The Cotton Kingdom, volume 2 (of 2)

by Frederick Law Olmsted

• Abolition, effect of low prices of cotton in promoting, [i., 201]; extent of the agitation to remote districts, ii., [37]; abolitionist sentiments of a slaveowner in Mississippi, [98]; feeling in favour of, in North Carolina, [131].
• Abolitionists, danger of poor whites becoming, ii., [357]; literature of, [358].
• Advantage (supposed) of slave-labour in cultivating cotton and tobacco, ii., [252].
• Advertisements for runaway negroes, i., [157]; of slaves for sale, ii., [22].
• Acadians, or poor French habitans in Louisiana, i., [338]; ii., [33].
• Adams, Governor, on the want of education for the poor, ii., [293].
• African races, character of, compared with the Teutonic, ii., [221].
• Agriculture, scientific, on a farm on James River, i., [52]; wretched implements used in North Carolina, [172]; successful cultivation of the sugar-cane, [322]; on a Mississippi plantation, ii., [201]; decay of, in Virginia, [303]; in Slave and Free States, [367].
• Alabama, appearance of the country, i., [274]; “reasons” for making Montgomery the capital, ii., [112]; women getting out iron ore, [115]; picture of decay by one of her statesmen, [297].
• Alabama River, voyage down the, i., [275]; number of so-called landings, [275]; mode of loading cotton, [275]; Irishmen cheaper than niggers, [276].
• Albemarle, proportion of slaves to whites, i., [116].
• Alexandria (Louisiana), yellow fever at, i., [357]; unenviable reputation of, [357].
• Alligators, ii., [24]; dangers of their holes, [29].
• Amalgamation, i., [307].
• Americans in Texas, ii., [101].
• ‘American Agriculturist,’ quoted, i., [116].
• Annexation of Cuba, its effect on the sugar manufacture of Louisiana, ii., [50]; on the African slave-trade, [51].
• Apparatus used in sugar manufacture, i., [329].
• Aptness of negroes for learning, ii., [70]; for mechanical occupations, [78].
• Association of whites with coloured people, i., [168], [169], note; the quadroon society of New Orleans, [305].
• Aristocrats, “swell heads,” of Mississippi, ii., [156], [166].
• Auction, sale of slaves by, at Richmond, i., [50]; ii., [372].
• Aversion to labour, difficulty in overcoming the negro’s, ii., [192].
• Bacon raising, ii., [176].
• Bals masqués at New Orleans, i., [304].
• Barton, Dr., on the advantages of slavery, ii., [277], note.
• Bee-hunting, ii., [117].
• Big woods, ii., [29].
• Bill of fare of an hotel at Memphis, ii., [57].
• Blacksmith, an independent, ii., [8].
• Boarding-house at Washington, i., [28].
• Boat-songs of the negroes on the steamboats, i., [347].
• Books, dangerous, ii., [358].
• Brazos bottoms, cotton plantations on the, i., [14].
• Breeding slaves for sale in Virginia, i., [57]; early period at which they have children, ii., [80].
• Brooks, P. S., ii., [348].
• Burning alive of a negro in Eastern Tennessee, ii., [349], [351]; frequency of such cases, [354].
• Calcasieu River (Texas), ii., [30].
• Canada, running of slaves into, ii., [362]; loss to the South by, [362].
• Cape Fear River, a type of the navigable streams of the cotton States, i., [191]; passage from Fayetteville to Wilmington, [191]; panic of a steamer’s crew, [192]; taking in wood, [193]; description of the passengers, [194]; features of the river-banks, [196].
• Capital transferred, ii., [299]; with Northern men, [301].
• Carolina, North, fisheries, i., [149]; desolate aspect of the country, [171]; want of means of communication, [181]; degraded condition of white labourers, [188]; general ignorance and torpidity of the people, [190]; their causes, [190]; aspect of slavery more favourable than in Virginia, [191]; cultivation of forage crops neglected, [200]; wages of labourers, ii., [132].
• Carolina, South, appearance of the country, i., [204], [215]; thinly peopled, [206]; log cabins, [206]; negro-quarters, [207]; repulsive appearance of field-hands, [208]; conversation with an elderly countryman in, [217]; his ignorance and good-nature, [218], [221]; conduct of two negro-girls, [222]; plantations, [233]; negro settlements, [233], [237].
• Cartwright, Dr., on the peculiar diseases of negroes, i., [122].
• Carts, primitive style of, in Georgia, i., [231].
• Cavaliers, English, Virginia partly colonized by, ii., [335].
• Cemeteries, negro, i., [224].
• ‘Chambers’ Journal,’ on the Virginia slave-trade, ii., [372].
• Character, difference of, in North and South, how accounted for, ii., [332], et seq.
• ‘Charleston Mercury,’ quoted, ii., [362].
• ‘Charleston Standard,’ the, on dishonest trading with slaves, i., [253].
• Charleston (S. C.), average mortality of whites and negroes at, ii., [259].
• Chastity of so-called pious slaves, ii., [226].
• Children, bad effects on, from intercourse with slaves, i., [222].
• Christmas holidays of the negroes, i., [97]; serenade in San Augustin, [375]; presents to slaves, ii., [180].
• Church edifices, value of, in Georgia, ii., [388].
• Churches of coloured people in Washington, i., [36]; description of a religious service in New Orleans, [308].
