Greater South, [174]
Greeley, Horace, [104]
Green Mountain Boys, [78]
Greenback movement, [148], [203], [218], [276]
Greenway manor, [92]
Groseilliers, [180]
Groton, [48], [57]
Grund, F. J., [7]
Grundy, Felix, [192]
Gulf coast, [295]
Gulf States, [141];
occupation, [139]
Hammond, J. H., on slavery problem in the Mississippi Valley, [198]
Hanna, Marcus, [265]
Harriman, E. H., [280], [318]
Harrison, W. H., [168], [173], [189], [192], [213], [255]
Hart, A. B., [177]
Hartford, [76]
Haverhill, [51], [62]
Hayes, R. B., [241]
Henry, Patrick, [94]
Heroes, [254], [256];
Western, [213]
High thinking, [287]
Higher law, [239]
Hill, J. J., [260]
Historian, [333]
Historic ideals, [306], [335]
Historical societies, [159-160], [339]
History, character, [331-332];
new viewpoints, [330]
Holland, J. G., [73]
Holst, H. E. von, [24]
Home markets, [108], [216]
Home missions, [36], [354]
Homestead law of 1862, [145], [276]
Hoosier State, [224]
Housatonic River, [71]
Housatonic Valley, [72]
Houston, Sam, [105]
Howells, W. D., [353]
Hudson River, [53], [79];
frontier, [43];
fur trade, [80]
Humanitarian movement, [327]
Huxley, T. H., on modern civilization, [300]
Iberville, P. le M. d', [180]
Icarians, [263]
Idealists, America the goal, [261];
social, [349]
Ideals, [239];
American, and the West, [290];
American, loyalty to, [307];
American historic, [306], [335];
immigrants, [264];
Middle West, [153];
Mississippi Valley, [203];
pioneer, and the State university, [269];
readjustment, [321], [328];
Western, [209], [214], [267];
Western democracy and, [261]
Illinois, composite nationality, [232];
elements of settlement, [225];
settlement, [135]
Illiteracy in Middle West, [353]
Immigrants, [277];
idealism, [264]
Immigration, [146], [215], [316]
Indian guides, [17]
Indian policy, [10]
Indian question, early, [9]
Indian reservations, [278]
Indian trade, [6], [13], [14];
Middle West, [143], [144]
Indian wars, [9];
New England and, [69];
Ohio Valley and, [167]
Indiana, character, [232];
constitution, [282];
elements in settlement, [223-224];
settlement, [134]
Indianapolis, [162], [229]
Indians, buffer state for England, [131], [134];
congresses to treat with, [15];
effects of trades on, [13];
hunting Indians with dogs, [45];
influence on Puritans and New England, [44];
Middle West and, [133], [134];
society, [13]
Individualism, [30], [32], [37], [78], [125], [140], [203], [254], [259], [271], [273], [302], [306];
in the Old West, [107];
reaction against, [307];
Upland South, [165]
Industrial conditions, [280], [281], [285];
Middle West, [149], [154];
Mississippi Valley, [194], [201];
Ohio Valley and, [175]
Industry, captains of, and large undertakings, [258], [259], [260];
control, [318]
Inland waterways, [202]
Insurgent movement, [327]
Intellectual life and the frontier, [37]
Intercolonial congresses, [15]
Interior and coast, antagonisms, [110]
Internal commerce, [171], [188]
Internal improvements, [27], [28], [29], [111], [170], [172], [216], [257];
after 1812 to break down barrier to West, [195];
Old West, [109]
Internal trade, Old West, [108], [109]
Iowa, [141], [143];
elements and growth, [229];
settlement, [137]
Ipswich, [56]
Irish, [350]
Iron mines in Middle West, [152]
Iron ore, [313]
Iroquois Indians, [13], [80]
Irrigation, [258], [279]
Isms, [239]
Izard, Ralph, [274]
Jackson, Andrew, [105], [168], [173], [189], [206], [213], [216], [241], [252], [253], [268], [326];
personification of frontier traits, [252], [254]
Jackson, Stonewall, [105]
Jacksonian democracy, [192], [302], [342-343]
