The wonders of oceanic life have first been shown in a more distinct light by the labours of Chamisso, Meyen, Lesson, Darwin, Gray, Hooker, Robinson, Dana, &c., who accompanied Kotzebue, Freycinet, Fitzroy, Ross, &c., on their world-encircling course; and numerous coasts and groups of islands, situated in the remotest seas, and formerly only superficially known, have been accurately measured and traced on the map by the distinguished hydrographers who took part in those far-famed voyages.
[INDEX]
[ [A] ][ [B] ][ [C] ][ [D] ][ [E] ][ [F] ][ [G] ][ [H] ][ [I] ]
[ [J] ][ [K] ][ [L] ][ [M] ][ [N] ][ [O] ][ [P] ][ [Q] ][ [R] ]
[ [S] ][ [T] ][ [U] ][ [V] ][ [W] ][ [Y] ][ [Z] ]
Aar glacier, formation and dissolution of the, [75]
Acalephæ, 348. See Jelly-fishes
Acephala, their organisation, [299]
— their food, [305]
— their enemies, [305], [306]
Acorn-shell, the, [244]
Actiniæ, [361]
Actinozoa, [363]
Adriatic, depth of the, [8]
— tides of the, [43]
Africa, length of coast-line of, [4]
— circumnavigated by the Phœnicians, [444]
— Hanno's discoveries on the west coast of, [444]
Agar-agar, or artificial edible birds'-nests of Java, [402]
Agricola, Julius, sails round Scotland, [422]
Air-bladder of fishes, [189]
Air-currents. See Winds
Albatross, [163]
Albion, New, discovery of, [467]
Alcyonarians, [363]
Alexander the Great, maritime discoveries resulting from the conquests of, [447]
Alexandria, the Pharus or lighthouse of, [89]
Algæ, [390]
— changes produced by, in the colour of the sea, [19]
— Russian official collecting, [392]
Alligators, [172]
Amalfi, maritime trade of, [449]
— decline of, [449]
Amazon river, tides of the, [43]
— — quantity of water which it pours into the ocean, [75]
— — discovery of the river, [460]
America, length of coast-line of, [4]
— salmon of Russian America, [221]
— discovery of, by Columbus, [457]
— account of early navigation along the shores of, [457]
Amerigo Vespucci, his discoveries, [460]
Ammodyte, or launce, [230]
Ammonites, [437]
Amœbæ, [379]
— simplicity of their structure, [380]
Anabas of the dry tanks, [193]
Anchovy, [214]
Angler, or sea-devil, [203]
Annelides, marine, [262]
— general remarks on the, [262]
— their beauty, [263]
— their food, [264]
— their enemies, [265]
— tubicole, [266]
Anson, Commodore, his maritime discoveries, [483]
Aphrodita, or sea-mouse, [264]
Arab commerce and maritime discovery, [452]
Arctic discovery, [474], [496]
— winter passed by Barentz, [478]
Argand, his improvement in marine illumination, [90]
Argonaut, [280]
Argus, Scotch or Shetland, [333]
Ascidia mammillata, [322]
Asia, length of coast-line of, [4]
Asteriæ, [335]
Astræa, [373]
Atlantic Ocean, depth of the, according to Maury, [7]
— — temperature of the, [14]
— — fury of the Atlantic surge, [28], [29]
— — enormous fucus banks, or floating meadows of the, [397]
Atolls, or lagoon islands, [374]
Auburn, site of the village of, [29]
Auks, [151], [168]
Australia, length of coast-line of, [4]
— discoveries in, [480], [486]
Avosets, [143], [144], [146]
Azores, discovery of the, [456]
Back's arctic voyages, [507]
Baffin, his maritime discoveries, [483]
Baffin's Bay, discovery of, [483]
Balani, [244]
Balanus ovularis, [244]
— balanoides, [244]
Balboa, Vasco Nuñez de, sketch of him and his discoveries, [464]
Baleen of the whale, [98]
Balleny, his discoveries, [509]
Baltic, depth of the, [8]
Band-worm, the great, [264]
Barentz, William, his maritime discoveries, [476]
Barnacles, [244]
— their attacks on the whale, [17]
Barnacle goose, [146]
Barrow's Straits, discovery of, [505]
Basaltic pillars of Fingal's Cave, [46]
Bassora, foundation of the town of, [452]
Bastidas, Roderigo de, his maritime discoveries, [461]
Beachy Head, [5]
Bear, white, said to attack the whale, [100]
— organisation of the polar bear, [10]
— attacks Barentz's men, [478]
Bear Islands, discovery of, [477]
Behring, his maritime discoveries and death, [484]
Belemnites, [437]
Bellrock lighthouse, [28], [86]
— — height of the waves at the, [28]
— — in the storm of 1807, [29]
Benin, discovery of, [456]
Bermudas, depth of the sea near the, [7]
Bird Island, discovery of, [490]
Bird's-foot sea-star, [335]
Birds'-nests, edible, of Java, [399]
— mode of gathering them, [399]
— agar-agar, or artificial birds'-nests, [402]
Birds of passage, [171]
Birkenhead, the Great Float at, [91]
Biscoe, his discoveries, [509]
Bivalves, or acephalous mollusca. See Acephala
Black-skimmer, or cut-water, the, [144]
Blocks, erratic, of Greenland and Spitzbergen, [76]
Bojador, Cape, doubling of, for the first time, [455]
Bonito, the, [223], [224]
Booth, Mr. Felix, [503]
Boothia Felix, discovery of, [503]
