The Tropical World / Aspects of man and nature in the equatorial regions of the globe.

by G. Hartwig

[39] ‘The Sea and its Living Wonders,’ p. 154.

[40] Quarterly Review, 1855, p. 22.

[41] Mission from Cape Coast Castle to Ashantee, 1819.

[42] Sir Bartle Frere’s mission gives us reason to hope that better days are in store for the unfortunate East Africans.

INDEX.

• Aard-varks, or earth hogs (Orycteropi), [488]
• Abies Brunoniana of the slopes of Sikkim, [83]
• —— Webbiana of the slopes of Sikkim, [83]
• Abrus precatoria, spider called the, [213]
• Abyssinia, the tsalt-salya or zimb of, [230]
• Acacia latronùm, thorns of the, [144]
• Aden, coffee first introduced into, [170]
• Adjutant bird, [303]
• —— his destruction of reptiles, [303]
• Africa, timber of the eastern coast-lands of, [6]
• —— influence of the heated plains of, in deflecting the trade-winds, [8]
• —— gigantic trees of, [120] et seq.
• —— reason why droughts are prevalent in, [85]
• —— bushmen of, [85]
• —— animals of, [88]
• African mode of life, [531]
• Agades, tower in, [93]
• Agave Americana, [81], [132]
• —— its uses, [133]
• Air-currents, their effects in the equatorial regions, [4]
• —— the trade-winds, [4], [5]
• —— polar and equatorial air-currents, [1]
• Aïs, the, [497]
• Albatross, the, compared with the condor, [378]
• —— avoids the torrid zone, [267]
• Alexander the Great, said to have introduced the peacock into Europe, [360]
• Algeria, domestication of the ostrich in, [388]
• Alligators, torpor of, of the Amazons river, [46]
• —— the caymen, of the New World, [333]
• —— mode of seizing their prey, [334]
• —— their voice, [334]
• —— their conflicts among themselves, [335]
• —— their preference for human flesh, [334]
• Alligators, their tenacity of life, [335]
• —— their tenderness for their young, [336]
• —— their friends and enemies, [339]
• Allspice, [204].
• See [Pimento]
• Aloes, the, of the torrid zone, [132]
• Alpaca, value of its wool, [23]
• —— herds of, in the high table-lands of Peru and Bolivia, [25]
• Altos of the Puna, [28]
• Aluate, or howling monkey, [512]
• Amazonian parrot (Psittacus Amazonicus), [396]
• Amazons, or Marañon, river
• —— —— —— source of, [36]
• —— —— —— its length, width, and course, [36]
• —— —— —— its tributaries, [37]
• —— —— —— rapids and cataracts of the, [36]
• —— —— called the Solimoens from the Brazilian frontier to the influx of the Rio Negro, [37]
• —— —— —— its unfathomable depth at the Strait of Obydos, [37]
• —— —— —— its tide-waves, [38]
• —— —— —— its width below Gurupa, [38]
• —— —— —— and when it reaches the ocean, [38]
• —— —— —— imperfect knowledge of the river, [39]
• —— —— —— extent of territory drained by the Amazons, [40]
• —— —— —— its colossal rise, [40]
• —— —— —— lagunes of the, and their beautiful scenery, [41]
• —— —— —— different character of the forests beyond and within the verge of the inundation of the river, [42]
• —— —— —— a sail on the river, and a night’s encampment, [43]
• —— —— —— the yacu-mama, or ‘mother of the waters,’ [44]
• Amazons, the voracious pirangas, [45]
• —— —— —— mosquitoes of the, [45]
• —— —— —— beds of aquatic grass on the, [45]
• —— —— —— birds on the, [46]
• —— —— —— insects of the, [46]
• —— —— —— storms on the river, [47]
• —— —— —— rapids and whirlpool, [47]
• —— —— —— the Amazons regarded as the stream of the future, [49]
• —— —— —— discovery of the Amazons by Vincent Yañez Pinson, [50]
• —— —— —— adventures of Pizarro and Madame Godin on the, [50–52]
• —— —— —— primitive forests of the banks of the Amazons, [53]
• —— —— —— the mosquito plagues of, [222]
• —— —— —— orange-red colouring matter used by the Indians of the, [195]
• America, growth of cotton in, [189], [190]
• —— insect plagues of, [221]
• —— snakes of the United States of, [316]
• —— South, influence of the Marañon on the climate of the, [5]
• —— Central, deflections from the ordinary course of the trade-winds in, [8]
• —— savannahs of, [12]
• —— a savannah on fire, [14]
• —— cultivation of maize in, [165]
• —— primitive forests of, [54]
• Amsterdam, a spice-fire in, [200]
• Anaconda, or water-boa (Eunectes murinus), [301]
• Anarajapoora, sacred Bo tree of, [127]
• Anderson, Mr., his adventure with a rhinoceros, [428]
• —— and with a lion, [449]
• Angola, red ant of, [235]
• Anolis, the, [310], [312]
• —— battles of the, [312]
• —— faculty of changing colour, [313]
• Anomaluri, the, of the west coast of Africa, [495]
• Ant-eaters, [482]
• —— the great ant-bear, [482]
• —— his mode of licking up termites, [483]
• —— his characteristics, [483]
• —— Indian mode of killing him, [484]
• —— the manides, or pangolins, [485]
• —— the Aard-varks, or orycteropi, [486]
• —— the porcupine ant-eater, [488]
• Antelopes of South Africa, [408]
• —— cervicapra, [412]
• Antonio Julian, Don, regrets that the use of coca had not been introduced into Europe, [187]
• Ants, their ravages in sugar plantations, [177]
• Ants, vast numbers of, in tropical countries, [234]
• —— excruciating pain caused by the bite of the Ponera clavata, [235]
• —— the red ant of Angola, [235]
• —— the sugar ants, [236]
• —— house ants, [237]
• —— driver or foraging ants, [238]
• —— societies of ants, [239]
• —— fungus ants, [239]
• —— Formica bispinosa, [239]
• —— ant-hills, [240]
• —— sagacity of ants, [240]
• —— slave-making expeditions of some kinds of ants, [240]
• —— the honey ant of Mexico, [240]
• —— termites, or white ants, [241].