• Claiborne (Alabama), curious mode of loading cotton at, i., [275].
• Clay, Mr. Cassius, ii., [281].
• Climate of cotton lands, reckoned unsuitable for white labourers, ii., [256].
• Clothing of slaves, i., [46], [105]; ii., [200]; fondness for finery, [201].
• Coal, beds of, in Virginia, i., [55]; extensive fields of, ii., [365].
• Coloured Church members, statistics of, ii., [222]; hollowness of their professions, [225].
• Columbus (Georgia), i., [273]; extensive manufactures, [274]; frequent distress of white labourers, [274]; wretched hotel accommodation, [274].
• Conspiracy to overawe the North, i., [6].
• Comparison of the moral and social condition of the negro, in Slave and Free States, ii., [238].
• Corporeal punishment, severe instance of, witnessed, ii., [205].
• Cottage in Louisiana, a night spent in, ii., [38]; superior manners of the inmates, [39].
• Cotton, fallacies with respect to its influence, i., [5]; the monopoly not beneficial to the Slave States, [8]; neglected resources of the so-called cotton States, [12]; profitable cultivation, [15]; number of slaves engaged in cotton culture, [17]; profits of large and small planters, [18]; limited area devoted to its growth, [24]; effect of low prices on abolition, [201]; reckless loading on steamboats, [275]; chiefly produced in the valley of the Mississippi, [342]; expense of raising, ii., [182]; planting and tillage the chief items, [253]; advantages of free labour, [262], [268]; possibility of greatly increasing the cotton supply, [269].
• ‘Cotton Planter,’ the, extract from, ii., [186].
• Cotton-planters, general characteristics of, i., [18], [276], [343]; their want of the comforts of civilized life, [19], [137]; their hospitality generally a matter of business, ii., [95]; sudden acquisition of wealth by, [158].
• Counties of Georgia, statistics of, ii., [385].
• “Crackers” of Georgia, religious service among the, i., [265]; at Columbus, [275].
• Creoles, French, i., [338]; ii., [33]; their passion for gambling, [45]; general character and mode of life, [46].
• Crockett (Eastern Texas), scarcity of provisions at, ii., [2].
• Cruelty of negro slaveholders, i., [336].
• Cuba, emancipation law of, i., [257]; probable effect of its annexation on sugar-planting in Louisiana, ii., [50].
• ‘Daily News, the London,’ extracts from, ii., [189], [190]; letter in, [322].
• Dancing, fondness of negroes for, ii., [72].
• Danger of the South, ii., [338].
• Darby, Mr., on the effects of climate, ii., [257].
• De Bow, Mr., his ‘Compendium of the Census,’ quoted, i., [19], [20], [24]; his ‘Review,’ quoted, on the valley of the Mississippi, ii., [63]; on the want of education, [293]; ‘Resources of the South,’ [182], [227], [265], [310]; his charges against the author, [311]; on negro capacity, [345]; on abolitionist books, [360].
• Deep River, extensive fisheries, i., [149]; mode of fishing described, [150]; expenditure of gunpowder, [151]; removal of stumps of trees from the bottom, [151]; mode of operation, [151]; negro divers, [152]; cheerful and willing to work, [153].
• Deer, ingenious mode of killing, ii., [197].
• Deserted plantations in Texas, ii., [1].
• Diseases peculiar to negroes, i., [122]; malaria, [235]; yellow fever, [259]; ii., [260].
• Dismal Swamp, i., [144]; importance of the lumber trade, [144]; character and mode of life of slaves employed as lumbermen, [146]; their superiority over field-hands generally, [148]; a refuge for runaway negroes, [155].
• Distances, discrepancies in estimating, ii., [31].
• Distress, in 1855, in New York, ii., [243]; in the Southern States, [248].
• Divers, skill and perseverance of slaves employed as, i., [151].
• Dogs used for hunting negroes, i., [156]; ii., [120], [122], [178], [184].
• Domestic servants, their great value in the South, i., [125]; their cost in proportion to white domestics, [125]; a Southern lady’s description of her household, [126]; their carelessness, [131]; in Eastern Texas, ii., [12]; indifference to scolding, [93].
• Douglas, Mrs., on Amalgamation, i., [307].
• Drapetomania, a disease peculiar to negroes, i., [122].
• Drivers, selection of, i., [249]; their qualifications and duties, [249]; their general character, [250].
• “Driving,” i., [135]; ii., [178], [201].
• Duel, savage conduct and termination of, ii., [231].
• Dutch-French farmer, conversation with a, ii., [39].
• Dysæsthesia Æthiopica, a disease peculiar to negroes, i., [122].
• Economy, political, of Virginia, i., [108].
• Eggs, negroes well supplied with, i., [103], [281]; a circulating medium, [254].
• Education, want of provision for, in the South, ii., [292].
• Educational projects in Mississippi, ii., [156]; statistics of Northern and Southern States, [331].
• Ellison, Mr., on ‘Slavery and Secession,’ i., [58], note.
• Engineers, slaves employed as, i., [240].
• English mechanic at New Orleans, conversation with, i., [296].
• Enlightenment of Christianized Africans, specimens of the, ii., [89], [225]; a “pious” negro, [89].
• Epidemic of 1820, in the Southern States, i., [258]; admirable conduct of the slaves, [259].
• Epitaphs in negro burial-ground, i., [226].
• Excitement of blacks, at their religious meetings, i., [259], [309].