James River, [84], [90];
settlement, [93]
Jefferson, Thomas, [93], [105], [114], [268];
conception of democracy, [250], [251];
on England and the Mississippi, [186];
on the pioneer in Congress, [253];
on the importance of the Mississippi Valley, [188]
"Jim River" Valley, [145]
Johnson, R. M., [192]
Johnson, Sir William, [81], [104]
Justice, direct forms in the West, [212]
Kansas, [142], [144], [146], [151];
Populists, [238];
settlers, [237]
Kansas City, [151]
Kentucky, [19], [122], [162], [167], [168], [169], [192], [225], [253];
slavery, [174]
King Philip's War [40], [46], [69]
Kipling, Rudyard, "Foreloper," [270];
"Son of the English," [262]
Labor, combinations, [245];
composition of laboring class, [316]
Labor theorists, [303], [326]
Lamar, L. Q. C. (1825-1893), [25]
Lancaster, Mass., [48], [57], [61]
Land, [328-329];
abundance, [274];
abundance, as basis of democracy, [191], [192];
alien tenure, [110];
free, exhausted, [244-245];
free Western, [211], [259];
fundamental fact in Western society, [211];
"mongering," [61];
see also [Public lands]
Land companies, [123], [347]
Land grants, [9];
for schools and colleges, [74];
to railroads, [276]
Land Ordinance of 1785, [132]
Land policies, [10]
Land system, "equality" principle in New England, [61], [62], [63];
Georgia, [97];
later federal, [123];
New England, [54];
New England conflicts, [75];
New York State, [80];
North Carolina, [95];
Old West, [122];
Pennsylvania, [101];
Virginia, [91];
Virginia grants to societies, [85]
La Salle, [180]
Laurentide glacier, [129]
Law and order, [298], [344]
Leadership, [213], [291], [292], [307];
educated, [286]
Lease, Mary Ellen, [240]
Legislation, [277], [307];
frontier and, [24];
Leicester, [59]
Leigh, B. W., [115]
Lewis and Clark, [13], [17]
Liberty, Bacon on, [286];
for universities, [287];
individual, [213];
Western, [212]
Life as a whole, [287]
Lincoln, Abraham, [105], [135], [142], [174], [206], [213], [217], [225], [241], [268], [304], [356];
Douglas debates, [230];
embodiment of pioneer period, [255-256];
Ohio Valley, influence of, [175]
Lincoln, C. H., [113]
Litchfield, [71], [76], [124]
Livingston manor, [81], [82]
Locofocos, [303], [326], [348]
Log cabin, [338]
"Log cabin campaign," [173]
London Company, [301]
Loria, Achille, [11]
Louisiana, [180], [208]
Louisiana Purchase, [25], [34], [140], [167], [213], [251];
effect on Mississippi Valley, [189-190]
Louisville, [162]
Lowell, J. R., on Lincoln, [255]
Loyal Land Co., [123], [182]
Lumber industry, [152];
Wisconsin, [234-235]
Lumbermen, [272], [273]
Lynch law, [212], [272];
New England, [78]
McKinley, William, [236], [237], [241]
Magnitude, [258], [260], [276]
Maine, [52-53]
Maine coast, [79]
Mallet brothers, [180]
Manila, battle of, [247]
Manorial practice in New York, [83]
Marietta, [124], [133], [223], [257]
"Mark colonies," [70]
Marquette, Jacques, [180]
Martineau, Harriet, [214], [303], [339]
Massachusetts, attempt to locate frontier line, [39];
frontier, [65];
frontier towns, [42], [45], [53], [70];
locating towns before settlement, [76]
Mather, Cotton, attitude as to advancing frontier, [63]
Mesabi mines, [152], [234]
Mendon, [57]
Methodists, [238]
Mexico, [295]
Michigan, [135-136], [137];
development and resources, [233];
settlement, [226], [228]
Middle region, [27];
in formation of the Old West, [79];
typical American, [28]
Middle West, agriculture, [150];
Canada and, [128];
Civil War and, [142];
early society, [153-154];
education, [282];
elements of settlement—Northern and Southern, [346], [351];
Europe and, [282];
