The preservation of antiquities

by Friedrich Rathgen

• Acetic acid [150]
• Air-pump [68], [95], [129]
• Akermann [9]
• Alabaster [74]
• Alcohol [87], [93], [95], [132], [155], [161], [162]
  • Jenner’s method [159]
  • preservation of leather [153]
  • removal of oil by [87]
• Algae [10], [60], [76], [85]
• Alum [154], [158]
• Amber [55], [162]
• Ammonia action upon bronze [18], [25], [31], [121] action upon silver [148], [150]
• Analyses
  • bronzes [22]-[ 27], [47], [138]
  • iron rust [12]
  • patina [23], [39]
  • salt crystals [155]
  • silver [51]
  • silver chloride [51]
• Appelgren on application of Krefting’s method [108], [115]
• Arche [27]
• Archives, preservation of, by zapon [170]
• Armour, iron, treatment of [105], [169]
• Assyrian tablets, treatment of [78], [81]
• Atacamite [21], [22], [26], [29]
• Azurite [17], [21], [36], [139]
• Bacteria, influence of, on iron [10]
  • influence of, on bronze [28], [46]
• Barium chloride [77]
• Barium nitrate test [61], [77], [86]
• Barth [155]
• Bassett, analysis of bronze [25]
• Bees’-wax [90], [97], [102], [106], [153], [158]
• Bell-glass, use of [68], [95], [129], [152]
• Belmontyl oil [86]
• Benzene [91], [158], [160]
• Benzine [70], [86], [90], [95], [96], [106], [131], [161]
• Berthelot [28], [52]
• Bibra
  • on patina [20]
  • on silver [52]
• Bille Gram [154]
• Bischoff [41]
• Blell [13], [91]
• Blell’s method (iron) [102]
• Bolle [161]
• Bones, influence of contact with [14]
  • preservation of [55], [152]
• Book-bindings, treatment of [152]
• Brewster’s method (coins) [146]
• Bronze [15], [120]
  • action of ammonia upon [18], [25], [31], [131]
  • analyses of [23]-[ 27]
  • analyses after reduction [138]
  • Fellenberg’s classification of [15]
  • cleaning of [120]
  • drying of [123], [131]
  • impregnation of [122]
  • incrustations, removal of [121]
    • glue, treatment by [121], [125]
    • hammers [120]
    • heating [121]
    • hydrochloric acid [121]
    • inlaid metals upon [122]
    • Springer’s method [121]
  • lead in bronze [24], [130]
  • preservation of, by exclusion of air [144]
  • preservation of, by carbolic acid [120]
  • reduction of [125]
  • Finkener’s method [125]
  • Krefting’s method [139]
  • Krefting’s method (coins) [140]
  • Villenoisy’s classification of [32]
• Brushes, wire [107], [115], [131], [141]
  • “silver brushes” [151], [166]
• Bucholz, experiment [18]
• Bunsen [54]
• Calcium chloride [123], [146]
• Carbolic acid [120], [157]
• Carbonic acid, influence of, on iron [8], [9]
  • influence of, on bronze [31]
• Carbon bisulphide [90], [160]
• Caries of bronzes [26]
• Casts (plaster), zapon for [169]
• Caustic soda [110], [115], [119], [139], [140], [161]
• Celluloid [150]
• Cement for pottery [87]
  • for stone [88]
• Ceresole, treatment of lead [150]
• Chevreul [21]
• Chlamydothrix [10]
• Chlorine, destructive action of [12], [26], [41], [46], [100], [121]
  • estimation of [76]
• Church, analysis of silver [50]
• Citric acid [148]
• Clay, baked [4],[8]1
• Clay tablets, treatment of [78]
• Clay vases, sodium sulphate in [6] treatment of [80]
• Coffey, analysis of Irish celts [26]
• Coins, treatment of [139]
  • Brewster’s method [146]
  • Krefting’s method [140]
  • Roux’ method [147]
  • treatment of, by melted lead [143]
• Collodion [71], [91], [161]
• Copaiba balsam [161]
• Copal varnish [90]
• Copper [15], [49], [120]
  • absence of "edel-patina" [49]
  • carbonate [21], [33]
  • chloride [17], [21], [52]
  • oxychloride [17], [21], [29], [41]
  • preservation of [122]
  • stannate [31], [33]
  • sulphide [21], [24], [33]
• “Copper crystals” of bronzes [18]
• Corrosive sublimate [152], [154], [160]
• Covelline [23]
• Crenothrix [10], [60]