Borda, his improvements in marine illumination, [90]
Borer, the, [231]
Botallack, submarine mine, [91]
Botrylli, [324]
Bougainville, his maritime discoveries, [483]
Boundaries of the ocean. See Limits of the ocean
Brachiopods, [315]
Brazils, discovery of the, [460]
Breakwater of Cherbourg, [90]
— of Plymouth, [90]
— moles of Portland, Holyhead, ind Alderney, [90]
Bream, sea, [415]
Bristol Channel, high tides of the, [38]
— — marine fauna, [414]
Britannia Tubular Bridge, [91]
Bryozoa, [316]
Buchan, Captain, his arctic discoveries, [497]
Buffadero, the marine cave of the, [52]
Bullhead, river, its parental affection, [195]
Burgomaster-bird, [159]
Butthorn, the, [335]
Byron, Commodore, his maritime discoveries, [483]
Cabot, John and Sebastian, their discoveries, [459]
Cachalot, or sperm-whale, its organisation, 102-104
— its food, [104]
Ca'ing whale, the, [115]
Calamary, [272]
Caledonia, New, discovery of, [490]
California, discovery of, [472]
Callao, colour of the sea near, [20]
Calling crabs, [250], [251]
Calms, or doldrums, causes of, [67]
Calycophoridæ, [352]
Canada acquired by France, [461]
Canary Islands probably known to the Phœnicians, [444]
Cano, Sebastian el, first performs the circumnavigation of the globe, [469]
Cape de Verd Islands, depth of the sea near the, [7]
Capelins, [162]
Capri, 'azure cave' at, [18], [49]
Carcinas mænas, metamorphosis of, [258]
Caribbean Sea, crystalline clearness of the, [21]
Carinaria, [287]
Carrigeen (Chondrus crispus), [399]
Carteret, his maritime discoveries, [483]
Cartier, Jacques, voyages of, [461]
Caryophyllia, [370]
Cat-fish, or sea-wolf, [415]
Catalonians, their maritime discoveries, [452]
Caves, marine, [45]
— Fingal's Cave, 45-48
— azure cave of Capri, [18], [49]
— the Antro di Nettuno, [49]
— the Cave of Hunga, 49-51
— cave of the Skerries, [51]
— the Souffleur, or Blower, [52]
— the Buffadero, [53]
Caviar, [217]
Cellulariæ, [319]
Cephalopods, their organisation, [271]
— their locomotion, [274]
— their food, [277]
— their enemies, [277]
— their great size in some cases, [379]
— the Norwegian kraken, [279]
— the argonaut, [280]
— the nautilus, [281]
— the cephalopods of the primitive ocean, [282]
Cessart, De, his breakwater at Cherbourg, [90]
Cetaceans, general remarks on the organisation of the, [95]
— food of whales, [98]
— their enemies, [99]
— large Greenland whale, [101]
— the rorqual, or fin-back, [101]
— the antarctic smooth-back, [102]
— sperm-whale, [102]
— the narwhal, or unicorn-fish, [106]
— the dolphin, [107]
— the porpoise, [108]
— the grampus, [108]
— history of the whale-fishery, [109]
— the ca'ing whale, [115]
Cetochilus australis, banks of the, in the Pacific, [21]
Ceylon, or Taprobane, discovery of, [447]
Chætodon rostratus, [203]
Chancellor's discovery of the White Sea, [474]
— his death, [475]
Charybdis, vortex of, [41]
Chelura tenebrans, [247]
Chelyosoma, [323]
Chepstow, high tides at, [38]
Cherbourg, breakwater of, [90]
Chili, upheaving of the coast of, [10]
Chincha Islands, statistics of the guano trade of the, [169]
Chiton squamosa, [285]
Chlorospermeæ, or green sea-weeds, [391]
Chondrus crispus, or carrigeen, [399]
Circumnavigation of the globe first performed by Sebastian el Cano, [469]
Clavellina producta, [322]
Climate, influence of the Gulf Stream on that of the west European coasts, [51]
— variety of climates in similar latitudes, [52]
— Peruvian cold stream, [53]
— Japanese stream, [54]
— influence of forests on climates, [78]
— power of man over climate, [78]
Climbing fishes, [193]
Clio borealis, [298]
Clouds, formation of, [71], [72]
Coast-line of the sea, length of, [4]
Coasts, different formation of, [5]
— destructive power of the sea on all, [29]
Cockle, the, [303], [306]
Cocoa-nut crab of the East Indies, [254]
Cod, the, [415]
— curing the cod, [216]
— cod-liver oil, [216]
Cœlenterata, [345], [357]
Colæus of Samos, his maritime discoveries, [446]
Colour of the sea, [17]
— the azure cave at Capri, [18]
— changes produced by algæ and sea-worms, [19]
Columbus, his discovery of America, [457]
Compass, mariner's, invention of the, [451]
Composition of sea-water, [12]
Cone-shell, orange, [288]
Conger-eels, [222]
Congo, discovery of, [456]
Constructions, marine, 80-91
Cook, Captain, his voyages and discoveries, [485]
— his first voyage, [486]
— discovery of the Society Islands, [486]
— of the east coast of New Holland, [486]
— his second voyage, and discoveries, [492]
— his third voyage, [491]
— his death, [462]
Cook's Strait, discovery of, [486]
Conochilus volvox, [268]
Coral, spotted, of the Indian Ocean, [21]
Coral, [366]
— deep sea, [367]
