[144] Ibidem: “Homines ... ex communione silvæ ... persolvunt censum 32 denariorum. Homines in hac silva communionem habentes persolvunt tres modios avenæ. Homines de communi silva quam vocant Holzmarca persolvunt curti adjacenti duos modios avenæ.”
[145] Lacomblet, Urk. für die Gesch. des Niederrheins, No. 3, anno 793. Zeuss, Tradit. Wissemburgenses, No. 200. Beyer, Urkundenbuch zur Gesch. der Mittelrheinischen Territorien, No. 10, anno 868.
[146] Formulæ, ed. Rozière, No. 172, ed. Zeumer, p. 276: “Dulcissimis nepotibus meis ... dono rem meam, id est, mansos tantos cum ædificiis, una cum terris, silvis, campis, pratis, pascuis, communiis, mancipiis ibidem commanentibus, et quidquid in ipso loco mea est possessio vel dominatio.” The word dominatio, which is found more than 500 times in charters, has never any other sense than private property, dominium.
[147] In Wurdtwein, Nova subsidia diplomatica, vol. xii., p. 88: “Tradidimus fundum Uterinæ vallis ... quem habemus a progenitoribus.” This fundus has well-marked bounds, and the charter mentions them all. “His terminis fundus tenetur inclusus, certis indiciis designatur.”
[148] “Silvæ quoque adjacentis eidem fundo, quæ vulgari lingua almenda nominatur, quam rustici frequentant, quæ juris nostri sicut et illorum esse dinoscitur communione ad omnem utilitatem....”
[149] “Jura etiam civilia eidem fundo competentia, a progenitoribus nostris tradita, huic cartæ dignum duximus inserenda, ne forte succedente tempore excidant a memoria.”
[150] The same position of affairs is found in a document of 1279, in Wurdtwein, ibidem, p. 218, which Maurer cites, without mentioning that it refers to an arrangement between an abbot and his villani.
[151] Tacitus, Germania, 25: “Servis ... frumenti modum dominus aut pecoris aut vestis, ut colono, injungit; et servus hactenus paret.”
[152] Tacitus, Germania, 15: “Delegata domus et penatium et agrorum cura feminis senibusque et infirmissimo cuique ex familia. Ipsi hebent.” In Latin familia means the whole body of slaves belonging to one man.
[153] Lex Burgund., 68: “Quicumque agrum aut colonicas tenent.”