• Crum Brown [7]
• Cuboni [27], [46], [48]
• Cuneiform tablets [6], [78]
• Cupric oxide [18], [22], [33], [37]
• Cuprite [18]
• Cuprous oxide [17], [21], [24], [28], [37], [41], [52]
• Cyanogen [129]
• Damp, influence of [29], [43], [47], [49]
• Daniell cells [126]
• Davy [17]
• Dechend’s apparatus [73]
• Dextrin [88]
• Dowris find, analysis of bronze from [26]
• Drude [147]
• Dunstan, on rusting [9]
• Dust extractor [131], [141]
• Dust, protection from [162]
• Earthenware
  • baked, impregnation of [78]
  • baked, steeping of [74]
  • unbaked, impregnation of [81]
  • unbaked, treatment of [81]
  • with colouring [79]
• “Edelrost” [14]
• Edel-patina [49], [120]
• Egypt, soil of [1]
  • dry climate of [2], [56]
  • Egyptian bronzes [130], [134], [138]
  • absence of "edel-patina" in [42]
  • high chlorine-content in [42]
  • lead in [24], [33], [130]
• Egyptian coffins [160]
• Egyptian coloured objects [161]
• Egyptian textile fabrics [154]
• Egyptian ostraca [4], [57]
  • efflorescences upon [4]
  • treatment of [75]
• Ekhoff’s method (iron) [96]
• Electric current a cause of rust [9]
• Electric muffle furnace [84]
• Electrolysis [111], [126], [147], [148]
• Elster [23]
• Enamel [151]
• Ephesus, bronze from [25]
• Ether [74], [90], [133], [161]
• Fat [106], [107]
• Fayence [6], [86]
• Feathers [154]
• Fellenberg 15
• Finkener’s method (bronze) [125]
• Fire-clay [84], [88]
• Fire-clay dust cement [88]
• Fish-glue [86], [88]
• Flinders Petrie [1], [71], [87], [119]
  • on impregnation of earthenware [81]
  • on reduction of silver [148]
• Fluates [71]
• Forge scale [8], [14], [104]
• Formalin [60], [152]
• Friedel [46]
• Gallionella [10]
• Gelatine [162]
• Glass, changes in [54], [151]
• Glue [87], [88], [120], [151]
• Glycerine [157], [159], [162]
• Gold, changes in [53]
  • treatment of [150]
  • existence of, in silver objects [50]
  • ferric oxide upon [53], [151]
• Granite [87]
• Gum arabic [88]
• Gum dammar [70], [95], [101], [149], [151], [161]
• Gypsum [74], [81]
• Haidinger, on patina [21]
• Hair [55], [153]
• Hammers [120]
• Hartwich’s method (iron) [117]
• Hassack, on patina [27]
• Heat-recorders [84]
• Herbst’s method (wood) [158]
• Hierli, on textile fabrics [153]
• Hildesheim silver-find [49], [51]
• Horn, changes in [55]
  • treatment of [151]
• Horn-silver [49], [51]
• Hünefeld [17]
• Hydrated ferric oxide [60]
• Hydrated tin oxide [130], [138], [139]
• Hydrocyanic acid [126]
• Hydrochloric acid [78], [84], [85], [87], [111], [116], [121], [126], [129], [149], [150]
• Hydrogen, reduction of bronzes in (Finkener’s method) [22], [125]
• Hydrogen, reduction of iron in (Hartwich’s method) [117]
• Impregnation media
  • bronze and iron [90]
  • limestone [70]
• Incrustations, bronzes [37], [120], [128]
  • earthenware [78]
  • limestone [74]
  • silver [149]
• India-rubber solution [90], [153]
• Ink upon ostraca [75]
• Inlaid metals [100], [136]
• Inscriptions, "squeezes" of [166]
• Insects, attacks of [154], [160], [161]
• Iridescence of glass [54]
• Iron [7], [89]
  • absence of antiquities of iron in Egypt [14]
  • acid bath for [103]
  • alcohol, steeping in [93], [95]
  • bone-ash, influence of [14]
  • chain-mail [105]
  • ferric chloride [12], [93]
  • ferric hydroxide [7], [93]
  • ferric oxide [14]
  • ferric oxide on gold [53], [151]
  • ferroso-ferric oxide [8], [14], [101]
  • ferrous chloride [13], [92]
  • ferrous oxide [14]
  • ferrous phosphate [14]
  • ferrous sulphide [60]
  • heating of iron [92], [99], [106]
  • impregnation of iron [93]
  • impregnation media for iron [90]
  • inlaid work upon iron [100]
  • linseed-oil for iron [91]
  • medieval iron objects [85]
  • methods of treatment:
    • Blell’s method [102]
    • Ekhoff’s method [96]