— fishing of the Mediterranean, [367]
Coral-reefs, [374]
— barrier-reef of Australia, [374]
— how they become habitable for man, [375], [376]
Coralline zone, [413]
Cordova, his discoveries, [491]
Cormorants, [154], [155]
Cortereal, Gaspar, his maritime discoveries, [460]
Cortereal, John Vaez, his discoveries, [458]
Cortereal, Miguel, [461]
Cortes, his conquest of Mexico, [461]
Coryniadæ, [358]
Crabs, [246]
— legs of crabs, [251]
— larvæ of crabs, [258]
Cross-fish, the common, [334]
Crustacea, by what are they distinguished from the insects and spiders? 243
— their respiratory organs, [244]
Ctenophora, [358]
Cuba discovered, [459]
— circumnavigated for the first time, [461]
Curlew, the, [143]
Currents, ocean, [54]
— causes of, [54], [55]
— the equatorial stream, [56]
— the Gulf Stream, [57]
— influence of the Gulf Stream, [60]
— the cold Peruvian stream, [62]
— the Japanese stream, [63]
— beneficial influence of the ocean currents, [64]
Cushion star-fishes, [335]
Cuttle-fish, [275]
— ova of the, [278]
Cuvier's classification of fishes, [188]
Cyclobranchiata, [285]
Cyclones, causes of, [68]
Cymospiras, [266]
Dampier, his maritime discoveries, [483]
Darien, Gulf of, discovered, [461]
Darwin's theory of the formation of lagoon islands, [375]
Davis, John, his maritime discoveries, [476]
Depth of the sea, [6]
— of the Atlantic, according to Maury, [7]
— American mode of sounding in deep water, [6]
— telegraphic plateau between Newfoundland and Ireland, [7]
— measurement of depth by the rapidity of tide-wave, [8]
Dew, formation of, [68]
Diatomaceæ, [402]
— their importance in reference to the existence of animal life in high latitudes, [403]
Diaz, Bartholomew, his discovery of the Cape of Good Hope, [476]
Diazona violacea, [324]
Diodons, [178]
Diogenes hermit-crab, [254]
Diphyes, [352]
Discovery, maritime, progress of, 441. See Maritime Discovery
Diu, Portuguese settlement of, [462]
Divers, [150]
Docks of London and Liverpool, [91]
Dogfish, [200]
Dolphins, [107]
Donax, [301]
Dory, [242]
Dragon-weever, [204]
Drake, Sir Francis, his discoveries, [473]
Duck family, [146]
Dugong, [117]
— skeleton of the, [118]
— female dugong of Ceylon, [119]
Dunes, formation of, [5]
Dunwich, destruction of the coast at, [30]
D'Urville, Dumont, his discoveries, [509]
Dusky Bay, discovery of, [487]
Dutch, their attempts to discover a North-West passage to India, [474], [476]
Earth-rind, the giant book of the, [432]
— formation of a solid earth-crust by cooling, [432]
Echinus, or sea-urchin, [337]
— mammillated, [338]
— edible, [338]
— dental apparatus of sea-urchins, [339]
Eddystone lighthouse, the, [81]
— Winstanley's structure, [81]
— Rudyerd's, [82]
— Smeaton's, [83]
Edward's Island, Prince, discovery of, [491]
— Land, [415]
Eel, the common, [225]
— conger, [228]
— the murry, or muræna, [229]
Eendragt's Land, discovery of, [480]
Eider-duck, [146]
Electric eel, [202]
Endeavour Strait, discovery of, [486]
Enderby Land, discovery of, [509]
English navigation, retrospective view of, [459]
— attempts to discover the North-West passage, [474]
Enteromorphæ, [391]
Eolis coronata, [284]
Eozoon canadense, 381 note
Equatorial ocean-current, [57]
Equinoctial line crossed for the first time, [456]
Erebus, Mount, discovery of, [509]
Escharæ, [317]
Espiritu Santo, discovery of the Archipelago of, [480], [490]
Esquimaux in his kayak, [120]
Euripus, phenomenon produced by the tides of the, [44]
Europe, length of coast-line of, [4]
Euryale, warted, [333]
Evaporation, movement of the waters through, [65]
Extent of the ocean, [1]
Falkland Islands, sea-weeds at, [396]
Fan-bearer, [402], [403]
Feather-star, the rosy, [330]
Fernandez, Juan, his discoveries, [473]
Fierasfer, [340]
File-fish, [232]
Fin-crab, spotted, [252]
Fin-fish, or northern rorqual, [101]
Fingal's Cave, 45-48
— — popular belief as to its workmanship, [48]
— — Sir W. Scott's description of it, [48]
Fire, sea of, [434]
Fish, consumption of, in London, 237 note
Fish River, Great, course of, traced, [507]
Fishes, general remarks on, [186]
— their locomotive organs, [187]
— Cuvier's classification of fishes, 188 note
— fins, [188]
— air-bladder, [189]
— skin of, [190]
— beauty of tropical, [191]
— gills of, [191]
— circulation of the blood of, [191], [192]
— climbing, [193]
— parental affection of, [194]
— organs of sense, [196]
— offensive weapons of, [198]
— numerous enemies of, [207]
— luminous, [422]
Flamingoes, [142]
Flat-fishes, [235]
Florence, its commercial grandeur, [450]
Flounder, [238]
Flying-fishes, [156], [205], [224]
Flying-gurnard, [206]
Foraminifera, [378]
— their immense numbers, [378]
