In 1845 Hoe & Company brought out the Hoe type-revolving machine. This was the first press distinctively for large newspaper circulations, which they afterward developed to so wonderful a degree, and which henceforth was their leading line of production. In this machine the type forms were imposed on turtles and fastened on a central cylinder, against which revolved as many impression cylinders, from two to ten, as were required. This machine put American printing machinery in the first rank. In 1858 the Hoe firm bought out the Isaac Adams patents and business.

About this time two other important inventions were made, both of which were later utilized by the Hoes. In 1853 Pratt built for the Brooklyn Daily Advertiser the first perfecting press, or press printing both sides of the paper without removing the sheet. In 1860 William Bullock began to experiment on a rotary self-feeding or web printing press, and finally succeeded in achieving success in 1865. The Bullock machine was self-feeding, but cut the sheets from a web before printing.

In 1847 Hoe & Company began work on a rotary printing press to print from the web without first cutting it into sheets. This involved all the essential parts which had been discovered and gathered them into one machine. The experiment was successful, resulting in the production of the wonderful multiple press, which may be seen today in the press room of any great newspaper.

The invention of the Hoe press, the development of the autoplate, a machine invented in 1900 by Henry A. Wise Wood, of New York, whereby the process of stereotyping is made in a practical way subsidiary to newspaper printing, and the invention of wood pulp paper have made possible the modern newspaper.

We have thus very hastily traced the process of development in types and presses in the United States. Much might be said, if space permitted and the purpose of this series required it, of the invention of other presses, appliances, and methods, and of the improvements which are constantly being made in the tools and materials used in printing and the allied industries. These matters, however, are of only secondary historic interest. So much as the apprentice needs to know about them he will learn in the course of his work, as he comes in contact with them and learns their use. Perhaps the purpose of this book has been sufficiently accomplished in showing the milestones along the historical development of the two great tools of the printer, his type and his press.

The list which follows is a brief statement of the most important contributions of American inventors to the art of printing:

This, of course, includes only the inventions which are fundamental and original. Improvements of some fundamental invention, made elsewhere or earlier, are not included, although in this connection it is worth while to mention one important thing which owes to America almost everything except its original invention. This is process printing, both in black and white and in colors. Process printing was not an American invention. It is safe to say that it would be only a scientific experiment if it had not been made practical by American inventions, such as coated paper, first made for half-tone work by the Cumberland Mills Company for Mr. De Vinne, ruling machines for half-tone work, which were first made by Max Levy, of Philadelphia, about 1880, and three-color process plates, which were first made by Frederick Ives, of Philadelphia, in 1881.

REVIEW QUESTIONS
SUGGESTIONS TO STUDENTS AND INSTRUCTORS

The following questions, based on the contents of this pamphlet, are intended to serve (1) as a guide to the study of the text, (2) as an aid to the student in putting the information contained into definite statements without actually memorizing the text, (3) as a means of securing from the student a reproduction of the information in his own words.