CONTENTS.
| PAGE | |
|---|---|
| THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE STEAMSHIP | [1] |
| BY COMMANDER F. E. CHADWICK, U. S. NAVY. | |
Slow Growth of the Idea of Steam Propulsion—Models Shown at theLiverpool Exhibition in 1886—Claims of Precedence in the Inventionof Steamboats—What Fulton Accomplished—The Clermont—TheVoyage of the Savannah in 1819—The First War Steamer—TheAtlantic Crossed by the Sirius and Great Western in 1838—Foundingof the Cunard Company—Invention of the Screw Propeller—ItsApplication to the Archimedes and the Great Britain—EarlyFleet of the Cunard Company—American Enterprises—TheScrew Steamer Princeton—Establishment of the Pacific Mail—TheCollins Line—Its Success and Ultimate Failure—The GreatEastern—Beginning of Great Rivalry in Speed—Triple ExpansionEngines—Important Changes in Design. | |
| SPEED IN OCEAN STEAMERS | [57] |
| BY A. E. SEATON. | |
The Viking’s Craft and the Modern “Greyhound”—Problems of Inertiaand Resistance—Primary Condition for High Speed—What isMeant by “Coefficient of Fineness” and “Indicated Horse-Power”—Advancein Economical Engines—What the Compound Engine Effected—AComparison of Fast Steamers from 1836 to 1890—PrejudiceAgainst Propellers and High Pressures—Advantages of morethan One Screw Propeller—Attempts at Propulsion by TurbineWheels, Ejections, and Pumps—The Introduction of Siemens-MartinSteel in 1875 the Chief Factor in the Success of Modern FastSteamers—Decrease in Coal Consumption—Importance of ForcedDraughts—The Problem of Mechanical Stoking—Possibilities ofLiquid Fuel—Is the Present Speed Likely to be Increased? | |
| THE BUILDING OF AN “OCEAN GREYHOUND” | [91] |
| BY WILLIAM H. RIDEING. | |
The Cost of an Ocean Racer—Intricate “Financing” of Such an Undertaking—TheContract with the Ship-builders—The UncertainElement in Designing—Great Ship Yards along the Clyde—ThePlans of a Steamer on Paper—Enlargement of Plans in the“Mould Loft”—What is Meant by “Fairing the Ship”—The “ScriveBoard”—Laying down the Keel—Making the Huge Ribs—When aShip is “in Frame”—Shaping and Trimming the Plates—Rivetingand Caulking—Ready for Launching—The Great “Plant” whichis Necessary for the Building of a Ship—Description of a TypicalYard—Works Covering Seventy-four Acres—Where the Shaft isForged—The Lathes at Work—The Adjustment of Parts—SevenThousand Workmen. | |
| OCEAN PASSENGER TRAVEL | [112] |
| BY JOHN H. GOULD. | |
The First Ocean Race—Passenger Traffic in the Old Clipper Days—State-roomsand Table Fare in Early Days—The First Ocean MailContract—Discomforts Fifty Years Ago—American TransatlanticLines—Government Subsidies—Novelties on the Collins Line—WhenSteerage Passengers were Allowed on Ocean Steamships—ImportantChanges in the Comfort of Passengers Wrought by theOceanic in 1870—The Present Era of Twin-screw Ships—Their Advantages—TheFastest Voyages East and West—Records of theGreat Racers—Modern Conveniences and Luxuries—The Increasein the Number of Cabin Passengers from 1881 to 1890—How theLarder is Supplied—Electric Lights, Libraries, and Music-rooms—CustomsPeculiar to the French, German, and British Lines—Lifein the Steerage—Immigration Statistics—Government Regulations. | |
| THE SHIP’S COMPANY | [149] |
| BY LIEUTENANT J. D. JERROLD KELLEY, U. S. NAVY. | |