• See [Termites]
• —— black ants, [246]
• —— wars between black and white ants, [246]
• Apes, anthropomorphous, compared and contrasted with man, [498]
• Arabia, coffee first introduced into, [178]
• —— mode of cultivating coffee in, [179]
• Arabic tongue, delicacy of the, [118]
• Arandi (Bombyx Cynthia), soft threads spun by the, [249]
• Araneæ of the tropics, [211]
• Aras of America (Macrocerus Macao), the, [398]
• Arauca, Rio, mosquitoes of, [233]
• Archipelago, the Eastern, bamboos of [130]
• —— —— screw pine of the, [133]
• —— the Mulgrave, importance of the screw pine to the inhabitants of, [133]
• Areca palm (Areca Catechu), the, [151], [162]
• —— Singhalese habit of chewing the nuts with lime and betel-pepper leaves, [151]
• Areca sapida of New Zealand, [160]
• Armadillos, the, [487]
• —— of the sand-coast of Peru, [34]
• —— genera of the Armadillos, [487]
• Arnatto (Bixa orellana), used as a dye, [195]
• Arnee (Bubalus arnee), [413]
• —— uses of, [196]
• Arrack made from the cocoa-nut tree, [148]
• Arrowroot, from what obtained, [170]
• —— mode of obtaining it, [170], [171]
• Artocarpus incisa, or bread-fruit tree, [166]
• Ascension, turtles of the island of, [328]
• Ashantee, human sacrifices at, [526]
• Asp of ancient authors, [300]
• Atlantic, limits of the trade-winds in the Northern, [4], [5]
• Atlas mountains, ephemeral streams of the, [70]
• —— —— the lions of the, [477]
• Atlas-moth, cinnamon-eating, of Ceylon, [207]
• Atro, or Ben Israel of Abyssinia (Cephalopus hemprichii), [410]
• Aturas, extinct tribe of the, [72]
• —— their graves, [72]
• Australians, physical conformation of the, [466]
• —— their low state of civilisation, [467]
• —— their languages, [467]
• —— their superstitions, [467], [468]
• —— their dances, [469]
• —— their family names and family kobongs, or badges, [470]
• —— their ceremony of marriage, [470]
• —— their blood feuds, [470]
• —— their savage customs, [470]
• —— their food, [470]
• —— their division of property, [471]
• —— their punishments, [471]
• —— laws for the preservation and distribution of food, [472]
• —— their respect for age, [472]
• —— their hunts, [473]
• —— their dexterity in fishing, [474]
• —— their hospitality and feasts, [475]
• —— not guilty of cannibalism, [476]
• —— their throwing-stick and boomerang, [476]
• —— their moral qualities, [476]
• Baboons, [510]
• Baboon, the great, of Senegal, [510]
• Bacha, the (Falco bacha), [382]
• Bactrian camel, [401]
• Bahama Islands, mode of catching turtles on the, [328]
• Bahia toad, [319]
• Bakalahari, the, of the Kalahari, [86–91]
• —— their love for agriculture and domestic animals, [91]
• —— their timidity, [92]
• —— fur of their animals, [92]
• Balagnini of the vicinity of Sooloo, [256]
• Balistinæ, [272]
• Baltimore bird (Icterus Baltimore), [352]
• —— —— nest of the, [353]
• Bamboos (Bambusaceæ) of the tropics, [130]
• —— variety of uses to which they are applied, [130]
• Bambusaceæ, the, of the tropics, [130]
• —— rapidity of their growth, [130]
• Banana (Musa sapientum), its importance as food, [167], [168]
• Banana (Musa sapientum), and of the Saüba ant, [236]
• Banda, nutmeg trees of, [199], [200]
• Banyan tree (Ficus indica), [124], [125]
• —— —— fondness of the Hindoos for it, [125]
• Baobab, African, or monkey-bread tree (Adansonia digitata), [120], [121]
• —— —— immense specimens of, [121]
• —— —— used as a vegetable cistern, [122]
• —— —— its age, [122]
• Barbasco (Jacquinia armillaris), used for catching fish, [66]
• Barima river, the Upper, gigantic trees of, [130]
• Basilisk, the, [318]
• Bats of tropical forests, [490], [491]
• —— organisation of, [491]
• —— the kalongs, or fox-bats, of Java, [491]
• —— the vampire, [492]
• —— the Rhinolophi, or horse-shoe bats, [493]
• —— the Scotophilis Coromandelicus of Ceylon, [494]
• Battas, a Malay tribe, [259]
• ‘Bay of the Thousand Isles,’ [38]
• Baya birds of Hindostan, their nests, [367]
• Bear, the cocoa-nut (Ursus malayanus), [149]
• Bechuanas, their love for agriculture and domestic animals, [91]
• —— their mode of drawing water, [91]
• Bedouins, personal appearance of the, [105]
• —— their love of solitude, [107]
• —— acuteness of their senses, [107]
• —— their manners, [108]
• —— their patriotism, [108]
• —— song of Maysunah, [109]
• —— traits of their character, [109]
• —— ferocity of their life, [110]
• —— their women, [110]
• —— their chivalrous spirit, [111]
• —— story of the Caliph El Mutasen, [111]
• —— horses of the Arabs, [111], [112]
• —— camels of the, [113]
• —— —— the instrument of lasting freedom, [113]
• —— encampments of the Bedouins, [115]
• —— quarrels among them, [115]
• —— murders among them, [116]
• —— their amusements, [116], [117]
• —— their hospitality and accomplishments, [118]
• —— delicacy of the Arabic tongue, [118]
• —— manners and habits of the Bedouins, [119]
• —— their religious character, [119]
• —— their similarity to the North American Indians, [119]
• Beetles of the Amazons, [46]
• —— of the tropical forests, [46]
• —— edible, of the Oreodoxa oleracea, [159]
• —— peculiarity of beetle-life in the torrid zone, [206]
• —— the Hercules beetle (Megasomina Hercules), [206]
• —— Goliath, of the tropics, [206]
• —— the Goliaths of the coast of Guinea, [206]
• —— luminous beetles, [210]
• —— —— cocujas of South America, [210]
• Begus, or evil spirits, of the Malays, [260]
• Behemoth of the Bible, [417]
• Bell-bird, or campanero, [350]
• Bengal, indigo of, [192], [193]
• Berbice river, the Victoria Regia discovered in the, [137]
• Bête rouge, the, of Guiana and the West Indies, [227]
• Bhain (Bubalus Bhain), [414]
• Biledulgerid, or oases south of the Atlas, toddy drunk in, [155]
• Birds of the Puna, or high table-lands of tropical America, [28], [34]
• —— of the tropical seas, [267], [268]
• —— of prey of the tropics, [376]
• Birds’-nests, edible, [269]
• Black ants, [246]
• Blast, a sugar-cane disease, [177]
• Blattæ, [233]
• Blatta gigantea, or the drummer, [233]
• Bo tree, or pippul, of India (Ficus religiosa), [126]
• —— —— antiquity of one at Anarajapoora, in Ceylon, [126]
• —— —— veneration of the Buddhists for it, [127]
• —— —— union of the Bo tree with the Palmyra palm, [137]
• Boa constrictor, [301]
• —— —— his habitat, [301]
• —— —— the water, [301]
• —— —— his habitat, [302]
• Boaquira (Crotalus horridus), [298]
• Bogota, perennial rainy seasons of, [6]
• Bombax Ceiba, [139]
• Bombay, heavy fall of rain at, [8]
• Bombyx cynthia, [249]
• —— mori, [249]
• —— mylitta, [249]
• Bonny, mode of providing for the wants of the dead at, [527]
• —— the town of, [529], [530]
• Boomerang of the Australian savage,[476]
• Botocudo Indians, [62]
• Botocudos Indians, [77]
• Bottle tree of tropical Australia, [139]
• Botuto, or holy trumpet, of the South American Indians, [70]
• Bourbon, nutmegs of, [201]
• Bow Island. See [Hau]
• Brazil, impenetrable forests of, [55]
• —— sensitive plants of, [135]
• —— the bushropes or lianas of, [135]
• —— immense number of beetles found in, [210]
• —— the bush-master of, [297]
• —— the giant-toad of, [320]
• —— tree-frog of, [320]
• —— birds of, [347]
• —— humming-birds of, [347]
• —— wood (Cæsalpina crista), description of the tree producing, [195]
• Brazilian nut (Bertholletia), [145]
• Bread-fruit tree (Artocarpus incisa) of Polynesia, [166]
• —— —— —— the harvest, [166]
• —— —— —— the sour paste, [167]
• Bromelids, American, [132]
• —— uses of the, [132]
• Buddhists, their veneration for the sacred Bo tree at Anarajapoora, [127]
• Buffalo, the African (Bubalus Caffer), his guardian bird, [442]
• —— ferocity of the, [413]
• Buffalo-thorn (Acacia latronùm), thorns of the, [144]
• Buffaloes, ferocity of the male solitaires of the, [413]
• Bulls, wild, of the Puna mountain valleys, [28]
• Buprestis gigas, elytra of the, worn as an ornament, [252]
• Bushmen, African, [88]
• —— their habitat, [88]
• —— their weapons, [89]
• —— their treatment of the Bakalahari, [92]
• Bush-master snake (Lachesis rhombeata), [297]
• Bushropes, or lianas, of tropical vegetation, [135]
• Cabbage-palm of the Antilles (Oreodoxa oleracea), its magnificence, [159]
• —— —— grub of the, [159]
• Cabeza di Negro (Phytelephas), hard white nuts of the, [160]
• Cacao tree (Cacao theobroma), [182]
• —— —— origin of the name of theobroma, [182]
• —— —— indigenous in Mexico, [182]
• —— —— Humboldt’s description of a cacao plantation, [182]
• —— —— mode of cultivation, [183]
• —— —— management of the beans, [183]
• —— —— used in the form of chocolate, [183]
• Cactuses, description of the, [133]
• —— their usefulness to man, [133]
• Cactuses did not exist in the Old World previous to the discovery of America, [134]
• —— range of their growth, [134]
• —— of Peru and Bolivia, [134]
• —— of the Puna, [134]
