The downfall of the Turks was the more crushing because they had been accustomed to consider themselves invincible and appeared rather as a conquering cavalcade than as those who were fighting their way through a hostile country. One of their leaders on this occasion, the Vizier Kara Mustapha, had a tent made of green silk, worked with gold and silver and set with precious stones. The holy standard was carried inside it. After the battle Sobieski sent the golden stirrup of the Grand Vizier to his Queen, and the standard to the Pope. It is one of the minor ironies of history that Leopold, who after this marvellous delivery was chiefly occupied with minute points of etiquette, such as whether he ought to receive the elected King of Poland on the right or left side, should have been surnamed the Great!
CRACOW: BARBARAKAPELLE
The chief reasons given for the fall of Poland are that she had no natural boundaries of mountain or river, and that the three powerful nations around her all wanted something she had got. This was particularly the case with Prussia, who greatly coveted the outlet to the sea by way of Dantzig. Another reason is that there was in Poland no middle class, only the nobility, and the serfs far below them, and out of touch; and it has been rightly said that the middle class is the backbone of a nation.
The town of Cracow was exempted from the 1772 arrangement when Poland was partitioned, and made a free town, but it was found to be a focus of disturbance for all the dispossessed Poles who retained ideals of liberty, and it had to be firmly stamped upon more than once. Russia at first undertook the stamping, but as the town was in the Austrian dominions this duty eventually fell to Austria, and she did it effectually by annexing the rebellious town in 1846. This was not, however, until she had had some trouble, having sent troops to quell disturbances there, and having had the humiliation of seeing them beaten off by the nobles of the Polish aristocracy. So cordially did the serfs hate their masters that they even sided with the Austrians against their own high-born countrymen, and it was by their help that Austria maintained her position. In consequence of this the Emperor abolished compulsory cartage and forced labour during harvest to reward the peasants. The Galician peasants have by no means an easy time. In very many cases they are paid by a proportion of the harvests reaped and not in money. The place occupied in most countries by a stable middle class is here filled up by large numbers of Jews, who have bought the estates as they came on the market, and now grind down the remuneration of the workers to the lowest figure. Were it not that the peasants very often migrate into Germany for the summer months and there earn enough to keep body and soul together for the winter, their position would be worse than it is. Horse-breeding is a large industry here, as in many other parts of the composite kingdom; petroleum is found in great quantities, and there are salt and coal mines which give occupation to many.
By the settlement of 1867 Galicia was given Home Rule, though deputies are still sent to the Austrian Parliament. Cracow and Lembert are the two principal towns. Cracow is a seat of a famous university, and a statue of its greatest pupil, Copernicus, stands in the courtyard. Copernicus received his education here, though he was a native of Prussia. Lemberg also has a university.
The Ruthenians, who form so large a proportion of the Galicians, are a Slav race; they mostly belong to the Greek church and so suffer doubly under the domination of the Jews.
INDEX
- Adelsburg, grottoes of, [149]
- Aggstein, [90]
- Agram, [188]
- Alföld, the, [51], [52]
- Andrassy, Count, [117]
- Armenians, [200]
- Arpad, House of, [9], [62]
- Aspern, [19]
- Attersee, [149]
- Austerlitz, [19]
- Austria, Emperor of, [18], [22]
- Austrians, the, [93], [94]
- Avisio, River, [175]
- Baden, [101]
- Badgastein, [150]
- Balaton, Lake, [55]
- Balaton-Füred, [56]
- Ban of Croatia, [186]
- Barlangliget, [45]
- Beauharnais, Eugène, [164]
- Beethoven, Ludwig van, [108]
- Belgrade, [127]
- Bohemia, [131] et seq.
- Bora, the, [189]
- Borszék, [203]
- Bosnia-Herzegovina, [190]
- Bosnians, [192]
- Botzen, [167], [170]
- Brenner Pass, [159], [167], [168]
- Brixen, [170]
- Budapest, [115]
- Buonaparte, [17], [18], [161], [185]
- Campo-Formio, Treaty of, [193]
- Carinthia, [147]
- Carnic Alps, [61], [149]
- Carniola, [148]
- Carpathian Mountains, [40] et seq.
