The simplicity of the apparatus required for Krefting’s method gives it an advantage over other methods, at any rate for iron objects. Objection has been taken to the methods of reduction, because they give to the objects thus treated an appearance to which the public are not accustomed. It may be safely asserted however that this appearance more truly represents the object when in actual use, than the oxidized and rust-covered specimens to which we are accustomed in antiquarian collections. To those who value an antique object for the crust that covers it, all methods of restoration must be objectionable. Such persons ought to object to the removal of the incrustations which hide the cuneiform inscriptions on clay tablets. On the other hand, those who regard these methods with approval should go a step further and confide their collections to experienced hands for some form of treatment which may bring to light inscriptions and inlaid work which will greatly enhance their value.

To spread the knowledge of these methods and to invite the co-operation of others is the aim of this book. As to the best method to be used in each particular case it is unnecessary to lay down any hard and fast rule, for this can only be learned by observation and experience.

APPENDIX A.
METHOD OF TAKING SQUEEZES OF INSCRIPTIONS, ETC.

For this purpose a proper brush is required with strong bristles, closely set as in a scrubbing brush; the brush should have a firmly fixed handle, preferably slightly curving upwards to save the knuckles from being bruised upon the stone. A so-called “silver brush” will serve the purpose. The paper should be stout and stiff enough to resist the blows of the brush without tearing. An admirable paper, which possesses these qualities, is specially prepared for the purpose by the O.W. Company, 100, Great Russell Street, London, W. As a substitute for the specially prepared paper stout packing paper may be used with satisfactory results.

The stone should be tilted if possible at an angle of about 45°, and the surface bearing the inscription should be well washed or carefully scraped free of dirt and foreign matter and should be rendered thoroughly wet. A piece of the special paper of suitable size should be soaked in water for a minute or more. It should then be carefully applied to the surface of the stone in such a way as to prevent air-bubbles. This may be assisted by gently smoothing it with the hand or back of the brush. When close adhesion has been secured, and all air-bubbles removed (this can sometimes be done by pricking through the paper with a pin), the paper should be sharply beaten with the brush, the blows being delivered from the wrist and not from the shoulder until it begins to show a fluffy appearance. It should then be peeled off and allowed to dry, after which it may be rolled or folded without danger of injury to the embossed inscription.

Should the paper tear, another piece soaked as before may be placed on the top and beaten until it becomes incorporated with the first. If the letters are large and deep, or if the surface is much cracked, two or more sheets superimposed should be used. In the case of large inscriptions it is advisable to take impressions by sections, care being taken that each sheet slightly overlaps the preceding one to prevent the possible omission of some of the letters.

It is also useful to take at the same time a pen or pencil copy of the inscription, for a comparison of the copy and the squeeze will often prevent errors in deciphering. The squeezes can be very well deciphered by artificial light, while doubtful letters may sometimes become clear on holding up the sheet to the light. The reverse side of the squeeze, upon which the inscription stands in relief, may afford great assistance when read by the aid of a mirror. A photograph of the squeeze will often reveal more than a photograph of the inscription itself.

The method is described by S. Reinach in his “Traité d’Épigraphie Grecque” (Introduction, p. XX. ), where he also refers to Hübner, “Ueber mechanische Copien von Inschriften,” 1871.

APPENDIX B.
ZAPON.

Further particulars may be given of the new preparation known as Zapon. This substance is now made on a large scale, and can be obtained from the British Xylonite Co., Brantham Works, Manningtree (Xylonite lacquer F. 6631). The following excerpt is from a short communication in “Prometheus” (XV. 1904, pp. 485 and 499), which deals with the preservation of wax seals and of glass.