• Cæsalpina crista, [195]
• Caffa and Enarea, the original home of the coffee plant, [178]
• Calabar, New and Old, palm-oil trade of, [146]
• Calao, or rhinoceros horn-bill (Buceros rhinoceros), [358]
• Calcutta, heavy fall of rain in, [18]
• Californian firs, size of the, [159]
• Calms, zone of, [6]
• —— intense heat of the, [6]
• —— heavy afternoon rains of the, [6]
• Camel, its resemblance to the ostrich, [387]
• —— the dromedary the ship of the desert, [399]
• —— adaptation of its organisation to its mode of life, [400]
• —— Bedouin mode of training it, [400]
• —— the Bactrian camel, [401]
• —— immemorial slavery of the camel, [401]
• —— its unamiable character, [402]
• Camelopard. See [Giraffe]
• Campanero, or bell-bird, [350]
• Canary Islands, gigantic dragon-trees of the, [123]
• Canis Ingæ of the Punas, [28]
• Caoutchouc tree (Siphonia elastica), Indians incising some of them, [188]
• —— —— description of the tree, [190]
• —— —— introduction of caoutchouc into Europe, [190]
• —— —— mode of collecting the resin, [190]
• —— —— other trees yielding caoutchouc, [191]
• —— —— various uses of India-rubber, [191]
• Caouana, or loggerhead turtle (Chelonia caouana), [331]
• Capybara, or water-pig, eaten by the alligator, [333]
• Caribs, [76]
• Caracara eagle (Polyborus caracara), his station, [246]
• Cardinal bird of Mexico, [80]
• Carinaria vitrea, the, [274]
• Carnauba palm (Corypha cerifera), wax obtained from the, [158]
• —— —— other uses of the tree, [158]
• Caroa (Bromelia variegata), fishing-nets made from the fibres of the, [132]
• Caroline Islanders, [289]
• Cassava, or Mandioca root (Jatropha Manihot), how prepared as food, [169]
• Cassava, the sweet cassava (Jatropha janipha), [170]
• Cassicus cristatus, [354]
• —— ruber, [354]
• —— persicus, [354]
• Cassiques, the, [354]
• —— their pendulous nests, [354]
• Cassowary, the galeated (Casuarius galeatus), [390], [391]
• Caterpillars, eaten by man in Africa, [251]
• —— their means of defence, [209]
• Cayman. See [Alligator]
• Cecropias, of the Amazons river, [45]
• Ceiba (Bombax ceiba), the, of the forests of Yucatan, [128]
• Cephalopods, gigantic, [274]
• Cerastes, or horned viper, of the Egyptian jugglers, [301]
• Cercopitheci, their characteristics, [505]
• —— parental affection of one, [507]
• Ceroxylon andicola, wax obtained from the, [159]
• —— height at which it will grow, [159], [160]
• Ceylon, abundance of the cocoa-nut tree in, [146], [147]
• —— its love of the sea, [146]
• —— the tree, and its fruit and flowers, [147]
• —— cocoa-nut oil trade of, [148]
• —— coir of the, [148]
• —— palmyra toddy of, [148]
• —— wood of the cocoa-nut tree, uses for it, [149]
• —— enemies of the, [149]
• —— cultivation of rice in, [164]
• —— the coffee cultivation of, [180]
• —— cinnamon gardens of, [198]
• —— —— taken by the Dutch, who save the plants, [198]
• —— former profits of the Dutch, [198]
• —— dimensions of the atlas moth of, [207]
• —— Mr. Stewart’s plantation at Ceylon, [199]
• —— nutmegs of, [202]
• —— snakes of, [209]
• —— comparative rareness of venomous snakes in, [209]
• —— the rat-snake and cobra domesticated in, [308]
• —— barbarous mode of selling turtle-flesh in, [330]
• —— birds of, [374]
• —— elephants of, [440]
• —— elephant-catchers of, [440]
• Chacma, or pig-faced baboon (Cynocephalus porcarius), [510]
• Chalias, the, of Ceylon, and their supply of cinnamon, [198]
• Chamærops humilis, of Nizza, [160]
• Chameleon, the, [313]
• —— its habitat, [313]
• —— its manner of hunting for its food, [313]
• —— peculiarities of its organisation, [314]
• Chancay, sand-hills of, [35]
• Cheetah, or hunting leopard, [446]
• Chegoe, Pique, or Jigger, of the West Indies (Pulex penetrans), [225]
• —— its mode of working, [225]
• —— native method of extirpating it, [225]
• Chelonia imbricata, [329], [331]
• —— midas, [329]
• —— caouana, [331]
• Chelonians, [321]
• Chimpanzee, the (Simia troglodytes), [499]
• —— chim in Paris, [499]
• Chincha, or Guano Islands, [35]
• Chinchilla lanigera, the, of the high table-lands of Peru, [27]
• —— —— its appearance and habits, [27]
• Chirimoya (Anona tripetala), a Peruvian fruit, [172]
• Choco of Chili, [160]
• Chocolate, [183]
• Chuñu, or chaps, caused by the biting winds of the Puna, [21]
• Cicadæ, or frog-hoppers, eaten by man, [252]
• Cilgero bird of Cuba, his song, [356]
• Cinnamon plant, [198]
• —— gardens of Ceylon, [198]
• —— immense profits of the Dutch, [198]
• —— decline of the trade, [198]
• —— mode of cultivating the plant and procuring the rind, [199]
• —— the Ceylon chalias, [198]
• Cleopatra, her death, [300]
• Climates, diversity of, within the tropics, [1]
• —— causes by which the diversity of, is produced, [2]
• —— varieties of the tropical, [3]
• —— climate of the Llanos of Venezuela and New Granada, [11]
• —— of the Puna or high table-lands of Peru and Bolivia, [20]
• Cloves, history of the cruel monopoly of the Dutch in, [200]
• —— clove-tree groves, [201]
• Coary river, a tributary of the Amazons, [37]
• Coatimondi, the, [499]
• Cobra di Capello, the, [298], [299]
• —— tamed by the Indian jugglers, [299]
• —— its habitat, [300]
• —— its sea voyages, [300]
• Coca (Erythroxylon coca), [184]
• Coca, its immense consumption in Peru and Bolivia, [184]
• —— mode of preparing it by the Indians, [185]
• —— its wonderfully strengthening effects, [186]
• —— use of, in ascending mountains, [186]
• —— fatal consequences of its abuse, [186]
• —— the coquero, or confirmed coca-chewer, [186]
• —— divine honours paid to the shrub by the Peruvians, [187]
• —— its use interdicted by the Spanish conquerors, but finally allowed and encouraged, [187]
• —— its remarkable properties long remained unnoticed, [187]
• Cocci, the cochineal coccus of Mexico, [249], [250]
• Coccus cacti, [250]
• —— hesperidum of Mexico, [249]
• —— lacca, or lac-insect, [249], [251]
• —— of the coffee tree, [182]
• Cochineal insect, exportation of, forbidden by the Spaniards in Mexico, [250]
• —— —— introduced into the Canary Islands, Spain, and other places, [251]
• —— —— cultivation of the, [250]
• —— —— history of cochineal, [250]
• Cock of the Rock of Guiana (Rupicola aurantia), [351]
• Cockatoo, the, [396]
• —— the great white, [396]
• —— the black of Australia, [396]
• —— cockatoo-killing in Australia, [396]
• Cockroaches (Blattæ), tropical plague of, introduced into England, [233]
• —— the giant cockroach of the tropics (Blatta gigantea), [233]
• —— encounter between a spider and a cockroach, [218]
• Cocoa-nut tree (Cocos nucifera), the [146]
• —— —— —— its abundance in Ceylon, [146]
• —— —— —— its many uses to man, [147]
• —— —— —— cocoa-nut oil and the oil trade, [148]
• —— —— —— toddy made from the, [148]
• —— —— —— timber of the, [148], [149]
• —— —— —— cultivation of the, [149]
• —— —— —— enemies of the, [149]
• Cocos nucifera, the, [146]. See [Cocoa-nut tree]
• —— butyracea, or oil palm-tree of West Africa, [158]
• Cocujas beetle of South America, its luminous qualities, [210]
• Coffee, original home of the plant, [178]
• Coffee, the use of, introduced into Arabia, [178]
• —— history of coffee-drinking, [179]
• —— the first coffee-houses in London and Paris, [179]
• —— present state of coffee production throughout the world, [179], [180]
• —— Brazil, Java, Ceylon, Hayti, and Venezuela, [180]
• —— Mocha coffee, its quality, [180]
• —— mode of cultivation of the coffee-tree, [180]
• —— coffee plantations, [180]
• —— felling trees for coffee plantations in Ceylon, [181]
• —— enemies of the coffee-tree, [180]
• Coir, or cocoa-nut fibre, uses to which it is applied, [148]
• Colobi, the African, [505]
• Colombo, cinnamon gardens of, [198]
• Condamine, M. La, his voyage from Brancamoros to Para, [52]
• —— introduces caoutchouc into Europe, [190]
• Condor, the, of the high table-lands of tropical America, [28], [377]
• —— his marvellous flight, [377]
• —— his food, [377]
• —— modes of capturing him, [377], [378]
• —— compared with the albatross, [378]
• Coniferæ of the slopes of the Sikkim mountains, [83]
• Copris hamadryas, size of the, [205], [206]
• Convolvulus batatas, or sweet potato, [170]
• Coot, the gigantic (Fulica gigantea), of tropical America, [28]
• Coppersmith bird of Ceylon (Megalasara Indica), [373]
• Coral islands, [266]
• —— formation of, [275]
• —— dreary monotony of a coral islander’s life, [289]
• Coral-snake (Elaps corallinus), domesticated in Brazil, [308]
• Coriaceous turtle (Sphargis coriacea), [330]
• Corozo palm (Elæis oleifera), oil of the, [159]
• Corribory of the Australians, [469]
• Cotingas, the, [350]
• Cotton, [189]
• —— cultivation of, [189]
• —— amazing rise of the cotton manufacture, [189]
• —— the cotton harvest, [190]
• —— the cotton trade of India, present and prospective, [190] et seq.