• Extravagance and wastefulness of the blacks, i., [98].
• “Eyebreaker,” black gnat so called, its attacks on cattle, ii., [41].
• False assertion of the superior material condition of Southern slaves to that of Northern and European labourers, ii., [242].
• Famine of 1855, its effect in New York, ii., [243]; extracts from Southern newspapers during, [248]; how felt in the Slave States, [248].
• Farm, in Maryland, described, i., [32]; on James River, [52]; description of a, cultivated by free labour, [92]; employment of Irishmen, [95].
• Farm-lands, comparative value in Slave and Free States, i., [11], [35], [114].
• Farmer, conversation with a free-labour, in Tennessee, on slavery, ii., [140].
• “Fast man” in Mississippi, ii., [154].
• February weather in Georgia, i., [227].
• Feliciana, beauty of the region, ii., [143].
• Field-hands on a rice plantation, classification of, i., [246].
• Filthiness of negroes, ii., [200].
• Fires in the open air, negro fondness for, i., [215].
• Fisheries in North Carolina, i., [149]; interesting and novel operations, [150].
• Fleas, mode of destroying by an ingenious negro, i., [104], note.
• Food, supplied to the slaves in Virginia, i., [101]; on a Georgia rice plantation, [244]; on a Mississippi plantation, ii., [179], [195]; generally in the South, [240], [241].
• Frambœsia, or Yaws, slaves peculiarly subject to, i., [123].
• Free Labour, plantation in Virginia cultivated by, i., [92].
• Fruit-trees, supplied by a peddler, ii., [74].
• Funeral, negro, in Richmond, i., [43]; ludicrous features of, [44].
• ‘General Gabriel’s’ rebellion, i., [42].
• Georgia, winter climate of, i., [227]; “show plantations,” [230]; strange appearance and language of the rustics, [231]; statistics of seaboard district of, ii., [295], [385]; worn-out cotton lands, [296].
• Germans, their patient industry and docility as labourers, i., [33], [195]; in Eastern Texas, ii., [19]; in Western Texas, [96]; immigration to Texas, [102]; their influence, [102]; schools, [103]; conversation with a persevering German, [164]; at Natchez, [171]; superior quality of the cotton picked by, [263]; cultivation of cotton by, in Texas, [266].
• Glue-manufacturer, his reasons for employing whites, i., [194].
• Grades of coloured people, i., [294].
• Graniteville Manufacturing Company, of South Carolina, improvement in the condition of their operatives, ii., [286].
• Grave-yard for negroes, i., [224].
• Gregg, Mr. W. H., quoted, ii., [286], [287], [301].
• Griscom, Mr. T. R., on slave labour, i., [133], [135].
• Grog-shops, their evil effects on the slaves, i., [251]; homicide of a negro, [253], note.
• Guano, the Hon. W. Newton on the beneficial effects resulting from its introduction, i., [101].
• Hammond, Governor, on the influence of cotton, i., [7]; on slavery, ii., [228].
• Handbill of a North Carolina innkeeper, i., [163].
• Harper, Chancellor, on the tendency of slavery to elevate the female character, i., [222]; his ‘Address,’ quoted, ii., [278].
• ‘Harper’s Weekly,’ quoted, ii., [158].
• ‘Hernando Advance,’ quoted ii., [147].
• Highlands, feelings of inhabitants of, with regard to slavery, ii., [129], [131], [135]; their dislike of negro competition, [137]; their manners and phraseology, [137]; general ignorance, [138].
• Hiring a saddle-horse, i., [61]; lucid directions for an intricate journey, [62].
• Hogs, raising of, ii., [176]; large plantations not suited to, [177].
• Homochitto ferry, ii., [164].
• Honesty, instances of, among slaves, i., [148], [259]; ii., [213], note.
• Horses in Natchez, ii., [167]; objections of a Texas drover to “iron on their feet,” [54].
• Hospitality, reputation of the South for, generally unwarranted, ii., [282]; instances of its refusal, [315].
• Hotels, at Washington, i., [28]; Richmond, [51], [55]; Norfolk, [160]; Gaston, [168]; Fayetteville, [183]; specimen of, in Eastern Texas, ii., [5]; first-class, at Memphis, [56]; bill of fare and its result, [57]; at Woodville, dress-etiquette and wretched arrangements, [148].
• ‘Household Words,’ extract from, ii., [258].
• Houses of slave population in Virginia, i., [87], [104]; in South Carolina, [207]; Georgia, [233], [237]; Mississippi, ii., [68].
• Houston County, ii., [1]; deserted plantations, [1]; scarcity of provisions, [2]; runaway mulatto captured by a negro, [21].
• Hunting a runaway slave in the back country, ii., [161].
• “Idee of Potasun,” extraordinary composition of “the best medicine,” i., [169].
• Ignorance of a planter’s son, ii., [90]; of the father, [91]; of a respectable farmer, [130].
• Illinois, a farmer of, on the condition of South-western Slave States, ii., [308].
• Immersion, fondness of religious negroes for, ii., [72].
• Impetuosity of the Southerners, ii., [327].
• Improvement in the condition of slaves within the last twenty years, ii., [101].
• Indian farms in Mississippi, ii., [105].
• Indians, in Louisiana, ii., [38]; costume of Choctaws and Alabamas, [38]; hired to hoe cotton, [93].
• Intelligence and industry of negroes on a Mississippi plantation, ii., [79].