    • Hartwich’s method [99], [117]
    • Jacobi’s method [99]
    • Krause’s method [92]
    • Krefting’s method [108]
    • Steffensen’s method [102]
    • Straberger’s method [97]
  • “Passivity” of iron [119]
  • Reduction by heat [99]
  • Reduction by potassium cyanide [118]
  • Reduction by potassium sulphocyanide [119]
  • Rusting, see "rust"
• Irvine [8]
• Isinglass [90], [98], [100], [151], [156], [162]
• Ivory [55], [151]
• Jackson [10]
• Jacobi [14]
• Jacobi’s method (iron) [99]
• Jenner’s method (wood) [159]
• Karabacek [1]
• Kessler’s fluate [71], [72], [74]
• Kisa [143]
• Klebs, on amber [162]
• Krause’s method (inlaid iron) [101]
• Krefting, analysis of rust [12]
  • experiments of [10], [45]
  • method for bronze [139], [140]
  • method for iron [101], [108], [118]
  • method for lead [150]
  • theory of rust [8]
• Kröhnke [9], [48]
• Lanoline [152]
• Lead, changes in [31], [53]
  • treatment of [149]
  • treatment of coins with [143]
• Lead carbonate [53], [150]
• Lead oxide [33], [90]
• Lead stannate [31]
• Leaden objects, Ceresole on [150]
• Leather [152]
  • preservation of, at Salzburg [56]
• Lechat [30]
• Lecythoi, treatment of [80]
• Leiner’s method (wood) [157]
• Lemery [10]
• Lepsius [67]
• Light, influence of [10], [60], [162]
• Lime, incrustations of [74]
• Limestone [57]
  • action of salts upon [2]
  • changes in [2]
  • drying of [67]
  • dust, removal of [58]
  • impregnation of [51], [68]
  • impregnation media for [70]
  • steeping [58], [66]
    • disadvantages of [67]
    • test of progress of [62]
• Linseed oil [71], [90], [91], [97], [99]
• Linseed varnish [90], [91], [93], [99]
• Magnesium sulphate [5]
• Malachite [17], [18], [21], [36], [139]
• Marble [72], [74]
• Medieval iron objects [119]
• Mêdûm, analysis of bronze from [26]
• “Métaux malades” [29]
• Meten chamber
  • description of [2]
  • limestone blocks from [56], [67]
    • impregnation of [73]
    • steeping of [59], [64]
    • table of results of steeping [65]
• Milbauer [119]
• Mitzopulos, on patina [24]
  • on silver [51]
• Mond, on patina [27], [46], [48]
• Moody, on rusting of iron [9]
• Moulds, attacks of [72], [157]
• Muffle furnace [84]
• Mycene, copper alloys from [24]
  • silver from [51]
• Naphthalene [154], [161]
• Natterer, analysis of Ephesian statuette [25]
• Neufeld [10]
• Nickel wire for labels [163]
• Nile mud, objects of [87]
• Nitric acid, action upon iron [119]
• Oak, objects of [159]
• Oil colours, removal of [87]
• Oleate of lead [90]
• Olive oil [90], [151]
• Olshausen [vii], [11], [48], [55]
• Organic substances
  • changes in [54]
  • influence of, on patina [31]
  • treatment of [151]
• Ostraca, see Egypt
• Oxygen, influence of [54]
• Paint, removal of [87], [161]
• Papyrus [154]
  • crystals from [155]
  • treatment of [155]
  • zapon useful for [156]
• Paraffin wax [71], [85], [91], [95], [97], [115], [118], [125], [132], [141], [149], [157]
• Patina
  • composition of [16]
  • heat, action of upon [28], [122]
  • varieties of
    • black [33]
    • blue [32]
    • cracking [122]
    • creeping or malignant [28], [125]
    • "edel-patina" [34], [120]
    • green [16]
    • warty [38]
• Peat, influence of
  • bronzes [15], [33]
  • iron [13]
  • organic substances [55]
  • hair [154]
• Pepper (for feathers) [154]
• Petroleum [93], [96], [97], [157]
• Petroleum ether [71]
• Phosphoric acid [14]
• Picht [17]
• Pile-dwellings
  • antiquities from [53], [156]
  • horn and wool [55]
  • textile fabrics [153]
• Plaster of Paris [88], [156]
• Pole paper [127]
• Poppy-seed oil mixture [70], [86], [151], [162]
• Potassium
  • arsenite [160]
  • carbonate [148], [149]
  • chromate [62], [130]
  • cyanide [118], [126], [148], [149]