• Couguar, or puma, the, [462]
• —— shown by the Peruvian Indians, [463]
• Counacutchi, or bush-master snake (Lachesis rhombeata), [297]
• Crab, land, [272], [273]
• —— their burrows, [273]
• —— their mode of defence, [274]
• Crabs, fighting, [274]
• —— injuries done by, to the sugar-cane, [177]
• —— short-tailed, [272]
• —— of the tropical seas, [272]
• Crauata de rede (Bromelia sagenaria), cordage made from the, [132]
• Cray-fish, [272]
• Creeping plants, their importance in the deserts of South Africa, [64]
• Crocodiles of the banks of the Amazons, [45]
• —— their torpidity, [332], [340]
• —— food of the, [338]
• —— their friend, the Hyas Ægyptiacus, [339]
• —— fables as to the ichneumon, [339]
• —— their power of fascinating their prey, [340]
• —— their wanderings, [340]
• —— anecdote of one in Ceylon, [341]
• —— their habitat, [337]
• Crotalus horridus, [298]
• —— durissus, [298]
• Crustaceans of the tropics, [272]
• —— decapod, [272]
• Cucurito palm, splendour of the, [161]
• Cynocephali, [509]
• Cynocephalus porcarius, [510]
• —— sphinx, [510]
• Cypræa aurora, [274]
• Dahomey, human sacrifices at, [526]
• Damara Land, reason why droughts are prevalent in, [86]
• Dampier, the bread-fruit first mentioned by, [167]
• —— his account of logwood-cutting and logwood-cutters, [194], [195]
• —— his love for the free life of wood-cutters, [195]
• —— attacked by a Guinea worm, [250]
• Date-palm (Phœnix dactylifera), [154]
• —— —— range of its cultivation, [155]
• —— —— introduced into Spain and Italy, [155]
• —— —— mode of propagation, [155]
• —— —— sanctity of the tree, [155]
• —— —— toddy of the, [155]
• —— —— varieties of dates, [156]
• Decomposition arrested by sand and the winds of the Punas, [25]
• Delabechea, or bottle-tree, of tropical Australia, [138], [139]
• Delebl palms of Kordofan, [158]
• Demerara, the goatsucker of, [355]
• Demoiselle, or Numidian crane (Grus virgo), [362]
• —— the crowned, [362]
• Derryas, the (Cynocephalus hamadryas), formerly regarded with divine honours, [510]
• Desert, the ship of the. See [Camel]
• Dew, causes of, [5]
• Diactor bilineatus, [209]
• Diamond-beetle (Entimus nobilis), used as an ornament, [252]
• Diana monkey (Cercopithecus diana), [506]
• Diodon, the, [272]
• Dioscoreæ, habitat of the, [170]
• Diseases to which the traveller is liable in the Punas, or high table-lands of Peru and Bolivia, [22]
• Dogs, half wild (Canis Ingæ), of the Punas, [28]
• —— eaten by the Polynesians, [281]
• Dolphins, [271]
• Doum-palm (Hyphæne thebaica), [157]
• —— used for the preparation of sherbet, [157]
• Douw, or Burchell’s zebra, [415]
• Dracænas, or dragon-trees, [123]
• —— gigantic ones of the Canary Islands, Madeira, and Porto Santo, [123]
• —— celebrated specimen at Orotava, in Teneriffe, [123]
• Dragons, flying, [317]
• Dragon-trees. See [Dracænas]
• Dromedary. See [Camel]
• Drummer cockroach (Blatta gigantea), [233]
• Du Chaillu, M., his description of the gorilla, [501]
• Duck (Chenalobex jubata) of the Amazons, [46]
• Duiker (Cephalopus mergens), the, of South Africa, [88], [410]
• Durian of the Indian Archipelago, [145]
• Durissus (Crotalus durissus), [298]
• Dutch, their progress in the Indian Ocean and cruel monopolies, [200]
• —— their cultivation of nutmegs and cloves, [199–202]
• Dyaks of Borneo, [263]
• Dyes, tropical vegetable, [192]
• —— indigo, [192], [193]
• —— logwood, [193]
• —— Brazil wood, [195]
• —— arnatto, [195]
• Eagle, the harpy, [380]
• —— his habitat, [380]
• —— his ferocity, [381]
• Eagle, the fishing, of Africa (Haliætus vocifer), [382]
• Earth-hogs of the Cape, [488]
• Echidna, the, or porcupine ant-eater, [488]
• Echinocacti, the, [133]
• Echinocactus nana, or dwarf-cactus, [133]
• —— visnaga, its immense size, [133]
• Elæis gumeensis, or oil palm-tree of West Africa, [158]
• Elands (Boselaphus oreas) of South Africa, [88], [409]
• Electrical eel (Gymnotus electricus), [17]
• —— —— Indian mode of capturing them, [17]
• Elephant, plague of the Soudan fly to the, [231]
• —— his love of solitude, [431]
• —— his senses of smell and of hearing, [432]
• —— his mode of ascending and descending abrupt banks, [432]
• —— his stomach, [433]
• —— his trunk, [433]
• —— uses of his tusks, [433]
• —— his discipline, [434]
• —— his sagacity and devotion, [434]
• —— rogues, [435]
• —— value of the elephant to man, [435]
• —— species of the, [435]
• —— wide range of the African elephant, [435]
• —— mode of hunting him in various countries, [435]
• —— ivory of the African elephant, [436], [439]
• —— cutting up by a negro tribe, [437]
• —— escape of Mr. Oswell, [438]
• —— the Asiatic, [439]
• —— catchers, of Ceylon, [440]
• —— corrals, [441–443]
• Emu of Australia (Dromaius Novæ Hollandiæ), [391]
• Enarea and Caffa, the original home of the coffee plant, [178]
• Entomo phila picta, [370]
• —— albogularis, [370]
• Esmeralda, mosquitoes of, [233]
• Eucalypti of Australia, size of the, [159]
• Euphorbia arborescens of Africa, [122]
• Exocoetus volitans, [271]
• Eyes, acute inflammation of the, in the Puna, [21]
• Falcon (Falco sparverius) of the Peruvian sand-coast, [34], [246]
• Fan palms, crown of the, [161]
• Feejee Islands, verdure of, [6]
• —— —— barbarous mode of treating turtles in the, [329]
• Felidæ of the tropical forests, [446]
• —— of the Old World, [446]
• Ferns of the tropics, [161]
• Fetissism of the negroes, [522]
• Ficus elastica, singular formation of the roots of the, [136], [139]
• —— —— caoutchouc of the, [191]
• Fiery topaz, nest of the, [348]
• Fig, the Indian, the fruit of the melocacti, [134]
• Fig trees, climbing, of Polanarrua, [136]
• —— —— marriage of the fig tree and palm, [137]
• Filaria medinensis, or Guinea worm, [226]
• —— —— its mode of working, [226]
• —— —— method of extracting it, [226]
• Finches of the tropics, [357]
• Fire-ant, the black, of Guiana, [274]
• Fire-flies of the Indian Archipelago, [210]
• Fishes, tropical, [65], [271]
• Fish-catching on a grand scale, [66]
• Fishing-eagle of Africa (Haliætus vocifer), [382]
• Flamingo (Phœnicopterus ruber), [357]
• —— long-legged, of the Puna, [28]
• —— its habits, [357], [361]
• —— its nests, [357]
• Flute-bird of Guiana (Cyphorinus cantans), [357]
• Fly-catcher, crowned (Myoarchus coronatus), of the Peruvian sand-coast, [34]
• Flying-dragons, [317]
• Flying-fishes (Exocœtus volitans, Pterois volitans), [271]
• Flying-foxes (Pteropus), [401]
• Flying-squirrels (Pteromys), [494]
• Forbes, Mr., his narrow escape from a Cobra di Capello, [299]
• Forest, primitive tropical, [53]
• —— its peculiar charms and terrors, [53]
• —— troubles of the botanist in the, [54]
• —— endless varieties of trees in tropical forests, [55]
• —— and of their sites, [56]
• —— lowland forests during the rainy seasons, [57]
• —— a hurricane in, [57]
• —— beauty of the forests after the rainy seasons, [58]