• Irishmen, employment of, i., [95]; the best labourers to be obtained, [95]; too self-confident and quarrelsome, [195]; Germans preferred to them, [195]; labourers to negro masons, [297].
• Iron-mining in Alabama, ii., [115]; conversation with a miner, [116]; wages earned, [117].
• Italians at Natchez, ii., [169]; their character by one of themselves, [170].
• James River, i., [52], [142].
• Jefferson, on the moral sense of negroes, i., [106]; on the evils of slavery, ii., [231].
• Jerked beef, preparation of, ii., [25].
• Jews, settlement of, in Southern towns, i., [252].
• “Jodel,” the musical yell of the South Carolina negro, i., [214].
• Jones, Rev. C. C., quoted, ii., [225].
• ‘Journal of Commerce,’ letter to, by a Virginian, on the scarcity of labourers, i., [111].
• Kentucky, negro-trader of, ii., [44].
• Killing negroes, viewed merely as an offence against property, ii., [190].
• Labour of slaves, compared with that of labourers in Free States, i., [10], [137]; ii., [382]; influence of the association in labour of slaves and free-men, i., [300]; cost of, in the Border States, ii., [380]; difference between slave and free, [382].
• Land, value of, i., [114]; in Virginia and Pennsylvania, ii., [369].
• Liberation of slaves on a plantation in Virginia, happy results of, i., [92].
• Liberia, emigration to, i., [149], [335].
• Liberty, county of (Georgia), interest of the planters in the well-being of their slaves, ii., [215]; statistics of, [388].
• Licentiousness, comparative, of North and South, i., [307].
• Liquor, traffic with slaves, evils of, i., [251]; habit of pilfering to procure it, [252].
• Log-cabin in North Carolina, i., [180]; in South Carolina, [206], [213]; in Eastern Texas, [367].
• Log-roads in the swamp, i., [145].
• Longstreet, Judge, his ‘Georgia Scenes,’ quoted, ii., [297].
• Lorettes, the, of New Orleans, i., [302]; a quasi-marriage, [303]; economy of the system, [306].
• Louisiana, laws of, favourable to negroes, i., [101]; a negro’s opinion of, compared with Virginia, [334]; contrast of manners in, and in Texas, ii., [31]; good-nature of the people, [31]; miserable condition of the poorer planters, [44]; disregard of slave-laws in, [47]; Sunday-work, [47]; insecurity of slaveholding interest, [51].
• Lumberers, slave, habits and mode of life in the swamp, i., [146]; superior to most slaves, [148].
• Lumber-trade in the Dismal Swamp, i., [145].
• Lying, almost universal among slaves, i., [105].
• Maine Law, arguments for, in the South, i., [253].
• Malaria of rice-fields, i., [235].
• Management of slaves, increasing difficulty of the, i., [252].
• Manchac Spring, a well-ordered plantation, ii., [15].
• Manufactures, beneficial effect of, on the community, i., [25]; ii., [286].
• Marriage, indifference of negroes to, ii., [80].
• Maury, Lieutenant, on the advantageous situation for commerce of Norfolk (Virginia), i., [143].
• Medical survey, ii., [197].
• Memphis, ii., [55].
• ‘Methodist Protestant,’ the, quoted, ii., [228].
• Methodists, their opinion on slavery, ii., [140]; their five ‘Christian Advocates,’ [140], note.
• Mexicans, dislike of Americans to, ii., [19].
• Mill’s ‘Political Economy,’ quoted, ii., [338].
• Miner, conversation with a, ii., [115].
• Mineral treasures of Virginia, ii., [365].
• Misrepresentation, charge of, against the author, ii., [311].
• Missionary system, slavery as a, ii., [215].
• Mississippi River, cotton plantations on the, i., [13], [17], note; ii., [59]; rich planters, [158]; number of slaves on a plantation, [159].
• Mississippi, feeling in, against slavery, ii., [98], [109]; condition of the slaves, [101].
• Mississippi, Northern, remarkable plantation in, ii., [67]; all the negroes able to read, [70]; their religion and morals, [71].
• Mobile (Alabama), description of, i., [282]; scarcity of tradesmen and mechanics, [283]; chief business of the town, [283]; English merchants, owners of slaves, [284].
• Montgomery (Alabama), i., [274].
• Morals of white children suffer from association with slaves, i., [222]; ii., [229].
• ‘Morehouse Advocate,’ the, quoted, i., [298].
• Mulatto, a runaway, captured by a negro, ii., [21]; their value compared with pure blacks, [82], [211].
• Murder of a young lady by a negro girl, i., [125], note.
• Music, negro fondness for, ii., [73], [221].
• Nachitoches (Louisiana), i., [358].
• Nacogdoches (E. Texas), ii., [1]; difficulty of procuring needful supplies for our journey, [2].
• Names of blacks, ii., [208].
• Natchez, gambling at, ii., [154]; beauty of the neighbouring country, [165]; the town described, [166]; view of the Mississippi from the Bluff, [168]; conversation with an Italian at, [169].
• ‘National Intelligencer,’ the, quoted, i., [143].
• Nebraska Bill, opinions of, ii., [135], [141].