flow of population into, [132-133];
forests, [130];
Germans and, [137-138];
Germans and Scandinavians, [146];
idealism, [153];
immigrants of varied nationalities, [349];
importance, [126], [128];
increase of settlement in the fifties, [142-143];
industrial organism, [149];
meaning of term, [126];
nationalism, [142];
natural resources, [129];
New England element, [137];
peculiarity and influence, [347];
pioneer democracy, [335];
settlement, [135], [342];
slavery question and, [139];
southern zone, [138]
Migration, [21], [237], [337];
communal vs. individual, [125];
crops, [149];
interstate, [224];
labor, [62];
New England, and land policy, [77]
Militant expansive movement, [105]
Military frontier, [41], [47];
early form, [47];
Old West, significance, [106-107];
Virginia in later 17th century, [83], [84]
Milwaukee, [137], [227], [236], [350]
Miner's frontier, [12]
Mining camps, [9]
Mining laws, [10]
Minneapolis, [137], [151], [234]
Minnesota, [143], [144], [237];
economic development, [234];
Historical Society, [335], [338-339]
Missions to the Indians, [79]
Mississippi Company, [123], [182]
Mississippi River, [7], [9], [142], [185], [194], [345]
Mississippi Valley, [10], [139], [166-167], [324];
beginning of stratification, [197];
Civil War and, [201];
democracy and, [190];
early population, [183];
economic progress after 1812, [194];
England's efforts to control, [180-181];
extent, [179];
French explorers in, [180];
frontiersmen's allegiance, [186-187];
idealism, social order, [203-204];
industrial growth after the Civil War, [201-202];
political power and growth from 1810 to 1840, [193];
primitive history, [179];
question of severance from the Union, [187];
significance in American history, [177], [185];
slavery struggle and, [201];
social forces, early, [183]
Missouri, [192]
Missouri Compromise, [140], [174], [226]
Missouri Valley, [135]
Mohawk Valley, [68], [82]
Monroe, James, [150]
Monroe Doctrine, [296];
germ, [168]
Monticello, [93]
Moravians, [95], [102]
Morgan, J. P., [318]
Mormons, [263]
Morris, Gouverneur, [207]
Nashaway, [57]
National problem, [293]
Nationalism, [29];
evils of, [157];
Middle West and, [142]
Nationalities, mixture, [27];
replacement in Wisconsin, [235]
Naturalization, [110]
Nebraska, [144], [145], [220];
settlers, [237]
Negro, [295]
New England, [27], [301];
back lands, [75];
coast vs. interior, [111];
colonies from, [124];
culmination of frontier movement, [78];
early official frontier line, [43];
economic life, [78];
effect on the West, [36];
foreign element, [294];
frontier protection, [46-47];
frontier types, [43-44];
Greater New England, [66], [70];
ideas, and Middle West, [348];
Indian wars, [69];
land system, [54];
Middle West and, [347];
Ohio settlement and, [223];
Old West and, [68];
Old West and interior New England, [70];
pioneer type, [239];
streams of settlement from, [215];
two New Englands of the formative period of the Old West, [78-79]
New Englanders in the Middle West, [137];
in Wisconsin and the lake region, [228];
three movements of advance from the coast, [136];
Westernized, [215], [216]
New Glarus, [236]
New Hampshire, [69], [72], [77], [111]
New Hampshire grants, [77]
New Northwest, [222]
New Orleans, [136], [137], [167], [187], [188], [189], [217], [295]
New South, [218];
Old West and, [100]
New West, [257]
New York City, [136], [195], [318]
New York State, early frontier, [43];
lack of expansive power, [80];
land system, [80];
settlement from New England, [83];
western, [230]
Newspapers of the Middle West, [353]
Nitrates, [279]