  • iodide [126]
  • sulphate [1]
  • sulphocyanide [119]
• Priwoznik, on patina [23]
• Quicklime [96], [115]
• Reduction
  • bronze [125]
  • iron [99], [118], [119]
• Rein, on Japanese bronze [36]
• Reinach, on inscriptions [167]
• Resin [91], [158], [162]
• Resin, removal of [74], [161]
• Reuss, on patina [17]
• Rhousopulos
  • treatment of bronze [111]
  • treatment of earthenware [80]
  • treatment of iron [111]
  • treatment of marble and limestone [72]
• Rice water [71], [72]
• Rogna, variety of patina [26]
• Roux, method of cleaning coins [147]
• Rubber solution [90], [153]
• Rust
  • bacteria, a cause of [10]
  • “edel-rost” [14], [111], [118]
  • removal by acid [103]
  • removal by sodium sulphide [119]
  • theories of causation [7]
• Salt crystals, analysis of [155]
• Salzer [93], [95]
• Sandstone, treatment of [87]
• Schertel [51]
• Schill [168]
• Schliemann [26]
• Schuler, analysis of patina [24], [48]
• Schulz, analysis of bronze [138]
• Seger cones [82]
• Setlik [110]
• Shellac [70], [86], [88], [90], [147], [162]
• Silver, analysis of [50], [51]
  • changes in [49], [149]
  • electrolytic treatment of [148]
  • preservation of [148]
• “Silver brushes” [151], [166]
• Silver chloride [49], [51], [52], [148]
• Silver nitrate solution [61], [76], [78], [93], [130]
• Silver subchloride [49], [51]
• Silver sulphide [50], [149], [168]
• Simon [8]
• Size [71], [72], [86], [90], [156]
• Soda [87], [93], [97], [98], [102], [106], [115]
• Sodium chloride [1], [4], [5], [10], [47], [56], [61], [85], [93], [148]
• Sodium nitrate [6]
• Sodium sulphide [119]
• Speerschneider’s method [91], [158]
• Spennrath [8]
• Spray apparatus [73]
• Springer’s method [120]
• Squeezes of inscriptions [166]
• Stapff [8]
• Stavenhagen [46]
• Stearine [71], [92]
• Stearine glaze [152]
• Steel wire brushes [107]
• Steeping
  • baked clay [85]
  • bronze [130]
  • earthenware [74]
  • iron [92]
  • limestone [59]
• Steffensen’s method (iron) [102]
  • textile fabrics [153]
  • wood [159]
• Stolba [21]
• Stone cement [88]
• Straberger [162]
• Straberger’s method (iron) [97]
• Stucco [87]
• Sulphates, test for [61], [77], [86]
• Sulphur, influence of [31]
• Sulphuretted hydrogen [24], [31], [61], [169]
• Sulphuric acid [13], [102], [107], [116], [123]
• Sunlight, see Light
• Süpke [146]
• Syndeticon [87]
• Tannic acid, influence of [13]
• Tapioca water [71], [72]
• Terra-cotta [74]
• Terreil [23]
• Test for progress of steeping [61]
• Textile fabrics [153]
• Tin, changes in [31], [53]
  • treatment of [149]
• Tin oxide [22], [37], [41], [53]
• Tin, proportion of, in patina [26], [48]
• Titration [5], [61]
  • test in connection with [61]
• Tolomei [8]
• Train oil [152]
• Turpentine [70], [90], [153], [161]
• Unbaked clay [81]
• Varnish-benzine mixture [71], [74], [75], [78], [81], [85], [87]
• Vaseline [90]
• Verdigris [16]
• Villenoisy, on patina [30]
  • classification of [32]
• Vivianite [14]
• Volney [1]
• Voss [v], [163]
• Wagner [10]
• “Wall-saltpetre” [7]
• Warrington [51]
• Water-bath [94]
• Waterglass [71], [72], [88], [90], [157]
• Watkin’s heat-recorder [84]
• White of egg solution [86], [153]
• Wibel [16], [17]
• Wire for labels [163]
• Wood, treatment of
  • Herbst’s method [158]
  • Jenner’s method [159]
  • Leiner’s method [157]
  • Speerschneider’s method [158]
  • coloured wood [161]
  • large objects, varnish for [157]
• Wood-worms [160]
• Wool, changes in [55]
  • preservation of [153]
• Yarn [160]
• Yorkshire, analysis of bronze from [26]
  • iron objects from [113], [114]
• Zapon [71], [81], [118], [132], [149], [150], [156], [168]
• Zinc [31], [110], [116], [138], [139], [140], [150]
• Zinc oxide [31], [111], [141]
• Zylonite lacquer, see Zapon