• Negroes, numbers engaged in cotton culture, i., [17]; their increased value, [26]; appearance of, in Virginia, [33]; an illegal meeting at Washington, [36]; problem of Southern gentlemen with respect to, [61]; their Christmas holidays, [74]; how they live in the swamp, [96], [155]; their cunning to avoid working for their masters’ profit, [99]; alleged incapacity of exercising judgment, [100]; kind treatment in Louisiana, [101], [328], [338]; proverbial habit of lying, [105]; agrarian notions, [106]; universally pilferers, [106]; their simulation of illness, [118]; Dr. Cartwright’s work on their diseases, [122]; runaways in the swamp, [155]; mode of hunting them, [156]; superior character of those employed in the turpentine forest, [188]; repulsive appearance of, on a Carolina plantation, [208]; their love for fires in the open air, [215]; occasional instances of trustworthiness and intelligence, [240]; employed in the cultivation of rice, [243]; field-hands, [245]; effect of organization of labour, [248]; permission to labour for themselves after working hours, [251]; evil effects of grog-shops, [251]; excitement at religious meetings, [259], [315]; their jocosity, [281]; engaged, in cultivation of sugar, [319], [328]; their thoughts of being free, [334], [339]; capacity for learning, ii., [70], [99]; mode of working in Mississippi, [178]; treated as mere property on large plantations, [192]; general character of, [221]. See [Slaves].
• Negro consumption, i., [123].
• Negro slaveowners in Louisiana, i., [336]; their cruelty, [336].
• Negro-traders in Louisiana and Kentucky, ii., [44].
• New Orleans, arrival at, i., [290]; first impressions, [291]; the French quarter, [291]; cathedral, [293]; mixture of races, [294]; a lot of twenty-two negroes, [295]; number of free labourers, [299]; manners and morals of the citizens, [302]; association with mulatto and quadroon females, [302].
• ‘New Orleans Crescent,’ quoted, i., [300], [301].
• ‘New Orleans Delta,’ on justice to slaves, ii., [185].
• Newton, the Hon. Willoughby, on the introduction of guano, i., [101].
• ‘New York Times,’ letters to, on slave and free labour, i., [134], [135]; ii., [268].
• Norfolk (Virginia), its filthy condition, i., [142]; natural advantages for trade and commerce, [143]; market gardens, [153]; hotel accommodation, [159].
• ‘Norfolk Argus,’ the, quoted, i., [154].
• “Norther,” a, ii., [6]; disinclination to labour caused by, [9].
• Nott, Dr., his ‘Essay on the Value of Life in the South,’ quoted, ii., [257].
• Oak-woods, near Natchez, ii., [165].
• Ohio, produce per acre compared with that of Virginia, ii., [255].
• “Old Family,” the traditional, of Virginia or South Carolina, ii., [335].
• “Old Man Corse,” an Italian-French emigrant, ii., [32]; his house and family, [32]; conversation with a negro, [34].
• Old Settler’s, a night at an, in Eastern Texas, ii., [4].
• Opelousas (Louisiana), ii., [30].
• Overseers, character of, i., [53], [94]; ii., [184], [189]; a kind and efficient one on a Carolina plantation, i., [208]; stringent terms of contract, [250]; precaution against undue corporeal punishment, [251]; surly behaviour of one in Mississippi, ii., [94]; another specimen, [143]; a night in an overseer’s cabin, [175]; wages of, [185], [195]; their want of consideration for slaves, [189].
• Passes to negroes, forged, i., [301].
• Patent Medicines, ii., [175].
• Patent Office Reports for 1847 and 1852, quoted, i., [115].
• “Patriarchal Institution,” a favourable aspect of the, i., [236].
• Peddlers of tobacco, i., [209]; of cheap literature, [345].
• Peripneumonia notha, or cold plague, i., [123].
• Phillips, Mr. M. W., on plantation economy, ii., [186].
• Physical power, necessary to maintain discipline among slaves, i., [124].
• ‘Picayune, The,’ quoted, i., [343]; ii., [211].
• “Plank-dancing,” ii., [73].
• Plantations in South Carolina described, i., [207], [233]; in Georgia, [243]; in Louisiana, [317]; Creole plantation, [340]; in Eastern Texas, [372]; ii., [9], [14]; in Mississippi, [67], [90]; ignorance of proprietor, [90]; the most profitable one visited, described, [193]; the manager and overseers, [194]; arrangements for the slaves, [195]; their rate of increase, [209]; indiscriminate intercourse, [209]; statistics of, [236].
• Planters, characteristics of, i., [18], [19], [137], [276], [343]; comfortless living of, in Eastern Texas, ii., [10], [14]; Creole, in Louisiana, [46]; their passion for increasing their negro stock, [48]; life of, compared with that of men of equal property in New York, [48]; conversation with a nervous planter, [152]; hospitality of, in Mississippi, [163]; general character of those of the South, [230], [272].
• Plough-girls, ii., [201].
• Polk, Bishop, his description of slavery in the Red River county, ii., [213], note.
• Poor whites in Virginia, i., [81], [95]; their condition worse than that of the slaves, [83]; their reluctance to do the work of slaves, [112]; degraded condition of, in the turpentine forest, [188]; their belief in witchcraft, [189]; of South Carolina, [231]; trading with them injurious to the negroes, [252]; girls employed in the cotton-mills at Columbia, [273]; in Eastern Texas, their dishonesty, [372]; engaged in iron mining, ii., [115]; in Mississippi, [196]; feeling of irritation against, [355].
• Preacher, Methodist, tales of “nigger” hunting by, ii., [122].