- Charles VI., [15]
- Charles, Archduke, [19], [20]
- Cisalpine Republic, [17]
- Copernicus, [210]
- Cortuna, [175], [183]
- Cracow, [209], [210]
- Croatia-Slavonia, [186]
- Csallókoz, [114]
- Csepel, Island of, [124]
- Cserna, River, [60]
- Csorba, [44]
- Czechs, [69], [137]
- Dalmatia, [18], [19], [192]
- Danube, the, [82], [124] et seq.
- Danube Steam Navigation Company, [83]
- Deak, [34]
- Debreczen, [55], [113]
- Dévény, [112]
- Dinaric Alps, [149]
- Diocletian, Emperor, [193]
- Dobsina, [43]
- Dolomitenstrasse, [183]
- Dolomites, the, [61], [175] et seq.
- Drave, River, [82], [126]
- Dress, [73]
- Dual Monarchy, [3]
- Dürrenstein, [90]
- Dvorak, Anton, [145]
- Eisach, River, [170]
- Elector Palatine, [143]
- Elizabeth, Empress, [32] et seq.
- Englehardzell, [85]
- Enns, River, [87]
- Esterhazy family, [95], [96], [107], [110], [113]
- Ferdinand IV., [21]
- Fiume, [188]
- Francis II., [17], [18], [21]
- Francis (Franz) Joseph, [21], [31] et seq.
- Franz Ferdinand, Archduke, [39]
- Frederick III., [12]
- Galicia, [205] et seq.
- German emperors, [12], [14]
- Gipsies, [71]
- Glurns, [167]
- Gmunden, [149]
- Gorz, [151]
- Gran, [114]
- Gratz, [152]
- Great Glockner, [170]
- Greifenstein, [91]
- Grein, [87]
- Gyilkos-tó, [203]
- Hanover, [29]
- Hapsburg, House of, [4], [12], [14], [144]
- Haydn, Joseph, [106]
- Hegyalia, [49]
- Herculesfürdo, [60]
- Herzegovina. See [Bosnia]
- High Tátra, [44]
- Hofer, Andreas, [160], [164]
- Hohenlinden, [18]
- Holy Roman Empire, [8]
- Hradcany Palace, [141]
- Hungarians, [5], [7], [53], [62] et seq.
- Hungary, [3], [8], [22]
- Hunyadi, Janos, [10], [59]
- Huss, John, [137]
- Illyria, [184]
- Inn, River, [84]
- Innsbruck, [156], [163], [167]
- “Iron Gates,” [129]
- Ischl, [149]
- Jerome of Prague, [138]
- Jews, the, [72], [209]
- Jochenstein, [84]
- Joseph II., [16], [17]
- Julian Alps, [61], [149]
- Kahlenburg, [207]
- Kalocsa, [126]
- Kamárom. See [Komorn]
- Karawanken Alps, [151], [152]
- Karlovicz, [127]
- Kazan Pass, [128]
- Kecskemét, [55], [58]
- Kinsky, [141]
- Kiskaros, [126]
- Klosterneuberg, [91]
- Kolozsvar, [200], [202]
- Kolumbacz, [128]
- Komorn, [114]
- Königgratz. See [Sadowa]
- Kossuth, [22]
- Kovásna, [203]
- Kovic, Bos, [197]
- Krems, [91]
- Kubelik, [145]
- Ladislas, King, [10]
- Lauenburg, Duchy of, [23]
- Lembert, [210]
- Libussa, [134]
- Linz, [86]
- Liszt, Franz, [118]
- Löcse, [55]
- Lombardy, [17]
- Louis II., [13], [140]
- Luxembourg, King John of, [137]
- Mack, General, [19]
- Magyars. See [Hungarians]
- Marengo, [18]
- Margaret (Maultasch) “Pocket Mouth,” [159]
- Maria Teresa, Queen, [15], [206]
- Marie Antoinette, [16]
- Marmolata, Mount, [175]
- Mátra Mountains, [46]
- Matthias, King, [10], [11]
- Maximilian I., [157]
- Maximilian, Archduke, [39]