Norfolk, [195]
North Carolina, [87], [106];
coast vs. upland, [116];
in Indiana Settlement, [224];
public lands, [95];
settlement, [94], [95];
slavery, [122];
taxation, [118], [119]
North Central States, [126];
region as a whole, [341]
North Dakota, development, [237]
Northampton, [63]
Northfield, [53]
Northwest, democracy, [356];
Old and New, [222];
see also [Old Northwest]
Northwest Territory, [222]
Northwestern boundary, [324]
Norton, C. E., [208-209]
Norwegians, [232]
Nullification, [117], [254]
Ohio, diversity of interests, [231-232];
elements of settlement, [223];
history, [133-134];
New England element, [223];
Southern contribution to settlement, [223]
Ohio Company, [123], [133], [141], [182], [223]
Ohio River, [5], [161]
Ohio Valley, [104];
as a highway, [162];
economic legislation and, [170];
effects on national expansion, [166];
in American history, [157];
influence on Lincoln, [175];
part in making of the nation, [160];
physiography, [160-161];
relation to the South, [174];
religious spirit, [164], [165];
stock and settlement, [164]
Oil wells, [297]
Oklahoma, [278], [297]
Old National road, [136]
Old Northwest, [131], [132], [136], [221];
as a whole, [241-242];
defined, [218];
elements of settlement, [222];
political position, [236];
social origin, [222-223];
Southern element in settlement, [223], [225-226];
turning point of control, [229]
"Old South," [166]
Old West, colonization of areas beyond the mountains, [124];
consequences of formation, [106];
New South and, [100];
summary of frontier movement in 17th and early 18th centuries, [98];
term defined, [68]
Old World, [261], [267], [294], [299], [344], [349];
effect of American frontier, [22];
West and, [206], [210]
Opportunity, [37], [212], [239], [259-260], [261], [263], [271-272], [342], [343]
Orangeburg, [96]
Ordinance of 1787, [25], [132], [168], [190], [223]
Oregon country, [144]
Orient, [297]
Osgood, H. L., [30]
Pacific coast, [168], [219], [304]
Pacific Northwest, [296]
Pacific Ocean, [297], [315]
Packing industries, [151]
Palatine Germans, [5], [22], [100], [109], [124];
New York State and, [82]
Palisades, [71]
Panama Canal, [295]
Panics, [279-280]
Paper money, [32], [111], [121], [122], [209]
Parkman, Francis, [70], [72], [144], [163]
"Particular plantations," [41]
Past, lessons of, [355]
Patroon estates, [80]
Paxton Boys, [112]
Pecks "New Guide to the West," [19]
Penn, William, [262]
Pennsylvania, [23], [27];
coast and interior, antagonisms, [112];
German settlement, [82], [100];
Great Valley of, [68], [164];
land grants, [101];
new Pennsylvania of the Great Valley, [100];
Scotch-Irish, [103], [104];
settlement Of Old West part, [83]
Pennsylvania Dutch, [22], [100], [110]
Perrot, Nicolas, [180]
Philadelphia, [106];
trade, [108]
Physiographic provinces, [127]
Piedmont, [68];
Virginia, [87], [89]
Pig iron, [152], [313]
Pine, [151]
Pine belt in Middle West, [143]
Pioneer democracy, lessons learned, [357];
Middle West, [335]
Pioneer farmers, [21], [206], [257]
Pioneers, conservative fears about, [251], [252];
contest with capitalist, [325];
contrast of conditions, [279];
deeper significance, [338];
essence, [271];
ideals and the State university, [269];
Middle West, [146], [154];
Ohio Valley, [167];
old ideals, [148];
sketch, [19]
Pittsburgh, [104], [127], [136], [154-155], [161], [265], [299], [314], [324]
Plain people, [256], [267]
Political institutions, [243];
frontier and, [24]
Political parties, [249], [324]
Polk, J. K., [105], [192], [255]
Pontiac, [131], [144]
Poor whites, [224]