Has Steam Ruined the Genuine Sailors of Story and Song?—Hauling aLiner out of the Liverpool Docks—The Traits of Master-mariners—Educationof Junior Officers—A Fire Drill—Stowing the Cargo—Downthe Channel in a Fog—The Routine Life at Sea—TheTrials of Keeping Watch—A Bo’s’n’s Right to Bluster—Steeringby Steam—Scrubbing the Decks in the Middle Watches—Formalitiesof Inspection—The Magic Domain of the Engine-room—Picturesquenessof the Stoke-hole—Messes of the Crew—The NoonObservation—Life among the Cabin Passengers—Boat Drill—Pleasurestoward the End of the Voyage—The Concert—Scenesin the Smoking-room—Wagers on the Pilot-boat Number—FireIsland Light, and the End of the Voyage. | |
| SAFETY ON THE ATLANTIC | [185] |
| BY WILLIAM H. RIDEING. | |
The Dangers of the Sea—Precautions in a Fog—Anxieties of the Captain—Creepingup the Channel—“Ashore at South Stack”—NarrowEscape of the Baltic—Some Notable Shipwrecks—Statisticssince 1838—The Region of Icebergs—When They Are most Frequent—Calamitiesfrom Ice—Safety Promoted by Speed—ModernProtection from Incoming Seas—Bulkheads and Double Bottoms—Watertight Compartments—The Special Advantage of the LongitudinalBulkhead—The Value of Twin Screws—Dangers from aBroken Shaft—Improvements in the Mariner’s Compass, the PatentLog, and Sounding Machine—Manganese Bronze for Propellers—Lights,Buoys, and Fog Signals—The Remarkable Recordof 1890. | |
| THE OCEAN STEAMSHIP AS A FREIGHT CARRIER | [217] |
| BY JOHN H. GOULD. | |
Revenue of the Ship’s Cargo—Amount of Freight Carried by ExpressSteamships—Gross Tonnage of Important Lines Running from NewYork—The Merchant Marine of the United States—The “AtlanticLimited”—The Sea Post-office—In the Specie Room—EnormousRefrigerators—The New Class of “Freighters”—Large Cargoesand Small Coal Consumption—The Ocean “Tramp”—Advantages ofthe “Whaleback”—Vessels for Carrying Grain—Floating Elevators—TheFruit Steamship—Tank Steamships for Carrying Oil—Peculiaritiesof their Construction—The Molasses Ship—Scenes onthe Piers when Steamships are Loading—Steam Hoisting Apparatus—Howthe Freight is Stowed—Coaling—The Loading of CattleShips—“Cowboys of the Sea”—Ocean Traffic the Index of a Nation’sProsperity. | |
| STEAMSHIP LINES OF THE WORLD | [253] |
| BY LIEUTENANT RIDGELY HUNT, U. S. NAVY. | |
Important Part Taken by the United States in Establishing OceanRoutes—Rivalry in Sailing Vessels with England—Effect of theDiscovery of Gold in California—The Cape Horn Route—AustralianPacket Lines—The Problem of a Short Route to India—FourMain Routes of Steamship Traffic—Characteristics of the RegularService between Europe and the East—Port Said and theSuez Canal—Scenes at Aden and at Bombay—The Run to Colombo,Ceylon—Some of the By-ways of Travel from Singapore—The PacificMail—From Yokohama to San Francisco—Two Routes fromPanama to New York—South American Ports—Magnificent Sceneryof the Magellan Straits—Beauties of the Port of Rio—TheGreat Ocean Route from London to Australia. | |
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
| FULL-PAGE ILLUSTRATIONS. | |
|---|---|
| PAGE | |
A Drama of the Sea, | [Frontispiece] |
Specifications of Early Patents taken out in England, | [15] |
The Etruria, | [37] |
Triple-expansion Engine of the Aller, Trave, and Saale, | [41] |
The Giovanni Bausan, of the Italian Navy, | [49] |
The North German Lloyd Steamer Kaiser Wilhelm II., | [65] |
The White Star Steamer Majestic, | [75] |
The Inman Line Steamer City of Paris, | [81] |
General View of the Frames of the City of New York—June 25, 1887, | [99] |
In the Grand Saloon of an Inman Steamer, | [115] |
The End of the Voyage, | [139] |
In the Steerage, | [145] |
On the Bridge in a Gale, | [161] |
“Muster, all Hands,” | [167] |
Night Signalling, | [177] |
Out of Reckoning.—A Narrow Escape, | [187] |
Landing Stages at Liverpool, | [191] |
| [201] | |
The Deep-sea Sounding Machine at Work, | [207] |
Loading Grain from a Floating Elevator, | [221] |