• Preachers, negro, i., [309].
• Presbyterian minister, employed by Georgia planters to instruct the blacks, ii., [215]; his opinions on slavery, [216] et seq.
• Price-current of slaves at Richmond, Virginia, ii., [374].
• Progress, comparative, of North and South, i., [25].
• Pronunciation, effect of, on names, ii., [32].
• Property aspect of slavery, ii., [183].
• Privileged classes of the South, their condition and character, ii., [272]; their assertion of the beneficence of slavery, [273]; their two methods of vindicating it, [276]; their claims to high-breeding and hospitality generally unwarranted, [282]; instances of the opposite qualities, [315] et seq.; their revengeful disposition, [327].
• Public worship in the South, provisions for, i., [259], [261].
• Purchase of a plantation, a gambling operation, i., [321].
• Quadroons at New Orleans, their beauty and healthiness, i., [294], [303]; their cultivated tastes, [305]; peculiar characteristics of their association with whites, [305].
• Quakers, negro opinion of, ii., [37].
• Racing on the Red River, i., [351].
• Railroads, in Virginia, i., [38], [55]; want of punctuality, [56], [141]; in North Carolina, [161]; disregard of advertised arrangements, [167]; desirable improvements, [170]; in South Carolina, [216]; their superiority in Georgia, [272].
• Raleigh (North Carolina), described, i., [170]; desolate aspect of the country around, [171].
• Rations of U. S. Army, compared with allowances to slaves, ii., [240].
• Red River, cotton plantations on the, i., [13]; preparations for a voyage up the, [343]; supper and sleeping arrangements, [350]; a good shot, [352].
• Religion, want of reverence for, i., [262]; ii., [89], [104], [220].
• Religious condition of the South, i., [261]; proportion of ministers to people, [261]; rivalry and jealousy of different sects, [262]; religious instruction to slaves objected to, ii., [214]; general remarks on religious professions in the slaves, [220].
• Religious service in a meeting-house in Georgia, i., [205]; in a negro chapel at New Orleans, [308].
• Remonstrance by South Carolina planters against religious instruction to negroes, ii., [214].
• Revival among the slaves, ii., [222].
• Rice plantation, a model one visited, i., [235]; house servants and field-hands, [236]; negro-quarters, [237]; nursery for black children, [238]; a rice-mill, [239]; burning stubble, [243]; ploughing, [244]; food of the slaves, [244]; field gangs, [245]; task-work, [247]; important duties of drivers, [249]; limitation of power of punishment, [251]; trade on the plantation, [254].
• Richmond, Virginia, described, i., [40]; railway economy, [42]; negro funeral, [43]; ludicrous oratory, [44]; Sunday appearance of coloured people, [45]; their demeanour to whites, [47]; “Slaves for sale or hire,” [50]; farm on James River, [52]; coal-pit, [54].
• ‘Richmond American,’ the, quoted, i., [125], note; ‘Enquirer,’ ii., [364]; ‘Whig,’ [370].
• Ruffin, Mr. Edmund, quoted, ii., [303].
• Runaway slaves, i., [119], [155]; ii., [7]; advertisements of, [157]; cure for, ii., [6]; pursuit of one, [20]; hunting with dogs, [120], [122], [178]; stocks for punishment of, [161]; conflict with a runaway, [161], note; favourite lurking-ground for, [183].
• Russell, Mr., his ‘North America: its Agriculture, &c.,’ quoted, ii., [176], note, [182], [252], [256]; mistaken views of, with respect to free and slave labour, [252] et seq.
• Sabine River, country on each side described, ii., [24]; coarseness of the inhabitants, [25]; a night with a gentleman of the country, [25]; “figures of speech,” [27].
• San Augustin (Eastern Texas), i., [374]; Presbyterian and Methodist universities merged in a “Masonic Institute,” [375].
• St. Francisville, ii., [143]; neighbouring country described, [145]; appearance of the slaves, [146].
• Savannah (Georgia), commerce and prospects of, i., [273].
• Scripture expressions, their familiar use by the negroes, i., [262]; a dram-seller’s advertisement, [263].
• Seguin, Dr., on the capacity of the negro, ii., [344].
• Separation of North and South inconsistent with the welfare of either, i., [1].
• Sermons by negroes, i., [311].
• Settlement, negro, described, i., [237].
• “Show Plantations,” i., [230].
• Sickness, real and feigned, of slaves, i., [96], [118]; ii., [198], [199].
• Skilled labour, negroes employed in, i., [240].
• Slavery, Jefferson’s opinion on, i., [92]; practicability of rapidly extinguishing, [255]; cruelty a necessity of, [355]; strong opinion against, of a Mississippi planter, ii., [98]; of a Tennessee farmer, [140]; necessary to produce cheap cotton, ii., [252].
• Slaveholders, opinions of, on slavery, i., [53], [60], [332], [354]; ii., [92]; American, French, and negro slaveowners, [336], [337].
• Slave-mart, at Richmond, i., [50]; at Houston, ii., [22].
• Slaves, liberated, doing well in Africa, i., [92]; prospects of those going North, [93].
