Chordadbeh—See Khurdadbah.
Circa instans—See Platearius.
Clusius, Charles de l’Escluse, born at Arras, in the north of France, a.d. 1526; died a.d. 1609. He lived at Marburg, Wittenberg, Frankfurt, Strassburg, Lyons, Montpellier; travelled in Spain and Portugal; paid, in 1571, a visit to London, and again in a later year. Clusius was, from 1573 to 1587, the director of the imperial gardens at Vienna, and from 1593 to 1609 professor of botany in the University of Leiden. Among the works of this eminent man the most important, from a pharmaceutical point of view, are: 1. Aliquot notæ in Garciæ aromatum historiam. Antverpiæ, 1582. 2. Rariorum plantarum historia. Antv., 1601. 3. Exoticorum libri decem. Antv., 1605.—See Morren, Charles de l’Ecluse, sa vie et ses œuvres. Liége, Boverie, No. 1, 1875, 59 pp.
See pages [17]. [21]. [73]. [83]. [96]. [202]. [211]. [254]. [272]. [287]. [390]. [401]. [425]. [429]. [453]. [521]. [589]. [648]. [657].
Collectio Salernitana—See Alphita.
Columella, Lucius Junius Moderatus. Born at Cadiz; he wrote between a.d. 35 and 65 the most valuable agricultural work of the Roman literature: “De re rustica libri xii.” It has been translated by Nisard, together with Columella’s book, “De arboribus,” for Firmin Didot’s “Agronomes latins.” Paris, 1877. The list of the numerous plants mentioned by Columella will be found in Meyer’s Geschichte der Botanik ii., 68.
Constantinus Africanus. Born at Carthage in the second half of the 10th century. A physician who spent his life in travels in the east and in studies in the medical school at Salerno (see S.), and in the famous Benedictine Abbey of Monte Cassino; died a.d. 1106. He transmitted the medical knowledge of the Arabs to the school of Salerno, of which he may be called the most distinguished fellow. See Steinschneider in Virchow’s Archiv für patholog. Anatomie und Physiologie, 37 (1866) 351; and in Rohlfs’ Archiv für Geschichte der Medicin, 1879, 1-22. Steinschneider shows that Constantin’s work, De Gradibus, is chiefly based on that of Ibn-al-Djazzâr, who died about a.d. 1004.
See pages [130]. [211]. [377]. [494]. [573]. [584]. [600].
Conti, Niccolò dei. A Venetian merchant, who spent 25 years (from 1419 to 1444?) in India. His interesting accounts are by far the most valuable of that period. They have been published for the Hakluyt Society (ed. by Major): India in the 15th century, Lond., 1857, 39 pp. A still more valuable edition and translation is due to Kunstmann: Kenntniss Indiens im 15ᵗᵉⁿ Jahrhunderte. München, 1863. 66 pp.