• —— birds of the tropical, [58], [59]
• —— morning, noon, and night in the forests, [59], [60]
• —— first impression of a tropical forest, [292]
• —— exaggerated fears, [293]
• —— few tropical snakes to be seen, [293]
• —— habits and appearance of venomous snakes, [293]
• —— anecdote of the Prince of Neu Wied, [294]
• Forest snakes, death caused by the bite of a Trigonocephalus, [295]
• —— antidotes recommended against serpentine poison, [295]
• —— vipers and rattlesnakes, [297], [298]
• —— the Cobra di Capello, [298]
• —— the asp and viper, [300]
• —— boas and pythons, [301]
• —— enemies of snakes, [302]
• Fox (Canis azaræ), the, of the high table-lands of Peru and Bolivia, [28]
• Fox-tailed monkeys, [513]
• Francisco, San, cordage used on the banks of the river of, [132]
• Frigate-bird, [267]
• —— —— its mode of operation, [267], [268]
• Frog, the Brazilian and Surinam tree, [320]
• Frog-fish, the, [272]
• Fruit trees of the tropics, [145]
• —— —— the chirimoya of Peru, [172]
• —— —— the litchi, [172]
• —— —— the mangosteen, [173]
• —— —— the mango, [173]
• Fungus ant, [239]
• Gad-fly of South America (Œstrus hominis), ulcers produced by the, [225]
• Galapagos, or Tortoise Islands, [321]
• —— singular animal and vegetable life of the, [321]
• Galagos, the, [516]
• Galeopitheci, the, [495]
• Gallinazos, or turkey-buzzards, [378]
• Garapata (Ixodes sanguisuga), a kind of blood-sucking tick, [227]
• Garua, or drizzling mists, of the Peruvian sand-coasts, [32]
• Gasteracantha arcuata, [292]
• Gavials of the Ganges, [333]
• —— their attack of the tiger, [333]
• Gecko, the, [310], [311]
• —— its usefulness to man, [310]
• —— anatomy of its feet, [311]
• —— different species of, [311]
• —— defeats a Tarantula spider, [312]
• Gemsbuck of South Africa (A. Oryx), [88], [410]
• Gibbon, the, described, [503]
• Giraffe, or camelopard, its beauty, [403]
• —— its wide range of vision, [403]
• —— use of its horns, [404]
• —— its gregarious habits, [405]
• —— hunting, [405–408]
• —— his enemies in the forest, [408]
• —— known to the ancients, [408]
• —— analogies between the giraffe and ostrich, [408]
• Glow-worms of Europe, [210]
• —— —— of Sarawak, [211]
• —— —— worn as ornaments, [211]
• —— —— soldiers forced to retreat before them, [211]
• Glyphodons, [272]
• Gnu (Catoblepas gnu), always found near water, [88], [411]
• —— the, of South Africa, [411]
• Goatsucker of Demerara, singular voice of the, [355]
• —— his usefulness, [355]
• —— his food, [356]
• Godin des Odonnais, M., accompanies La Condamine on his voyage, [52]
• Godin, Madame, her adventures, [52]
• Goliath beetles of the coast of Guinea, [206]
• —— —— eaten, [252]
• Golunda coffee-rat, the, [182]
• Gomuti palm (Gomutus vulgaris), wine of the, [150]
• Gorilla, the, [500]
• —— encounter with a, [501]
• Grass, aquatic, on the shores of the Amazons, [45]
• Green turtle (Chelonia midas), [329]
• Grosbeak, the social, [366]
• Gua Gede, cavern of, [270]
• Gua Rongkop, cave of, and its esculent swallows’ nests, [270]
• Guadeloupe, tornado in, [9]
• Guadua bamboo, its importance in New Grenada and Quito, [130]
• Guama, Rio, singular vegetation on the banks of the, [137]
• Guana, great American, [314]
• Guanas of the Bahama Islands, [315]
• —— used as food, [315]
• Guano beds of sea-birds, [35]
• Guano Island, a, [30]
• Guano or Chincha Islands, [35]
• Guarana Indians, importance of the Mauritia palm to the, [18]
• —— —— their singular habitations, [18]
• Gudgeon, close-eyed (Periophthalmus, or Jumping Johnny, of the mangrove swamps), [141]
• Guiana, beauty of the vegetation of the banks of the rivers of, after the rainy season, [58]
• —— birds of, [58], [350], [352]
• —— Goliath beetles of, [206]
• —— musical toad of, [320]
• Guinea worm (Filaria medinensis), [226]
• Gull, Quiulla (Larus serranus) of the Puna, [28]
• Gumatty, or fibres of the saguer palm, [151]
• Gutta percha, or gutta tuban (Icosandra gutta), its native country, [191]
• Gutta percha, its introduction into Europe, [191]
• —— —— Malay mode of collecting the gum, [191]
• —— —— properties of gutta percha, [192]
• —— —— uses of gutta percha, [192]
• —— —— supply of gutta percha, [192]
• Guayaquil, perennial rainy season of, [6]
• Gymnotus electricus, [17]
• Haje (Naja Haje), of Egypt, [300]
• —— probably the asp of the ancients, [300]
• Harpy eagle (Thrasaëtes harpya), [380]
• Hau, or Bow Island, [289]
• —— —— —— dreary monotony of a life at, [289]
• —— —— —— laziness of the natives of, [289]
• —— —— —— their customs, [290]
• Hawk, the sparrow, of Africa (Melierca musicus), [383]
• Hawksbill turtle (Chelonia imbricata), [329]
• Hercules beetles (Megasomina Hercules) of torrid America, [206]
• Hill-star, white-sided, [347]
• Hippopotamus, the Behemoth of the Book of Job, [417]
• —— its diminishing numbers, [417]
• —— its ugliness, [418]
• —— description of it, [418]
• —— ‘rogue hippopotami,’ or ‘bachelors,’ [419]
• —— intelligence and memory of the hippopotamus, [419]
• —— uses of its skin and teeth, [420]
• —— methods of killing it, [422]
• Hog, the chief enemy of the rattlesnake, [290]
• Honduras, mahogany trees of, [129]
• Honey-ants of Mexico (Myrmecocystus Mexicanus), their singular habits, [240]
• Honey-eaters of Australia (Melithreptes), [369], [375]
• —— their nests, [369]
• Hottentots, fondness of the lion for the flesh of, [448]
• Howling monkey, or aluates, [512]
• Huachua goose (Chloéphaga melanoptera), [28]
• Huallaga river, a tributary of the Amazons, [37]
• Huanacu, the, of Peru, [24]
• Humming-birds, [342], [346]
• —— —— their wide range over the New World, [343]
• —— —— their habits, [349]
• —— —— their courage, [349]
• —— —— their enemies, [363]
• Huniman, the (Semnopithecus entellus), [504]
• Hurricanes, [9]
• Hyæna, the, [463]
• —— hunting, [463], [464]
• —— varieties of the, [465]
• Hyphæne coriacea of Port Natal, [160]
• —— Thebaica, or doum palm, [157]
• Ibises, [357]
• —— of Egypt, [361]
• Iça river, a tributary of the Amazons, [37]
• Icebergs, wanderings of, [266]
• Ichneumon, or mongoos, his destruction of venomous serpents, [304], [305]
• Icosandra Gutta, furnishes the gutta percha of commerce, [191]
• Iguana tuberculata, [314]
• Illanuns of Mindanao, [256]
• India, bamboos of, [130]
• —— the indigo of, [192], [193]
• India-rubber tree (Ficus elastica), singular formation of the roots of the, [139]. See [Caoutchouc]
• Indian forests, the Nepenthes of the, [12]
• Indians, wild, of tropical America, [62]
• —— Botocudo Indians attacking a jaguar, [62]
• —— physical conformation and moral characteristics of the Indians of tropical America, [63], [64]
• —— their powers of endurance, [63]
• —— their stoical indifference and taciturnity, [65]
• —— their means of subsistence, [65]
• —— not permitted to marry till they prove their ability in the chase, [67]