— simplicity of their structure, [380]
— various forms of Foraminifera, [381]
Forbes, Professor Edward, on the four zones of marine life on the British coasts, [408]
Forests, influence of, on the formation and retention of atmospherical precipitations, [76]
— formation of, [77]
— influence of, on climates, [78]
Franklin, Sir John, his arctic voyages, [501]
— his last voyage, [508]
Fresnel, his improvements in marine illumination, [90]
Frigate-bird, [155]
Frobisher, Martin, his maritime discoveries, [475]
Frog-fish, [193], [194]
Fuci, [392]
— fucus banks, or floating meadows, of the Atlantic 397
Fulmar, the, [195]
Gades, Phœnician town of, [444]
Gaëta, maritime trade of, [451]
Gama, Vasco de, doubles the Cape of Good Hope, [462]
Gannet, or soland goose, [156]
Gar-fish, [223]
Garry, Cape, discovery of, [503]
Gasteropods, [282]
— respiratory apparatus, [283]
— growth of their shells, [289]
— mode of locomotion, [289]
— their food, [294]
— organs of sense, [295]
— their enemies, [297]
— their use to man, [296]
Genoa, maritime grandeur of, [450]
Geographical distribution of marine life, [405]
Georgia, South, discovery of, [490]
Germany, its climate at the time of the Romans and at the present time, [78]
Glaciers, formation and dissolution of, [75]
— the Aar glacier, [75]
— of Greenland and Spitzbergen, [76]
Glaucus, [283]
Globe-fish, [232]
Goa, Portuguese settlement of, [462]
Goby, the black, [194]
Goniaster, [335], [336]
Good Hope, Cape of, discovery of, [457]
— — first doubled, [462]
Goodwin Sands, [9]
Goose, sea, various kinds of, [146]
Gorgonidæ, [365]
Grampus, the, [108]
— — anecdote of one, [109]
Grass wrack (Zostera marina), [391]
Great crab, [251]
Grebes, the, [150]
Greenland, depression of the coast of, [10]
— olive colour of the water of the Greenland seas, [20]
— glaciers of, [76]
— whale-fishery of, [110]
— discovery of, [457]
Grijalva, his maritime discoveries, [461]
Guano of the Chincha Islands, [169]
— statistics of the trade of, [170]
Guillemot, black, [165], [167]
Guinea, New, discovery of, [473]
Gulf Stream, the, [57], [58]
— — its influence on the climate of the west European coasts, [59]
Gulls, sea, [157]
Günnbjorn, his discovery of Greenland, [457]
Gurnard, [414]
Haddock, [215]
Hag. glutinous, [231]
Haiti discovered, [459]
Halibut, [236]
Hanno, the Carthaginian, his voyage, [444]
Harp-shell, [288]
Hartburn, site of the village of, [29]
Hartog, his maritime discoveries, [480]
Hassar, land journeys of the, [194]
Hawaii, discovery of the island of, [492]
Hebrides, New, discovery of the, [480], [490]
Henry, Prince, of Portugal, his maritime discoveries, [453]
Hermit-crabs, [254]
Herrings, [208], [415]
Herring-crab, [256]
Herring-fishery, [208]
— history of the, [209]
— statistics of the, [210]
Herring-gull, [158]
Hervey's Islands, discovery of, [487]
Hindustan, circumnavigation of, [447]
Hippocamp, [129], [234]
Hippopus, [315]
Hoar-frost, causes of, [72]
Hogg, James, his experiments with salmon, [219]
Holland, devastations caused by storm-tides on the coast of, [35]
Holland, New, discoveries of, [473]
— — Cook's discoveries in, [486]
Holothuriæ, [339]
Homer, his picture of the breaking of the waves against the shore, [27]
Hood's Island, discovery of, [489]
Hooded seal of northern seas, [125]
Huatulco, sea-cave of, [52], [53]
Hudson, Henry, his maritime discoveries, [481]
— his unfortunate end, [482]
Hudson's Bay, discovery of, [481]
Hump-back whales, [102]
Hunga, cave of, 49-51
Hyalæa, [298]
Hyde, site of the village of, [29]
Ianthinæ, [290]
Ice-bear, [100], [134]
Icebergs, formation of, [76]
— erratic blocks carried away by, [76]
Iceland, salmon of, [220]
— discovery and colonisation of, [361]
Ichthyosaurus, [438]
Inachus Kæmpferi of Japan, [259]
India, Portuguese discovery in, [462]
Indian Ocean, spotted corals in the, [21]
Indus, sudden rising of the spring-tide at the mouth of the, [42]
Inferobranchiata, [284]
Infusoria, marine, [383]
Insects, marine, [261]
Isinglass, [216]
Isis hippuris, [369]
Ivory of the walrus, [132]
Jamaica discovered, [459]
Japanese ocean-stream, the, [63]
Java, gathering of edible birds'-nests on the south coast of, [399]
Jelly-fishes, [345]
— their anatomical structure, [345]
— their size and colours, [356]
— their indirect use to man, [357]
— their phosphorescence, [420]
— the Velella, [353]
— the Portuguese man-of-war, [354]
John Dory, [415]
Kamtschatka, salmon of, [220]
Keeling Island, subsidence of the coast at, [10]
Kerguelen's Land, discovery of, [491]
Kilda, St., bird-catching on, [164]
King-crab, [246]
Kittiwake, or tarrock, the, [158]
Kraken, the Norwegian, [279]
Labrador, discovery of, [459]