- Meran, [170]
- Metternich, Count, [20]
- Millstättersee, [150]
- Mohács, [126]
- Mohács, battle of, [13]
- Mölk, monastery of, [89]
- Mondsee, [149]
- Moravia, [133], [145]
- Mozart, Wolfgang, [102]
- Napoleon. See [Buonaparte]
- Neuhaus, [86]
- Noric Alps, [61], [149]
- Observation cars, [155], [198]
- Orsova, [60], [129]
- Orteler Spitze, [61]
- Ostler Alp, [167]
- Ottakar II., [134]
- Otto the Bavarian, [9]
- Palatine, Elector, [143]
- Parajd, [203]
- Passau, [84]
- Persenbeug, [89]
- Peterwardein, [126]
- Petöfi, Alexander, [66], [120], [126]
- Podebrad, George of, [139]
- Poland, [205], [206], [208]
- Poprad, [43]
- Population (Austria-Hungary), [7]
- Population (Hungary), [72]
- Pöstyén, [45]
- Pozsony. See [Pressburg]
- Prague, [137], [141], [144]
- Premsyl dynasty, [133]
- Pressburg, [16], [19], [113]
- Pusterthal, [160], [170]
- Ragusa, [195]
- Railway travelling, [57]
- Rhaetian Alps, [61], [149]
- Richard I. (of England), [90]
- Rosengarten, [179]
- Roumanians, [70], [79]
- Rudolph, Prince, [35]
- Rudolph of Hapsburg, [135]
- Ruthenians, [205], [210]
- Sadowa, [25]
- St. Florian, [87]
- St. Stephen, [8]
- Salzburg, [19], [102], [149]
- Salzburg Alps, [149]
- Save River, [83], [127]
- Saxons, [200]
- Schleswig-Holstein, [23]
- Schneiderschlossel, [85]
- Schönbrunn Palace, [99]
- Schönbrunn, Peace of, [20]
- Schubert, Franz Peter, [110]
- Sevcik, [145]
- “Seven Weeks’ War, The,” [23]
- Slavonia. See [Croatia]
- Slavs, [7], [69], [146]
- Slovaks, [146]
- Sobieski, John, [207], [208]
- Spalato, [193]
- Stelvio Pass, [167]
- Sterzing, [169]
- Strauss, Johann, [100]
- Strudel, [88]
- Styria, [152]
- Széchenyi, Count Stephen, [118], [122], [123], [129]
- Szeged, [55], [58], [76]
- Szeklers, [200]
- Tátra Füred, [44]
- Temes, River, [127]
- Temesvar, [55], [59]
- Theiss, River, [82], [126], [127]
- Thurn, Count, [141]
- Tilly, Marechal, [87]
- Tillysberg, [87]
- Tisza. See [Theiss]
- Tokay, [49]
- Torda Glen, [203]
- Toroczko, [77]
- Transylvania, [14], [77], [199], [201]
- Trieste, [193], [197]
- Triple Alliance, [30]
- Turks, [9], [13], [14], [15], [207], [208]
- Tyrol, the, [19], [20], [61], [154] et seq., [166], [177]
- Tyrol, Counts of, [159]
- Tyrolese, the, [171]
- Tyrolese Alps, [61]
- Ulm, [19]
- Vág River, [42]
- Valerie, Archduchess, [35], [34]
- Vienna, [17], [19], [28], [92] et seq.
- Villach, [151]
- Vodnik, [185]
- Von Moltke, Count, [24]
- Wachau, the, [91]
- Wagram, [20]
- Wallach women, [79]
- Wallachs, [70], [200]
- Waterloo, [21]
- Waxmundska, [205]
- Weiteneck, [89]
- Wenceslaus, King, [136]
- Wends, [189]
- “Winter King, the,” [143]
- Wirbel, [88]
- Wocheiner See, [151]
- Woman’s Mountain, [205]
- Worth, Island of, [88]
- Ybbs, River, [89]
- Zsdjar, [77]
THE END