• —— their clothing, [68]
• —— their painting, tattooing, and religion, [69]
• —— the moon as the abode of abundance, [69]
• —— the Botuto, or holy trumpet, [70]
• —— the Indians of Brazil and Guiana, [70]
• —— vindictive ferocity of the Ottomachas, [71]
• —— the extinct tribes of the Atures, [72]
• —— dwellings of the Indians, [73]
• —— tattooing, [74]
• —— horrid custom of disinterment, [74]
• —— the Purupurus and their skin disease, [75]
• —— their palhetas, [75]
• —— the Mandrucus and Parentintins, [76]
• —— the Caribs and Botocudos, [76], [77]
• —— work of the women in their migrations, [78]
• —— the evil spirit Tanchon, [78]
• —— similarity of the North American Indians to the Bedouin Arabs, [119]
• Indigo plant (Indigofera tinctoria), Bengalese cutting the plant, [192], [193]
• —— —— mode of cultivation, [192]
• —— —— and of preparing the colour, [193]
• Insects, tropical, size of the, [205]
• —— of the Sikkim mountains, [84]
• —— of the tropical world, [205]
• —— insect plagues, [221]
• —— the universal dominion of, [221]
• —— mosquitoes, [222]
• —— the Œstrus hominis, [225]
• —— the chegoe, pique, or jigger, [225]
• —— Filaria medinensis, [226]
• —— the bête rouge, [227]
• —— blood-sucking ticks, [227]
• —— land-leeches of Ceylon, [228]
• —— the tsetse-fly, [229]
• —— the Tsalt-salya, or zimb, [230]
• —— the Soudan fly, [230]
• —— the locust, [231]
• —— cockroaches, [233]
• —— tropical insects directly useful to man, [234]
• —— ants of the tropics, [234]
• —— silk-worms, [249]
• —— cochineal, [250], [251]
• —— the gum-lac insect, [251]
• —— eaten by man, [251]
• —— worn as ornaments, [252]
• —— similarity of some to the soil or object on which they are found; the walking-leaf and walking-stick insects, [208]
• —— luminous, [210]
• —— ants and termites, [234], [241]
• —— spiders and scorpions, [211], [218]
• Island of Ascension, [328]
• —— Banda, [199], [200]
• —— Ceylon, [146]
• —— Madeira, [123]
• Islands:—
• —— Bahamas, [328]
• —— Coral, [266], [275]
• —— Feejee, [329]
• —— Galapagos or Tortoise, [321]
• —— Keeling, [329]
• —— Kingsmill, [6]
• —— Sandwich, [281]
• —— Tortoise or Galapagos, [321]
• Jacana (Parra jacana), the, or surgeon-bird, [358]
• Jackal, the, of the Sahara, [456]
• Jagua Palm, elegance of the, [160]
• Jaguar (Gueparda jubata, guttata), [458]
• —— his habits in the impenetrable forests of South America, [459]
• —— his boldness, [458]
• —— hunting, [459]
• Jaguar said to possess the power of fascination, [462]
• Jamaica, pimento of, [203]
• Jaguarundi (Felis jaguarundi), [463]
• Java sparrow, or rice-bird (Loxia oryzivora), [164]
• —— extent of the coffee culture in, [181]
• —— the mormolyce of, [210]
• Javanese mormolyce, [209]
• Jelly-fish of the tropics, [274]
• Jiboya, or boa constrictor, [301]
• Jigger of the West Indies (Pulex penetrans), [225]
• Job, his description of Behemoth, [417]
• Jriarteas, roots of the, [143]
• Junghuhn, his explorations in Java, [154]
• Jungle-fowl (Megapodius tumulus), mound-like nest of the, [373]
• Jurua river, a tributary of the Amazons, [37]
• Jutay river, a tributary of the Amazons, [37]
• Kaffirs, their acuteness, [519]
• Kalahari, causes of drought in the, [85], [86]
• —— abundance of vegetation in the, [86]
• —— singular and useful plants of the, [87]
• —— Bushmen and Bakalahari of the, [88], [89]
• Kalongs, or fox-bats, of Java, [491]
• Kangaroo, Australians hunting the, [473], [474]
• Kaross, or skin dress of the deserts of South Africa, [92]
• Keeling Island, method of catching turtles on, [329]
• Kengwe (Cucumis Caffer), of the Kalahari, [87]
• Kilda, St., intrepidity of the natives of, [270]
• Kingsmill Islands, perennial rainy season of the, [6]
• Klippspringer (Oreofragus saltatrix), [411]
• Klipdachs, the, [382]
• Koodoo (A. Strepsiceros), of South Africa, [88], [411]
• Kordofan, baobab trees of, [103]
• —— delebl palms of, [158]
• Kunthia montana, height at which it will grow, [160]
• —— sent on rafts from Canton to Pekin, for the Emperor, [173]
• Lac, or gum-lac, [251]
• —— insect, the, [251]
• Lamellicorns, tropical, [205]
• Land-crabs, [272]
• Land leeches of Ceylon, [228]
• Lar, the, of Siam and Malacca, [503]
• Lauricocha, mountain lake of, [36]
• Leaf-like insects, [208], [209]
• Lecaniun coffeæ, or coccus of the coffee tree, [182]
• Leeches, land, of Ceylon, the plague of, [228]
• Leguminosas of tropical forests, [81]
• Lemur, slow-paced, [516]
• —— handed, [516]
• Leopard, the, [457]
• —— the hunting leopard, or cheetah, [458]
• Leucopholis bimaculata, [207]
• Libellula lucretia, a South American dragon-fly, [267]
• Licli, the, a bird of the Puna, [28]
• Lion, not a noble animal, [448]
• —— his conflicts with travellers on Mount Atlas, [447]
• —— his fondness for the flesh of the Hottentot, [448]
• —— hunting, [449]
• —— different species of the, [453]
• Litchi (Nephelium litchi), of China and Cochin China, [172]
• Lithophytes, or stone polyps, [275]
• Livingstone, Dr., his adventure with a lion, [450]
• Lizards of the Peruvian sand-coast, [35]
• —— their vast numbers in the tropics, [310]
• —— the gecko, [311]
• —— the anolis, [310], [312]
• —— chameleons, [313]
• —— iguanas, [314]
• —— guanas, [314]
• —— monitor-lizard, [315]
• —— water-lizards, [316]
• —— flying-dragons, [317], [318]
• —— the basilisk, [318]
• —— peculiar, of the Galapagos Islands, [321]
• Llama, its use to the ancient Peruvians, [23]
• —— the only animal domesticated by the aboriginal Americans, [23]
• —— its similarity to the dromedary of the Old World, [23]
• Llanos, the, of Venezuela and New Grenada, their extent, [11]
• —— their aspect in the dry season, [11]
• —— torpor of animal life in the, [13]
• —— and in the rainy season, [17]
• —— their appearance at the end of the rainy period, [18]
• Locust (Gryllus migratorius), description of the, [231]
• Locusts, vast numbers of them, [231]
• —— superstition of the Moslems respecting them, [231]
• —— Southey’s description of them, [232]
• —— eaten by man in the Sahara and South Africa, [251]
• Lodoicea Sechellarum, nuts of the, [154]
• Loggerhead turtle (Chelonia caouana), [331]
• Logwood, value of, [193]
• —— a native of America, [193]
• —— logwood cutters, their mode of life, [194]
• —— disputes with the Spaniards, [194]
• Lomas, or chains of hills, which bound the east of the sand-coast of Peru, [33]
• —— the pasture-grounds of the Lomeros, [33]
• —— beasts of prey in the Lomas, [33]
• Lonthoir, nutmeg trees of, [228]
• Loris, the, [516]
• Luminous beetles, [210]
• Lum tree of Ualan, singular formation of the roots of the, [143]
• Lybian desert, mirage of the, [13]
• Lyre-bird, [362]
• Maca, a tuberous plant, cultivated by the Indians in the high table-lands of Peru and Bolivia, [23]
• Macauba palm trees, encased by parasitic fig trees, [137]