Ladrone Islands, discovery of the, [468]
Lagoon islands, [374]
— — Darwin's theory of the formation of, [375]
— — how they became habitable for man, [376]
Lamantins of the Atlantic Ocean, [117]
Laminaria, region of the great, or tangle forests, [393]
Laminariæ, [393]
Lampreys, [230], [231]
Land-crabs, [250]
Landscapes, submarine, [21]
— in the Caribbean Sea, [21]
— on the coast of Sicily, [21]
La Perouse, his maritime discoveries, [493]
— — his fate, [493]
Launces, [230]
Le Maire, his maritime discoveries, [480]
Lepraliæ, [318]
Lessonias, of the Falkland Islands, [396]
Level of the ocean, does it remain unchanged, and every where the same? 11
Licmophora, or fan-bearer, [402]
Life, marine, geographical distribution of, [405]
— dependence of all created beings upon space and time, [406]
— influences which regulate the distribution of marine life, [407]
— the four bathymetrical zones of marine life on the British coasts, according to the late Professor Edward Forbes, of Edinburgh, [408]
— first wakening of life in the bosom of the ocean, [435]
Lighthouses, [80]
— the Eddystone lighthouse, [81]
— the Bellrock, or Inchcape, lighthouse, [85]
— the Skerryvore lighthouse, 85-89
— the Pharus of Alexandria, [89]
— progress of marine illumination, [90]
Lily encrinites, [340]
Limacina arctica, [298]
Limits of the ocean, progressive changes in the, [9]
— Goodwin Sands, [10]
— alluvial deposits, [10]
— upheaving of coasts, [10]
— subsidence, [10]
— temple of Serapis, [11]
— level of the sea everywhere the same, [11]
Limnoriæ, [247]
Limpet, [285], [294]
Limuli, or king-crabs, [246]
Ling, [215], [415]
Ling-thorn, [335]
Lithophytes, [373]
Liverpool Docks, [91]
Lizards of the sea, [173], [181]
— serpent-lizard, [435]
Lobsters, [256], [257]
Loggerheaded duck or goose, [148]
London Docks, [91]
Long-tailed duck, [148]
Lophobranchii, the, [233]
Louse, whale, [101]
Lucernaridæ, [350]
Luminous marine animals, [418]
Lump-sucker, [415]
Mackerel, [222]
Macrocystis pyrifera, [393]
— — Mr. Darwin's description of it at Tierra del Fuego, [393], [396]
Madeira, depth of the sea near, [1]
— discovery of, [505]
Maelstrom, the, [41]
Magellan, Ferdinand, his discoveries, [467], [468]
Magellan's Straits, discovery of, [468]
— — harmony of animal life in the islands of, [490]
Magilus antiquus, [291]
Malacca Islands, discovery of the, [462]
Malo, St., high tides of, [38]
Mammaria scintillans, [275]
Manatee, the, [116]
Mantis crab, spotted, [256]
Marco Polo, his travels and discoveries, [453]
Maritime discovery, progress of, [441]
— discoveries of the Phœnicians, [443]
— expedition of Hanno, [444]
— circumnavigation of Africa, under Pharaoh Necho II., [444]
— Ophir, [339]
— Colæus of Samos and Pytheas of Massilia, [340]
— expedition of Nearchus, [447]
— circumnavigation of Hindostan, under the Ptolemies, [447]
— voyages of discovery of the Romans, [453]
— consequences of the fall of the Roman empire, [448]
— Amalfi, [449]
— Pisa, Venice, and Genoa, [449]
— resumption of maritime intercourse between the Mediterranean and the Atlantic, [451]
— discovery of the compass, [451]
— Marco Polo, [453]
— other discoveries, [453]
— Prince Henry of Portugal, [454]
— discovery of Porto Santo and Madeira, [455]
— doubling of Cape Bojador, [455]
— discovery of the Azores, [456]
— the line crossed for the first time, [456]
— Benin and Congo discovered, [456]
— and the Cape of Good Hope, [457]
— discovery of America, [457]
— and of Iceland, [457]
— Greenland, [457]
— discoveries of John and Sebastian Cabot, [459]
— retrospective view of the beginnings of English navigation, [461]
— Ojeda and Amerigo Vespucci, [460]
— Vincent Yañez Pinson, [460]
— Cortes, [461]
— Verazzani, [461]
— Jacques Cartier, [461]
— the Portuguese in the Indian Ocean, [462]
— Balboa's discovery of the Pacific Ocean, [466]
— Magellan, [467]
— Sebastian el Cano, the first circumnavigator of the globe, [469]
— Pizarro and Cortes, [470]
— Urdaneta, [472]
— Juan Fernandez, [473]
— Mendoza, [473]
— Drake, [473]
— Willoughby and Chancellor, [474]
— Martin Frobisher, [475]
— Davis, [476]
— Barentz, [476]
— Quiros, [480]
— Torres, [480]
— Schouten, Le Maire, and others, [480]
— Tasman, [480]
— Henry Hudson, and his unfortunate end, [481]
— Baffin, [481]
— Dampier, [483]
— Anson, Behring, Byron, Wallis, Carteret, and Bougainville, [483]
— Cook's voyages, 485-492
— arctic discovery, [496]
Marquesas de Mendoza Islands, discovery of the, [473]
Mauritius, sea-cave on the, [52]
Mediterranean Sea, depth of the, [8]
— — height of the, [12]
— — temperature of the, [14]
— — colour of the, [18]
— — sides of the, [43]
— — Phœnician trade in the, [443]