• Slaves, their value as labourers, i., [16], [94]; as domestic servants, [125]; causes of the high prices given for them, [16]; number engaged in cultivating cotton, [17]; number annually exported from slave-breeding to cotton States, [58]; proportion of workers to slaves maintained, [59]; improvement in their conditions, [94]; their food and lodging in Virginia, [102], [104]; their clothing, [105]; subject to peculiar diseases, [122]; necessity of humouring them, [128]; have no training as children, [131]; work accomplished in a given time, [133]; “driving,” [135]; increasing difficulties in their management, [252]; instance of their trustworthiness, [259]; best method of inducing them to exert themselves, [328]; bad effect of their association with white labourers, [330]; and of their dealings with petty traders, [331]; condition of, on a profitable plantation in Mississippi, ii., [195]; worked hardest in the South-west, [202]; some nearly white, [210]; their religious instruction, [222]; impolicy of allowing them to cultivate patches, [238]; auction at Richmond described, [372]. See [Negroes].
• Slave States, condition of the people, i., [8]; not benefited by their cotton monopoly, [8]; dearness of slave-labour, [10], [94]; antipathy of the whites to work, [22]; small proportion of the area devoted to cotton cultivation, [24]; their small contribution to the national treasury, [27]; general characteristics and features of the country, [85].
• Slave trade, activity of, in Virginia, i., [57]; difficulty of obtaining statistics, [58].
• Sleeping-quarters, unpleasant, ii., [87], [106]; abundance of insect vermin, [87]; mode of keeping away gnats, [107].
• ‘South Carolinian,’ the, on planters and overseers, ii., [188].
• South, danger of the, ii., [338]; condition of the negro, [339]; Southern method of treatment dangerous, [344]; unconscious habits of precaution, [346]; apparent tranquillity deceptive, [348]; police machinery, [350]; abolitionist literature, [358]; cause of agitation, [361]; impossibility of acceding to the demands of the South, [362]; threat of dissolution, [363]; probable result, [363].
• ‘Southern Agriculturist,’ the, quoted, ii., [182], [188].
• ‘Southern Cultivator,’ the, on the effect of the society of negroes on their masters’ children, i., [222], note; on allowing negroes to cultivate “patches,” [239], note.
• Stage-coach rides in North Carolina, i., [163], [174], [201]; a swindling driver, [163]; cruelty to horses, [175]; unexpected comforts of a piny-wood stage-house, [177]; in Mississippi, ii., [64].
• Stage-house at Fayetteville, described, i., [183].
• Steam-boats: on Cape Fear River, i., [191]; on the Alabama River, [275]; passengers, [276]; wastefulness and joviality of the crew, [281]; description of one on the Red River, [347]; sleeping arrangements, [349]; life of the firemen, [350]; deck-passengers, [350]; a race, [351]; gambling on board, [353].
• Street-fights in Louisiana, ii., [53].
• Steward, negro, on a rice plantation, importance of his office, i., [240]; privileges enjoyed by, [242].
• Subjugation of the South, its alleged impossibility, i., [2].
• Suffering, occasional, different effect of, on the slave and free labourer, ii., [251].
• Sugar plantation, in Louisiana, i., [317]; the owner’s popularity, [318]; mansion and offices, [319]; arrangements for the slaves, [320]; usual expenses of carrying on, [321]; ii., [236]; mode of cultivation, i., [323]; planting the cane, [325]; tillage, [327]; grinding the cane, [328]; increased labour in grinding season willingly performed by the slaves, [328]; late improvements in the manufacture, [329].
• Suggestions for improving the condition of the negro, and preparing him for freedom, i., [255].
• Sumner and Brooks, ii., [348].
• Sunday, slave labour on, ii., [47], [181].
• Sweep-seines, the largest in the world, used in the North Carolina fisheries, i., [149].
• “Swell-heads,” ii., [156], [166].
• Task-work general in Georgia and South Carolina, i., [247].
• Texas, its prospect of becoming a Free State, ii., [102]; influence of the Germans, [102], [103].
• Texas, Eastern, route across, i., [359]; a day in the woods, [359]; plantation described, [359]; a sick child, [361]; the emigrant road, [365], [374]; appearance of the emigrants, [365]; the Red Lands, [373]; Christmas serenade, [375]; a planter’s residence, ii., [9]; his comfortless mode of living, [10]; promising sons, [10]; literary dearth, [10]; interest taken in foreign affairs, [11]; domestic servants, [13]; a night, with another planter, [14]; his habits of life, [14], [15]; determination of inhabitants to conceal unfavourable facts, [18]; hatred of Mexicans, [19].
• Texas, South-eastern, district described, ii., [23]; imperfect drainage, [23]; sparsely settled, [24]; not a desirable place of abode, [24].
• Tennessee, North-eastern, contrast between the homes of a slaveholder and a farmer without slaves, ii., [138].
• Tennessee squire, a night with, ii., [128]; his notion of buying Irishmen, [129].
• Tobacco, plantation in Eastern Virginia, i., [88]; reasons for growing, [88]; negroes not able to cultivate the finer sorts, [89]; ii., [254]; their mode of payment, i., [98], [140].
• Tobacco-peddling in South Carolina, i., [209].
• Treating in Mississippi, ii., [155].
• Tree-peddler, his catalogue of “curosest trees,” ii., [75].
• Trinity Bottom, ii., [2]; fertility of surrounding lands, [3].
• Turpentine forest, character of slaves employed in, i., [188].
• Umbrellas carried by Alabama Indians on horseback, ii., [38].
• ‘Uncle Tom’s Cabin,’ conversation on, i., [345], [354]; ii., [135].