CAMBRIDGE: PRINTED BY JOHN CLAY, M.A. AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS.

FOOTNOTES:

[1] “Lexikon d. gesamten Technik,” Vol. I. p. 257. O. Lueger.

[2] “Merkbuch.” The excavation and preservation of Antiquities, 2nd edition, Berlin, 1894.

[3] “Mittheilungen aus der Sammlung der Papyrus Erzherzog Rainer.” Vol. I. p. 118. See also Flinders Petrie, Archaeological Journal, Vol. XLV. 1888, p. 88.

[4] Aeg. 105. [This and similar notes have reference to the catalogue of the Egyptian (Aeg.) or Antiquarian (Ant.) sections of the Berlin Royal Museums.] The limestone blocks were brought from the Mastaba of Meten, at Abusir near Memphis, explored by Lepsius in 1846. Meten was one of the chief officials under King Snefru, B.C. 2800. The inscriptions relate to his possessions and official career, while the pictorial representations depict hunting scenes and the offering of the gifts for the dead. The statue of Meten was found in the grave and is now in the Egyptian department (No. 1106) of the Royal Museum. Comp. “Ausführliches Verzeichniss der aegyptischen Alterthümer,” Berlin, 1899.

[5] Aeg. P. 4730

[6] Aeg. V. A. 2846.

[7] Aeg. P. 4739.