• Macaw, or Ara (Macrocercus macao), [397]
• Mace of commerce, [202]
• Maco Indians, [70]
• Macus Indians, urari or wourali poison prepared by the, [68]
• Madagascar, traveller-tree of (Ravenala speciosa), uses of the, [169]
• Madeira river, a tributary of the Amazons, [37]
• Mahogany tree (Swietenia mahagoni) of British Honduras and Balize, [129]
• —— —— value of the wood of the, [129]
• Maimon monkey, [509]
• Maize, cultivation of, [165]
• —— imported from America by Columbus, [165]
• —— its present cultivation in the eastern hemisphere, [165]
• —— its magnificent growth, [165]
• —— its enormous productiveness, [165]
• —— the harvest of, [166]
• —— its wide zone of cultivation, [166]
• Maldive Isles, mysterious nuts of the [154]
• Malayan race, the, [253]
• Malayan race, physical conformation of, [253]
• —— their betel-chewing, [254]
• —— their manners and customs, [254]
• —— accounts of them by travellers, [254]
• —— their intelligence and civilisation, [255]
• —— Rajah Brooke’s account of them, [255]
• —— their daring piratical excursions, [256]
• —— inveterate gamblers, [257]
• —— the Illanuns of Mindanao and the Balagnini of the vicinity of Sooloo, [256]
• —— their fondness for cock-fighting, [257]
• —— running a-muck, [258]
• —— bad agriculturists and artisans, but excellent sportsmen, [258]
• —— their ignorance, and its results, [259]
• —— knowledge and civilization of the Battas, [259]
• —— their cannibalism, and its origin, [259]
• —— men eaten alive, [260]
• —— the Begus, or evil spirits, [260]
• —— the religious feelings of the people, [261]
• —— their aërial dwellings, [261]
• —— funeral ceremonies of the Battas, [262]
• —— the Dyaks of Borneo, and their customs, [263]
• —— their head houses and atrocious murders, [263]
• —— the same atrocities of other islanders, [263]
• —— customs of the Minkokas of Celebes, [263]
• —— their sumpitans, or blow-pipes, [264]
• —— their houses and villages, [264]
• —— their hospitality and truthfulness, [264]
• —— Mrs. Ida Pfeiffer’s account of them, [265]
• Malay bear (Ursus malayanus), its love of cocoa-nuts, [149]
• Manakins (Pipra) of Guiana and Brazil, [351]
• Mandrill, the, [509], [510]
• Mandioca root, [169]
• Mandrucu Indians, [76]
• Mango (Mangifera indica), fruit of the, [173]
• —— varieties grown at Kew gardens, [173]
• Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana), [173]
• —— its flowers and delicious fruit, [173]
• Mangrove tree (Rhizophora gymnorrhiza, R. Mangle), [140]
• Mangrove tree, its peculiarities of growth and adaptation to its site, [140]
• —— —— its importance in furthering the growth of land, [140], [141]
• —— —— animal life in the mangrove forests, [141–143]
• Manis pentadactyla, [482], [485]
• Mantichora mygaloides, [205]
• Mantis, or soothsayer, its habits, [208], [209]
• —— names by which it is known, [209]
• Mantides, [208]
• Mantis religiosa, [209]
• Maquiritani Indians, [70]
• Marajo Island, size of the, [38]
• Marañon river. See [Amazons]
• Marantea arundinacea, arrowroot made from the, [170]
• Marimonda, the (Ateles Belzebub), [513]
• Mauritia palm, [18], [19]
• —— —— its importance to the South American Indian, [19]
• Mauritius, tornado in, [9]
• —— cultivation of nutmegs in, [201]
• Maysunah, song of, [109]
• Medanos, or sand hillocks, of the coast of Peru, [32]
• Mediterranean, the Cactus Opuntia of the, [134]
• Melocacti, the pulp of the, [134]
• Menura, or lyre-bird, [362]
• Menzaleh, Lake, flamingoes caught in nets on the banks of, [361]
• Mesembryanthemum, its admirable adaptation to the deserts of Africa, [87]
• —— various kinds of, [87]
• Mexico, Gulf of, influence of the heated plains of, in deflecting the trade-winds, [8]
• —— geological formation of, [79]
• —— the tierra caliente, or lowlands of, [80]
• —— vegetable and animal life of, [81]
• —— the tierra templada, [81]
• —— the tierra fria, [82]
• —— the Agave Americana of, [132]
• —— the pulque of, [132]
• —— cultivation of vanilla in, [184]
• —— the honey ant of, [240]
• Millet (Sorghum vulgare), cultivation of, [166]
• Mimosas of the tropics, their beauty, [134]
• Minkokas of Celebes, customs of the, [263]
• Mirage in the llanos in the dry season, [13]
• —— causes of the, [13]
• Miriki monkey (Ateles hypoxanthus) of Brazil, [67]
• Mocking-bird of Mexico (Cassicus persicus), [354]
• Mokuri plant, its importance to the inhabitants of the Kalahari, [87]
• Molluscs of the tropics, [274]
• Mongoos, or ichneumon, [304], [305]
• Monitor-lizard (Tejus monitor), [102], [315]
• Monkey-bread tree. See [Baobab]
• Monkeys and apes of the primitive forests, [496]
• —— their destruction of the sugar-cane, [176]
• —— of the Old World, [496]
• —— their climbing powers, [497]
• —— bad pedestrians, [497]
• —— contrasted and compared with man, [498]
• —— the chimpanzee, [499]
• —— the gorilla, [500–502]
• —— the uran, or wild man of the woods, [502]
• —— gibbons, [503]
• —— the semnopitheci, [504]
• —— the proboscis monkey, [504]
• —— the huniman, [504]
• —— the wanderoos of Ceylon, [505]
• —— the colobi and cercopitheci, [505]
• —— the magots of Gibraltar, [508]
• —— the baboon, [508], [509]
• —— the maimon, [509]
• —— the mandrill and drill, [509]
• —— wide difference between the monkeys of the New and Old World, [511]
• —— the aluate, or howling monkey, [512]
• —— the spider monkey, [512], [513]
• —— sakis, or fox-tailed monkeys, [513]
• Monsoon, the north-east, [17]
• —— the south-west, [8]
• —— effects of the sea monsoon on the ordinary course of the trade-winds, [8]
• Montgomery, Mr., his introduction of gutta percha into Europe, [191]
• Mora excelsa of the forests of Guiana, description of the, [129]
• —— nest of the toucan in the, [129]
• Mormolyce, the Javanese, [210]
• Mountain-taro, its habitat, [171]
• Mosquitoes, [222]
• —— of the Amazons, [45]
• —— ferocious, of the river Seuza, [222]
• —— and of tropical America, [222]
• —— migration of, [224]
• Moth, Atlas, of Ceylon, [207]
• Mule, the ‘ship of the desert’ in Peru, [31]
• Mulgrave Archipelago, importance of the screw pine of the, [133]
• Musa paradisaica, [167]
• Musa sapientum, [167]
• —— textilis, [169]
• Musaceæ, the, [167], [169]
• —— various uses of, [169]
• Musk-deer on the slopes of the Sikkim mountains, [84]
• Mutasen, the Caliph El, story of, [111]
• Mygales, or trap-door spiders, [218]
• Myrtus pimenta, [203]
• Naja Haje of Egypt, [300]
• Namaqua country, reason why droughts are prevalent in the, [86]
• Negro, Rio, a tributary of the Amazons, [37]
• —— —— cause of its name, [39]
• Negroes, causes of the inferiority of their civilisation, [518]
• —— natural capabilities of the negroes, [519]
• —— difficulty arising from the geographical position of Africa, [520]
• —— and from the political position of it, [521]
• —— Mahometanism and fetissism, [523]
• —— their diseases attributed by the fetissist to ‘possession,’ [525]