Unloading and Loading a Coastwise Steamer by Electric Light, | [227] |
The “Whaleback” Steamship for Grain and other Freight, | [235] |
Unloading a Banana Steamship, | [241] |
A Cattle Steamship at Sea, | [249] |
Chart of the World, Showing the Principal Steamship Routes, | [257] |
Deck Quoits on a P. and O. Liner, | [261] |
Entrance to the Suez Canal at Port Said, | [267] |
The Port of Valparaiso in a Norther, | [285] |
| ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT. | |
The Great Western, from an Old Painting, | [10] |
Cross-Section of the Great Western, | [11] |
The Great Britain, | [13] |
Plan of the Hibernia and Cambria, | [22] |
Model of the Persia and Scotia, | [31] |
Longitudinal Section of the Warship Duilio, | [33] |
The Britannic, | [34] |
Cross-section of the Oregon, | [40] |
Cross-section of the Servia, | [40] |
Longitudinal Section of the Champagne, | [42] |
The Chilian Cruiser Esmeralda, | [47] |
The Belted Cruiser Orlando, with Twin Screws, | [51] |
| [54] | |
H. B. M. S. Polyphemus at Full Speed—185⁄8 Knots, | [59] |
The Impérieuse going at Full Speed, | [64] |
Passenger Steamer Princesse Henriette at Full Speed—241⁄2 Miles perHour, | [69] |
Engines of the Comet, | [70] |
Passenger Steamer Duchess of Hamilton at Full Speed—21 Miles perHour, | [71] |
Passenger Steamer Columba at Full Speed—21 Miles per Hour, | [72] |
The Twin Screws of the City of New York, | [84] |
The Propeller of the North German Lloyd Steamer Havel, | [85] |
Recent Naval Engine, | [87] |
Italian Cruiser Piemonte at Full Speed—22.3 Knots = 253⁄4 Miles perHour, | [89] |
The Umbria just before Launching, | [94] |
Frames of the City of New York, looking aft—July 19, 1887, | [102] |
Frames of the City of New York, looking forward—July 19, 1887, | [103] |
The Manganese Bronze Propeller-Blade of the Wrecked SteamerMosel, after it had Beaten upon a Reef, | [106] |
A Stern View, Showing Twin Screws, | [108] |
The City of New York ready for Launching, | [109] |
Model of a Steamer Designed to Cross the Atlantic in Five Days, | [110] |
The Steamer’s Barber-shop, | [121] |
More Comfortable on Deck, | [123] |
A Quiet Flirtation, | [125] |
Smoking-room of a French Liner, | [127] |
| [132] | |
The Saloon of a Hamburg Steamer, | [134] |
The Pilot Boarding, | [135] |
Revenue Officer Boarding, New York Bay, | [142] |
Down the Channel in a Fog—A Narrow Escape, | [157] |
The Skipper, | [158] |
The Deck Lookout—“Danger Ahead,” | [160] |
The Boatswain’s Whistle, | [164] |
The Cook, | [165] |
Washing Down the Decks, | [169] |
The Stoke Hole, | [172] |
In the Fo’castle, | [174] |
Watching for the Sun on a Cloudy Day, | [176] |
The Deck Steward, | [180] |
Captain’s Breakfast, | [181] |
The Night Signal of a Disabled Steamer, | [183] |
Eddystone Lighthouse, English Channel, | [194] |
A Whistling Buoy, | [195] |
Lighthouse, Atlantic City, N. J., | [197] |
A Bell Buoy, | [199] |
Lighthouse, Sanibel Island, Fla., | [205] |
Off Fire Island, New York, | [210] |
Gedney’s Channel, outside New York Harbor, at Night, | [211] |
The Lightship, off Sandy Hook, | [213] |
Broken Bow of La Champagne, after her Collision outside New YorkHarbor, December, 1890, | [214] |
| [215] | |
The Specie-room of a Passenger Steamship, | [232] |
Cross-section of a Tank Steamship, showing the Expansion Tank, | [244] |
Loading a Tank Steamship with Oil, by Force Pumps, | [245] |
The Port of Aden, Arabia, | [270] |
A Deck-bath in the Tropics, | [271] |
Promenade Deck of an Orient Liner, | [274] |
Landing Passengers at Natal, South Africa, | [279] |
Steamer at Anchor, Simon’s Bay, Cape of Good Hope, | [291] |