— — decline of trade in the, [33]
— — resumption of maritime intercourse between the Mediterranean and the Adriatic, [449]
Medusidæ, [349], [350]
Melanospermeæ, or olive-coloured sea-weeds, [392]
Melville Island, discovery of, [500]
Mendana, Alvaro, his discoveries, [473]
Menezes, Don Jorge de, his discoveries, [473]
Merganser, [149], [404]
Mexico, discovery of the coast of, [461]
— conquest of, by Cortes, [461], [472]
Microscopic life of the ocean, [378]
Mines, submarine, [91]
Mitre shells, [288]
Mollusca, [270]
— general remarks on, [270]
Monsoons, north-east, [68]
— south-west, [68]
Moon, influence of the, on the tides, [446]
Mother-of-pearl, [313]
Mullet, grey, [415]
Murex haustellum, [291]
Murry, or muræna, [229]
Mussels, edible, [307]
— history of, [307]
— 'bouchots,' or mussel-parks, [307]
Myxine, the, [231]
Naples, maritime trade of, [449]
Narwhal, or unicorn-fish, [106]
Nautilus, [280]
— the pearly, [281]
Nearchus, voyage of, [447]
Necho II., Pharaoh, of Egypt, his maritime discoveries, [444]
Nelson, Horatio, pursuing a polar bear, [138]
Neptune's ruffles, [318]
Nereis, the, [263]
Nereocystis lutkeana, the, of Norfolk Bay and Sitcha, [397]
Nettuno, Antro di, [49]
Newfoundland, discovery of, [459]
Noctiluca miliaris, [425]
Norfolk, rapid destruction of the cliffs of, [29]
Norfolk Island, discovery of, [490]
North Sea, depth of the, [8]
— — colour of the, [18]
North-West Passage, attempts of the Dutch and English to discover the, [474]
Norway, treaty of commerce concluded with, [459]
Nova Zembla, [476], [477]
— — sufferings of Barentz and his crew during a winter at, [478]
Nudibranchiata, [284]
Nummulina discoidalis, [378]
Oar-weeds, [393]
Ocean, the primitive, [433]
Ojeda, discoveries of, [460]
Oliva hispidula, [290]
Onychoteuthis, arms and tentacles of an, [274]
Ophir, the, of the Phœnicians, [445]
Ophiuridæ, or snake-stars, [331]
Orkney Islands, whirlpools among the, [42]
Ormus, taken by the Portuguese, [462]
Ostend, oyster-parks of, [309]
Otarian seals, [126]
Oyster, [307]
— account of the oyster-trade, [308]
— catchers, [143]
— oyster-dust, [310]
— pearl, [311]
Pacific Ocean, depth of the, [7]
— — height of the, [12]
— — discovery of the, [466]
— — Cook's voyages in, [492]
Paguri, [254]
Palisser Islands, discovery of the, [489]
Palmas, Cape, colour of the sea near, [20]
Palmyra, [445]
Parrot-fishes, [372]
Parry, Sir John, his arctic discoveries, [500]
Patagonia, discovery of, [484]
Pea-crab, [253]
Pearl-oyster, [311]
Pearls, [311], [312]
Pectinibranchiata, [288]
Pectunculus, [302]
Pegasus, swimming, [207]
Pelamid, [224]
Pelamys bicolor, [183]
Pelicans, [116], [154]
Penguins, [142], [152]
— species of, [153]
Pentacrinus briareus, [330]
Periwinkle, [411]
Peru, visited by Pizarro, [471]
— conquered by him, [472]
Peruvian ocean-current, the, [62]
Petrels, [160]
— stormy, [162]
Philippine Islands, discovery of the, [468]
Philodina roseola, [269]
Phœnicians, maritime discoveries of the, [443]
— their progress in the arts and sciences, [445]
Pholades, [304]
Pholas dactylus, [301]
— Pliny's accounts of its phosphorescence, [431]
— striata, [302]
Phosphorescence of the sea, causes of, [418]
— of various marine animals, [418]
Phyllosoma, [258]
Physaliæ, the, [354]
Physophoridæ, [353]
Pilchards, [212], [415]
Pilot-fish, [225]
Pinnæ of the Mediterranean, [253], [304], [305]
Pinson, his discoveries, [460]
Pipe-fishes, [233], [234]
Pisa, maritime trade of, [449]
Pizarro, sketch of him and his companions, [469]
Plaice, [238]
Plants, marine, [390]
Plectognaths, [232]
Plesiosaurus, the, [438]
Pleuronectidæ, or flat-fishes, [235]
Pliny, his geographical knowledge, [448]
Plover, the, [144]
Plymouth breakwater, in the great storm of 1824, [29]
Polycystina, [382], [383]
Polynesia, length of coast-line of, [4]
Polyps, [345]
Polyzoa, [316], [320]
Porcupine-fish, [232]
Porpoise, [108]
Portland, destructive action of the sea at, [31]
Porto Santo, discovery of, [455]
Portuguese man-of-war, [354]
Poulp, [272], [273]
Prontzchitschew, his maritime discoveries, [483]
Protozoa, [378]
Pteroceras, [290]
Pteropods, their organisation and mode of life, [298]
— the butterflies of the ocean, [299]
Ptolemies, maritime discoveries of the, [447]
Ptolemy, the geographer, his knowledge of the globe, [449]
Ptygura melicerta, [267]
Puffins, [165], [167]
Purbeck, destruction of the cliffs at, [31]
Pyrosoma atlantica, its phosphorescence, [420]
Pyrosomes, [325]
Pytheas of Massilia, his maritime discoveries, [446]
Quantity of the waters contained within the bosom of the ocean, [8]
Quiros, his maritime discoveries, [480]
Quito, coast of, discovery of, [470]