Population center, [222]
Populists, [32], [127], [147], [155], [203], [220], [247], [277], [281], [305];
Kansas, [238]
Prairie Plains, [129]
Prairie states, [239]
Prairies, [218], [236], [276], [348];
settlement, [145], [147]
Presbyterians, [105], [106], [109], [164]
Presidency, [254];
Mississippi Valley and, [192];
Ohio Valley and, [175];
Old Northwest and, [222]
Prices, [313]
Princeton college, [106]
Pritchett, H. S., [282]
Privilege, [192];
conflict against, [120], [121]
Proclamation of 1763, [181]
Progressive Republican movement, [321]
Prohibitionists, [240]
"Proletariat," [285]
Property, [210];
as basis of suffrage, [249]
Prosperity, [281]
Protection. See [Tariff]
Provinces, geographic, [158]
Provincialism, desirable, [157], [159]
Prussianism, [337], [356]
Public lands, [25], [132], [303];
policy of America, [26], [170];
Western lands, first debates on, [191]
Public schools, [266], [282]
Puget Sound, [298]
Puritan ideals, [73], [75], [78];
German conflict with, [138]
Puritanism, [27]
Puritans and Indians, [44]
Purrysburg, [97]
Pynchon, John, [51], [52]
Quakers, [105], [112], [164];
in settlement of Indiana, [224]
Quebec, Province of, [131]
Quincy, Josiah, [208]
Radisson, Sieur de, [180]
Railroads, administration by regions, [322];
Chicago and, [150];
continental, [247];
in early fifties, [137];
land grants to, [276];
Mississippi Valley, [304];
northwestern, [145];
origin, [14];
speculative movement, [276];
statistics, [314];
western, [218]
Rancher's frontier, [12], [16]
Ranches, [9], [16];
Virginia, [88]
Rappahannock River, [84], [90];
settlement, [93]
Reclamation, [298]
Reclamation Service, [320]
Red Cloud (Indian), [144]
Red River valley, [145]
Redemptioners, [22], [90], [97], [100]
Reformers, [281], [324];
social, [262-263]
Regulation, War of the, [248]
Regulators, [116], [119], [120], [212]
Religion of the Middle West, [345]
Religious freedom of the Old West, [121]
Religious spirit, Ohio Valley, [164], [165];
Upland South, [164], [165]
Rensselaerswyck, [80]
Representation, [114], [117], [120]
Republican party, [327]
Research, [284], [287], [331]
Revolution, American, [30]
Rhodes, J. F., [24]
Richmond, Va., [108]
Rights, equal, [326-327], [338];
of man, [192]
Ripley, W. Z., [316]
Robertson, James, [105], [187]
Rockefeller, J. D., [260], [264-265]
Rocky Mountains, [8], [9], [10], [298]
Roosevelt, Theodore, [202], [204], [281], [319], [327];
on the Mississippi Valley, [178];
"Winning of the West," [67]
Root, Elihu, [159]
Roxbury, [59]
Royce, Josiah, [157], [358]
Rush, Richard, [317]
St. Louis, [151], [161], [229]
St. Paul, [137], [234]
Salisbury, Mass., [56]
Salt, [17];
annual pilgrimage to coast for, [17]
Salt springs, [17], [18]
Salzburgers, [97]
Sandys, Sir Edwin, [301]
Sault Ste. Marie Canal, [149]
Scalps, Massachusetts bounty for, [45]
Scandinavians, [263], [350];
Middle West, [146];
Western life, [232-233], [234]
Schools, early difficulties, [107];
see also [Public schools]
Schurz, Carl, [337]
Science, [284], [330-331]
Scientific farming, [294]
Scotch Highlanders, [104];
Georgia, [98]
Scotch-Irish, [5], [22], [71];
migration in Great Valley and Piedmont, [103];
Pennsylvania, [104];
South Carolina, [97];
Virginia, [86], [91-92]
Scotch-Irish Presbyterians, [105], [109], [164]
Scovillites, [116]
Seaboard cities, [194], [195], [196]
Seattle, [298]
"Section" of land, [123], [132]
Sectionalism, [27], [28], [52], [157], [215], [220], [321]
Sections, relation, [159]
Self-government, [169], [190], [207], [248], [275]
Self-made man, [219], [318]
Servants, [60], [353]