• Vicksburgh, ii., [55].
• Virginia, characteristics of the population, i., [39]; association of blacks and whites, [40]; the Public Guard, [41]; rebellion of coloured people in 1801, [42]; mode of living of Virginia gentlemen at home, [89]; treatment of negroes in, [101]; Economy of Virginia, [108]; an Englishman’s impressions on landing in the United States, [108]; apparent indifference to shabby living, [108]; its causes, [108]; difference of means required to procure the same result, [108]; a similar analogy between the North and South, [109]; an exceptional case, [109]; high price paid for skilled labour, [110]; state of the community as a whole, [111]; complaints of scarcity of hands, [111]; the employment of whites in occupations usually performed by slaves distasteful both to master and labourer, [112]; land most valuable, where proportion of slaves to whites is least, [114]; comparative cost of slave and free labour, [117]; advantages of the latter in wages paid, [118]; in freedom from loss by disability, [118]; frequency of feigned illness, [118]; peculiar diseases of negroes, [122]; means of maintaining discipline, [124]; want of the motives to exertion possessed by free labourers, [131]; influence of slave system on the habits of the whole community, [131]; general want of civilized comforts, [137]; waste of natural resources, [138], [143]; rule of make-shift, [138]; exceptional instances, [139]; decay of its agriculture, ii., [303]; mineral wealth, [365]; want of means of education, [371].
• Virginia, Eastern, its resources neglected, i., [8]; poverty of its inhabitants, [10]; description of a ride, [64]; a strange vehicle, [65]; the school-house, [65]; “Old Fields,” [66]; desolate appearance of the country, [66]; a farm-house, [70]; a country “grosery,” [72]; the court-house, [74]; a night at an old plantation with a churlish host, [76]; the “supper-room” and “sitting-room,” [79]; precarious existence of poor white labourers, [81]; the “bed-room,” [84]; the planter’s charge for his “hospitality,” [85]; sparse population, [86]; the meeting-house, [86]; negro quarters, [87]; a tobacco plantation, [88].
• Voyage from Mobile to New Orleans, i., [285].
• Washington, number of visitors at, i., [28]; a boarding-house, [28]; the market-place, [34]; price of land in the neighbourhood, [35]; number of white labourers, [35]; character of the coloured population, [36]; an illegal meeting, [36].
• Watchman, the, on a Carolina plantation, i., [240], [242].
• Water-snakes, numbers of, ii., [24], [29].
• ‘West Feliciana Whig,’ account of slaughter of a runaway, ii., [161].
• Wharves, absence of, on the Southern rivers, ii., [55].
• Whip, constant use of the, ii., [202].
• Whipping, of coloured preachers of the Gospel, i., [226]; of a slave girl, ii., [205].
• Wise, Governor, on the decay of Virginia, ii., [303].
• Whites, some slaves hardly to be distinguished from pure-blooded, ii., [210].
• White’s ‘Statistics of Georgia,’ ii., [385].
• Wilmington (North Carolina), i., [97]; destruction of a building at, because erected by negroes, ii., [98].
• ‘Wilmington Herald,’ quoted, ii., [99], note.
• Witchcraft, belief in, by poor whites, i., [189].
• Women employed in ploughing, ii., [201].
• “Wooding” on Cape Fear River, i., [193].
• Woodville (Mississippi), ii., [148]; dress etiquette, [148]; neighbourhood described, [149]; robberies, [149].
• Yazoo Bottoms, the son of a planter in, ii., [63]; journey with him in Northern Mississippi, [64]; his dislike to babies, [66].
• Yellow Fever, good conduct of negroes at Savannah during its raging, i., [259]; at Natchez, ii., [160].

FOOTNOTES:

[1] Many freemen have been kidnapped in Illinois and sold into slavery.

[2] Evidently an allusion to the “underground railroad,” or smuggling of runaway slaves, which is generally supposed to be managed mainly by Quakers. This shows how knowledge of the abolition agitation must be carried among the slaves to the most remote districts.

[3] Creole means simply native of the region, but in Louisiana (a vast region purchased, by the United States, of France, for strategic reasons, and now proposed to be filibustered away from us), it generally indicates French blood.

[4] I also saw slaves at work every Sunday that I was in Louisiana. The law permits slaves to be worked, I believe, on Sunday; but requires that some compensation shall be made to them when they are—such as a subsequent holiday.

[5] The following resolutions were proposed (I am not sure that they were adopted) in the Southern Commercial Convention, at New Orleans, in 1855:

“Resolved,—That this Convention strongly recommends the Chambers of Commerce and Commission Merchants of our Southern and South-western cities to adopt such a system of laws and regulations as will put a stop to the dangerous practice, heretofore existing, of making advances to planters, in anticipation of their crops—a practice entirely at variance with everything like safety in business transactions, and tending directly to establish the relations of master and slave between the merchant and planter, by bringing the latter into the most abject and servile bondage.

“Resolved,—That this Convention recommend, in the most urgent manner, that the planters of the Southern and South-western States patronize exclusively our home merchants, and that our Chambers of Commerce, and merchants generally, exert all their influence to exclude foreign agents from the purchase and sale of produce in any of our Southern and South-western cities.

“Resolved, further,—That this Convention recommend to the legislatures of the Southern and South-western States to pass laws, making it a penitentiary offence for the planters to ask of the merchants to make such pecuniary advances.”