Racer, or rider-crab, the, [251]
Rain, formation of, [72]
— inequality of, [72]
— its return to the sea, [73]
Rays, [240]
Razor-shell, [303-306]
Ré, oyster-trade of, [311]
Reculver, destruction of the coast at, [30]
Red Sea, height of the, [12]
— — red algæ of the, [20]
— — Phœnician trade on the, [445]
Reef-building corals, [374]
Regent Inlet, Prince, discovery of, [500]
Reptiles of the sea, [172]
Rhodosperms, Florideæ, or red sea-weeds, [398]
— their habitat, [398]
Richardson, Sir John, his arctic voyages, [501]
Rivers, phenomena presented by the mixture of salt and fresh water in, [16]
— quantities of water which rivers pour into the ocean, [75]
Rock-goose, [149]
Roggewein, his maritime discoveries, [483]
Rome, ancient, maritime discoveries of, [448]
Rorqual, northern, or fin-fish, [101]
— its food, [102]
Ross, Sir James, on the height of waves, [28]
— — — his discoveries, [509]
— — John, his arctic discoveries, [500], [503]
Rotifera, the, [267]
Rudyerd, Mr., his lighthouse on the Eddystone rocks, [82]
Saavedra, Alvaro de, his discoveries, [473]
Sabrina Land, discovery of, [509]
Sagittaria, discovery of the island of, [480]
Sail-fluke, [239]
Salangana caves in Java, [399]
Salmon, [217], [324]
— trade, [220]
— salmon-spearing, [219]
— growth of the salmon, [219]
— abundance of salmon, [220]
— introduced into Australia and New Zealand, [221]
Salmon-leaps, [218]
Salpæ, [325]
— their alternating generations, [327]
Salts of the sea, [12]
Sand-crab, American,
[252]
Sandhopper, [246]
Sand-stars, [332]
Sandwich Land, discovery of, [490]
— Islands, discovery of, [490]
Sardinia, stalactite caves of the island of, [49]
Sargasso Sea, the, [397]
Saurians of the past seas, [172], [438]
Scari, or parrot-fishes, [372]
Schouten, his maritime discoveries, [480]
Scissor-bill, [144]
Scoopers, [143]
Scoresby, his arctic voyages, [497]
Scyllæa, [283]
Scythe, the, [415]
Sea-anemones, [361]
Sea-bear, [117], [126]
Sea-birds, [128], [142]
— their vast numbers, [142]
Sea-cask, [142]
Sea-cucumbers, [339]
Sea-devil of the Pacific, [241]
Sea-ear, [286], [287]
Sea-elephant, [125]
Sea-fox, [99]
Sea-hare, [284], [295]
Sea-horse, [129], [234]
Sea-lemon, [284]
Sea-lion, [128]
Sea-mat, leaf-like, [316]
Sea-mew, [157]
Sea-otter, [139]
— chase of the, [139]
Sea-pen, [364]
— its phosphorescence, [426]
Sea-pie, the, [144]
Sea-pinks, [391]
Sea-scurfs, [318]
Sea-snail, purple, [290]
Sea-snakes, [183]
Sea-squirts, [323]
Sea-swallows, [157]
Sea-urchin, [337]
Sea-weeds, [391]
— luminous, [423]
Sea-wolf, [197]
Seals and walruses, [117]
— food of, [120]
— statistics of seal-fishery, [121]
— various kinds of, [123]
Seine, sudden rising of the spring-tides at the mouth of the, [42]
Seleucidæ, maritime discoveries of the, [42]
Seleucus Nicator, his circumnavigation of Hindostan, and discovery of Taprobane, or Ceylon, [447]
Semen Deshnew, the Cossack, his maritime discoveries, [483]
Sepia. See Cuttle-fish
Serapis, temple of, [11]
Serpents of the seas, [183]
Serpulas, [266]
Sertularia, [347]
Shakspeare's Cliff, destructive action of the sea on, [30]
Sharks, [198]
— Greenland shark, an enemy of the whale, [99]
— luminous, [330]
Sheldrake, or burrow duck, [148]
Sheppey, Isle of, rapid decay of the coast of the, [30]
Sherringham, ravages of the sea on the coast at, [29]
Shetland Islands, fury of the Atlantic waves at the, [28]
Shetland, New South, discovery of, [509]
Ship-worm (teredo), [302]
Shore-crab, [251]
Siberia, Cook's visits to the coasts of, [492]
Sicily, submarine landscapes of the coast of, [21]
Siphonostomata, [245]
Skerries, cave in the, [51]
Skerryvore lighthouse, [85]
Skimmer, [144]
Sledge-journey, arctic, [502]
Sly, [202]
Smeaton, John, his lighthouse on the Eddystone rocks, [83]
Smooth-back whale, the antarctic, [102]
Snake-stars, [437]
Snow-goose, [146]
Society Islands, discovery of the, [486]
Soland goose, [156]
Solasters, [334]
Sole, [237]
— skin of the, [190]
Solen, or razor-shell, [304]
Solis, Juan de, his discoveries, [461]
— — — his death, [461]
Solomon Islands, discovery of the, [473], [483]
Souffleur, or blower, the marine cave of the, [52]
Soundings, American method of taking, in deep water, [6]
South Sea Islands, discovery of the, [474]
Speckled diver, [145]
Sperm-whale, or cachalot, [102]
Spiders, marine, [260]
Spitzbergen, discovery of, [477]
Spondylus, royal, [314]
Sponge-crab, [249]
Sponges, [385]
— their remarkable growth, [385]
— habitat of the common sponge, [388]
Sprat, the, [214]
Springs, origin of, [73]
— mineral waters, [74]
Springs of fresh water in the bottom of the sea, [17]
Staffa, island of, [46]
Stalactite caves of the island of Sardinia, [49]