Service to the Union, [358]
Settlement, community type, [73], [74]
Settler, [20]
Sevier, John, [105], [187]
Seward, W. H., [141];
on the Northwest, [230];
on the slavery issue in the Mississippi Valley, [199], [200]
Shays' Rebellion, [112], [119], [122], [249]
Sheffield, [71]
Sheldon, George, [58]
Shenandoah Valley, [68], [90], [91], [92], [99], [105]
Sherman, W. T., [142]
Sibley, H. H. (1811-1891), [272], [273], [328]
Silver movement, [238], [239], [329]
Simsbury, [63]
Singletary, Amos, [240]
Sioux Indians, [130]
Six Nations, [15], [83]
Slavery question, [24], [29], [98], [111], [139], [304], [330];
compromise movement, [174];
democracy and, [256];
expansion, [174];
Middle West and, [139];
Mississippi Valley and, [198], [201];
Northwest and, [230];
slaves as property, [115];
Virginia and North Carolina, [122]
Smith, Major Lawrence, [84]
Social control, [277]
Social forces, in American history, [311];
mode of investigating, [330];
on the Atlantic coast, [295];
political institutions and, [243]
Social mobility, [355]
Social order, Mississippi Valley, [203-204];
new, [263]
Social reformers, [262-263]
Socialism, [246], [277], [307], [321]
Society, backwoods, [212];
rebirth of in the West, [205]
Soils, [278], [279];
search for, [18]
Solid South, [217]
South, [27], [166], [218];
contribution to settlement of Old Northwest (Ohio, Indiana, Illinois), [223], [225-226];
Ohio Valley and, [174];
solid, [217];
transforming forces, [295];
West and, [196], [197];
see also [Upland South]
South Carolina, [174];
condition of antagonism between coast and interior, [116];
land system, townships, [96];
trade, [108]
South Dakota, development, [237]
Southeastern Europe, [294], [299], [316]
Southerners and the Middle West, [133-134], [135], [138]
Southwest, [297]
Spain, [167], [181], [246];
Mississippi Valley and, [184], [185]
Spangenburg, A. G., [17]
Spanish America [181], [182], [295]
Spanish frontier, [125]
Spanish War, [246]
Speculation, [319]
Spoils system, [32], [254]
Spotswood, Alexander, [22], [88], [90], [91], [113], [247];
Mississippi Valley and, [180]
Spotsylvania County, Va., [90]
Spreckles, Claus, [265]
Squatter-sovereignty, [140]
Squatters, [272], [343];
doctrines, [273], [328];
ideal, [320];
Middle West, [137];
Ohio Valley, [170];
Pennsylvania in 1726, [101]
Stark, John, [103-104]
State historical societies, [340]
State lines, [127]
State universities, [221], [354];
as safeguard of democracy, [286];
Michigan, [233];
peculiar power, [283-284];
pioneer ideals and, [269], [281]
States, checkerboard, [218];
frontier pioneers' demand for statehood, [248];
groups, [159];
new states vs. Atlantic States, [207];
System of, [168]
Staunton, Va., [92]
Steam navigation, [7], [135], [171]
Steel, [313]
Steel and iron industry, [152]
Stockbridge, [79]
Stoddard, Solomon, [45]
Success, [288], [309]
Sudbury, [39]
Suffrage, [192], [216];
basis, [249];
frontier and extension, [30];
manhood, [250], [352]
Superior, Lake, [180], [314];
iron mines, [152]
Swedes, [233]
Symmes Purchase, [223]
Talleyrand, [299]
Taney, R. B., [141]
Tariff, [25], [27], [170], [172], [197], [216]
Taylor, Zachary, [255]
Tecumthe, [134], [144]
Tennessee, [122], [168], [187], [225], [252], [253];
democracy, [192]
Tennyson's "Ulysses," [310]
Territories, system of, [168], [169]
Texas, [168]
Thomas, J. B., [174]
Tocqueville, A. C. H. C. de, [153], [275], [303], [343]
Toledo, Ohio, [231]
Toleration, [355]
Town meeting, [62]
Towns, legislating into existence, [125];
locating, Massachusetts, [76];
New England and Virginia, [41];