Star-fishes, [328]
— their organisation, [328]
Star-gazer fish, [202]
Sterlet of the Volga, [217]
Stevenson, Mr. Alan, his Skerryvore lighthouse, [86]
Stevenson, Mr. Robert, his lighthouse on the Bell Rock, [85]
Stickleback, parental affection of the, [195]
Stone-corals, [373]
Storm, the great, of 1703, [82]
Storm-tides, [34]
— devastations of, on flat coasts, [34], [35]
Strand-birds, [143]
— migration of, [144]
— food of, [144]
Strombus pes pelicani, [290]
Sturgeons, [216], [217]
— caviar, [217]
Sucking-fish, [203]
Suffolk, rapid decay of the cliffs of, [29]
Sun-fish, [232], [233]
— its luminousness, [422]
Sun, his influence on the tides, [37]
Sun-star fish, [334]
Surgeon-fish, the, [205]
Sweden, gradual upheaving of the coast of, [10]
Sword-fish, an enemy of the whale, [99]
— his weapon, [201]
Synchæta baltica, [269]
Tahiti, discovery of, [484]
Tailor-bird, the, [143]
Taprobane, or Ceylon, discovery of, [447]
Tartessus, Phœnician town of, [444]
Tasman, Abel, his maritime discoveries, [480]
Tasmania, discovery of, [481]
Tectibranchiata, [284]
Temperature of the sea, [13]
— at various parts of the surface of the globe, [14]
Teredo navalis, [302]
Thames, progress of the tide-wave in the, [43]
Thornbacks, [240]
Thresher, or sea-fox, an enemy of the whale, [99]
Thunder-stones, [437]
Tide-wave, measurement of the depth of the sea by the rapidity of the, [8]
— progress and course of the, [40], [43]
Tides, the, [32]
— description of the phenomenon, [32]
— devastations of storm-floods on flat coasts, [34], [35]
— knowledge of the ancients respecting the tides, [35]
— fundamental causes of the tides revealed by Kepler and Newton, [36], [37]
Tides, height of the, at various places, [38]
— vortices caused by the: the Maelstrom, Charybdis, &c., [41]
— the phenomena of the Euripus, [44]
Tierra del Fuego, masses of sea-weed at, [394]
— — — rounded by Schouten and Le Maire, [480]
Tonga, discovery of, [481]
Top, agglutinating, [296]
Tornadoes, causes of, [68]
Tornatella fasciata, [290]
Torpedo, the, [201]
Torres, his maritime discoveries, [480]
Torso Rock, the, [9]
Tortoise-shell, [180]
Tortoises, [176]
Trade-winds, the, [67]
Transparency of the sea at Capri, [18]
— — — — in the Indian Ocean, [21]
— — — — in the Caribbean, [21]
Trepang, or Biche de Mer, [340]
— mode of curing, [340]
— the fishery in the Feejee Islands, [342]
Tridacna, the gigantic, [314]
Trigger-fish, [233]
Trilobites, [436]
Trunk-fish, [232]
Tubiporidæ, [370]
Tubulibranchiata, [292]
Tunicata, [316], [321]
Tunny, the, [221]
— stripe-bellied, [224]
Turbot, the, [236], [237]
Turn-stone bird, [144]
Turtles, [173]
— catching turtles in the island of St. Thomas, [172]
Tynemouth Castle, destruction of the coast near, [29]
Typhoons, causes of, [68]
Tyrian dye, [446]
Ulvæ, [391]
Unicorn-fish, or narwhal, [106]
Urasters, [334]
Urdaneta, first reaches Acapulco from Manilla, [472]
Vancouver's discoveries, [472]
Van Diemen's Land, discovery of, [480]
Vanikoro, island of, [493]
Velellæ, the, [353]
Venice, maritime grandeur of, [450]
Verazzani, voyage of, [461]
Vermetus, [291]
Virgularia mirabilis, [365]
Vogtia pentacantha, [353]
Wales, Cape Prince of, discovery of, [491]
Wallis, his maritime discoveries, [483]
Walrus, or morse, [117], [129], [135]
— anecdote of a fight with, [130]
— ivory of the, [132]
Walton, his mussel-beds in France, [307]
Water-snakes, [183]
Water-spouts, causes of, [68]
Waves of the ocean, [24]
— wave-motion as distinct from water motion, [25]
— height and velocity of storm-waves, 26-28
— Homer's picture of the breaking of the waves against the shore, [26]
— Scoresby on the height of waves in the open sea, [27]
— force and height of the waves on rocky coasts, [28]
— instances of the destructive action of the tidal waves on coast-lines, 28-31
Weddell, Captain, his voyages, [509]
Weevers, [204]
Wellington Channel, discovery of, [500]
Wentle-trap, Chinese, [289]
Whalebone, [96]
Whale-fishery, history of the, [109]
Whales. See Cetaceans
Whelks, [292]
Wilkes, Captain, on the height of waves, [28]
Wilkes, his explorations, [509]
Willoughby, Sir Hugh, his unfortunate arctic voyage, [474]
Winds, origin of, [66]
— trade-winds, [67]
— calms, or doldrums, [67]
— monsoons, [68]
— typhoons, tornadoes, &c., [68]
— water-spouts, [68]
Wing-shells, [304]
Winstanley, Mr., his lighthouse on the Eddystone rocks, [81]
Winter Harbour, discovery of, [500]
Wolf-fish, [197]
Wolstenholme Sound, elevation of the coast at, [10]
Worm-shell, [291]
Yorkshire, wearing away of the coast of, [29]
Yucatan, first exploration of, [461]
Zostera marina, [391]
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