new settlements in New England, [55];
South Carolina, [96];
typical form of establishing in New England, [74];
Virginia, [85], [86]
Trader's frontier, [12];
effects following, [12];
rapidity of advance, [12], [13]
Trading posts, [14]
Transportation, [148];
Great Lakes, [150]
Tryon, William, [106]
Tuscarora War, [94], [95]
Ulstermen, [103]
Unification of the West, [215]
United States, collection of nations, [158];
development since 1890, [311];
federal aspect, [159];
fundamental forces, [311];
original contribution to society, [281-282];
wealth, [312]
U. S. Steel Corporation, [152-153], [247], [265], [313]
Universities, duties, [292];
function, [287];
influence of university men, [285];
need of freedom, [287];
pressure of democracies on, [283];
State and, [286];
see also [State universities]
Upland South, [164];
religious spirit, [164], [165]
Van Buren, Martin, [254], [326]
Van Rensselaer manor, [81]
Vandalia, [229]
Verendryes, the, [180]
Vermont, [69], [72], [77], [78], [111], [122], [136]
Vermonters in Wisconsin and Michigan, [228]
Vicksburg, [201]
Vigilance committees, [212]
Vinton, S. F., [141], [229]
Virginia, [301];
early attempt to establish frontier, [41];
Indian wars, [69-70];
inequalities, coast vs. interior, [113];
interest in Mississippi Valley, [182];
land grants, [91];
land grants to societies, [85];
Piedmont, society, [95];
Piedmont portions, [87], [89];
settlement in latter part of 17th century, [83];
slavery, [122];
two Virginias in later 17th century, [94];
Western democracy and, [250]
Virginia Convention of 1829-30, [28], [31]
Visions, [270], [331], [339-340]
Voyageurs, [17]
Wachovia, [95]
Walker, F. A., [128]
War of 1812, [168], [213]
Washington, George, [92], [124];
Mississippi Valley and, [181], [182], [194], [196], [324];
Ohio Valley and, [163], [167]
Wealth, [213-214], [219], [288], [319];
democracy versus, [192];
in politics, [173];
United States, [312]
Wells (town), [47]
"Welsh tract," [97]
Wentworth, Benning, [77]
West, American ideals and, [290];
beginning of, [6];
center of interest, [327];
constructive force, [206];
contributions to democracy, [243];
factor in American history, [1], [3];
ideals, [209], [214], [267];
indefiniteness of term, [126];
insurgent voice, [319];
main streams of settlement, [215];
mark of New England, [36];
phase of division, [216-217];
population, [35];
problem of, [205];
South and, [196], [197];
warnings against, [208], [209];
Middle West; see also [Old West]; [Old Northwest]
West Virginia, [114]
Westchester County, N. Y., [81]
Western colleges, [36]
Western life, dominant forces, [222]
Western Reserve, [124], [133]
Western spirit, [310]
"Western Waters," [161], [206], [302];
men of freedom and independence, [183]
"Western World," [161], [166], [206], [302];
basis of its civilization, [177]
Wheat, [329];
areas, [149]
Whig party, [27], [173], [304], [351]
White, Abraham, [240]
White, Hugh, [192]
Whitman, Walt, [336]
Wilderness, [262], [269], [270], [279]
Wilkinson, James, [169], [187]
Williams, John (1664-1729), [70]
Williams, Roger, [262]
Windsor, [76]
Winthrop, John, [62]
Wisconsin, [137], [138], [218], [294], [341];
development and elements, [233-234];
German element, [227], [228], [236];
New England element, [228];
settlement, [226], [227]
Wood, Abraham, [98]
Woodstock, [59]
World's fairs, [156]
World-politics, [246], [315]
Wyoming Valley, [79], [124]
Yemassee War, [95]
"Young America" doctrine, [140]

Transcriber's Notes:

The following words appear in the text with and without hyphens. They have been left as in the original.