• —— their belief in sorcery, [525]
• —— their chief religious observances, [526]
• —— human sacrifices in Ashantee and Dahomey, [526], [527]
• —— provision for the wants of the dead, [527]
• —— painting or tattooing the body, [528]
• —— the disfigurement of the pelélé, [528]
• —— authority of the priest, conjuror, or medicine man among them, [529]
• —— offerings to the sea at Bonny, [530]
• —— idleness of the negroes, [531]
• —— style of saltation in East Africa, [532]
• —— African slavery, and a slave-hunting expedition, [533]
• —— a slave caravan at Chartum, [534]
• —— belief of, respecting death, [74]
• Nelumbias of the tropics, [137]
• Nepenthes, the, of the East Indian forests, [12]
• Noddy bird (Sterna stolida), its attacks on the cocoa-nut tree, [149]
• Nopal (Cactus opuntia), the, of the shores of the Mediterranean, [134]
• Nutmegs, cultivation of, confined by the Dutch to Banda, Lonthoir, and Pulo Aij, [199], [200]
• —— their present extended range, in Sumatra, Mauritius, Bourbon, and Ceylon, [201]
• —— description of the tree, [201]
• Nutmegs, mode of cultivation, [202]
• Nyctopitheci, or nocturnal monkeys, [514]
• Nylghau, the (A. picta), [412]
• Nymphæas of the tropics, [137]
• Obydos, Strait of, [37]
• Ocelot (Felis pardalis), the, [463]
• Odontolabris Cuvera, of China, [205], [206]
• Œnocarpus disticha, oil of the, [159]
• Œstrus hominis, [225]
• Oil made from palm trees of West Africa, [157], [158]
• —— of the Corozo palm, [159]
• —— of the Œnocarpus disticha, [160]
• Opossum of the sand-coast of Peru, [34]
• Orchids, flowering, of the slopes of Sikkim, [83]
• Orellana, Francis, his voyage and treachery to Pizarro, on the Amazons [51]
• Organist bird (Troglodytes leucophrys), [356]
• —— his song, [356]
• Oricou, or sociable vulture (Vultur auricularis), [381]
• Origma rubricata, [370]
• Orinoco river, [37]
• Oriolus varius, [352]
• —— nest of the, [353]
• Orotava, in Teneriffe, gigantic dragon tree near, [123]
• Oscollo (Felis celigaster), the, [463]
• Ostrich, its endurance of thirst, [75]
• —— mode of hunting it, [368]
• —— its speed, [385]
• —— mode of catching it, [386]
• —— its stratagem for protecting its young, [386]
• —— its enemies, [386]
• —— its young, [387]
• —— its resemblance to the camel, [387]
• —— its voracity, [388]
• —— its feathers, [388]
• —— domesticated in Algeria, [388]
• —— analogies between the giraffe and ostrich, [408]
• —— an Arab Legend respecting it, [389],[390]
• Ottomacas Indians, [70]
• —— become ‘dirt-eaters,’ [71]
• —— the country they inhabit, [71]
• Ouistitis, or squirrel monkeys, [515]
• Owl, burrowing (Athene cunicularia), of the Peruvian sand-coast, [34]
• —— the pearl, of the same region, [34]
• Pacific Ocean, limits of the trade-winds in the, [4]
• Pacific Ocean, causes of the distribution of rain on the Pacific off Central America, [8]
• —— —— violent tropical storms of, [9]
• Palhetas of the Purupurus, [75]
• Pallah (Antilope melampus), always found near water, [88]
• Palm-martin (Paradoxus typus or Pougouni), its fondness for cocoa-nuts, [147]
• —— stalks of, used as arrows, [67]
• Palm-squirrel (Sciurus palmarum), its fondness for cocoa-nuts, [149]
• Palm trees, [146]
• —— the cocoa-nut tree, [146]
• —— the sago palm, [150]
• —— the saguer or gomuti, [150]
• —— the areca palm, [151]
• —— the palmyra palm, [151]
• —— the talpot or talipot palm, [153]
• —— cocoa de mer, [153]
• —— date palms, [154]
• —— doum palms, [157]
• —— oil palms, [157], [158]
• —— the Carnauba (Corypha cerifera), [158]
• —— the Ceroxylon andicola, [159]
• —— the cabbage palm, [159]
• —— the corozo, [159]
• —— the pirijao and piaçava palms, [160]
• —— cabeza di negro, [160]
• —— different physiognomy of palms according to their heights, [160]
• —— position and form of their fronds, [160]
• Palma Real of the Havana, beauty of the, [161]
• Palmyra palm (Borassus flabelliformis), extent of its range, [151]
• —— —— its uses to man, [151], [152]
• —— treatment of the toddy-drawer, [152]
• Pangolin, the Indian (Manis pentadactyla), [482], [485]
• Panther, the, [457]
• Pao Barrigudo (Chorisia ventricosa), singular shape of the, [134]
• Paper, Chinese, material of which it is made, [131]
• —— made from the talipot tree of Ceylon, [153]
• Papuans, their dwelling-places, [276]
• —— their physical and moral characteristics, [276], [277]
• —— compared with the Malays, [277]
• —— their food and clothing, [277], [278]
• —— their immense houses in New Guinea, [278]
• —— their political institutions, [279]
• —— their agriculture and weapons, [279]
• —— their mode of fighting, [279]
• —— future prospects of the race, [280]
• Para, perennial rainy season of, [6]
• Para, population of, [49]
• Paradise, great bird of (P. apoda), [363], [364]
• —— fables respecting, [364]
• Paradoxus typus or Pougouni, [134]
• Paraguay, constant east winds of, [5]
• Parentintin Indians, [76]
• Paroquets, or parakeets, [398]
• —— ring and green, [398]
• Parrots of the Peruvian sand-coasts, [34]
• —— their peculiar manner of climbing, [392]
• —— their resemblance to monkeys, [392]
• —— their food, [393]
• —— their sociability, [393]
• —— their connubial love, [394]
• —— their powers of mimicry, [394]
• —— African (Psittacus erithacus), [394]
• —— his dreams and memory, [395]
• —— American Indian mode of catching them, [395]
• —— various species of them, [395], [396]
• —— the colours of, artificially changed, [396]
• Parsley, a deadly poison to parrots, [416]
• Pasco, Cerro de, [37]
• Peacock, Javanese, the, [360]
• Pebas, heavy fall of rain at, [8]
• Peireskia of the Lake of Titicaca, [134]
• Pepper, [202]
• —— description of the vine, [202]
• —— mode of cultivation, [202]
• —— its habitat, [202]
• —— the black and white sorts, [202]
• Peradenia, india-rubber trees of the garden of, [139]
• Peru, the Puna, or high table-lands of, [20]
• —— Puna chases in the times of the Incas, [27]
• —— the Lomas of, [33]
• —— the sand-coast of, [29]
• —— extreme dryness of the soil in the northern coast districts of, [33]
• —— animal world of the coast, [33]
• —— the Guano or Chincha Islands, [35]
• Peruvian stream, influence of the, on climate, [36]. See [Amazons]
• Pfeiffer, Mrs. Ida, her account of the Malays, [265]
• Phasmas, the herbivorous, [208], [209]
• Pheasant, Argus, [360]
• Phœnix dactylifera, or date palm, [153]
• Phylliums, the herbivorous, [208], [209]
• Phyllosomas, [272]
• Phyllostomidæ, [492]
• —— their food, [492]
• Physalia, or ‘Portuguese man-of-war,’ [274], [275]
• Phytelephas (Cabeza di Negro), hard white nuts of the, [160]
• Piaçava palm (Attalia funifera), uses of the nuts and fibres of the, [160]
• Pichiciago (Chlamyphorus truncatus), of the Andes, [488]
• Pig-faced baboon, [510]
• Pimento, or allspice (Myrtus pimenta), [203]
• —— cultivation of the plant, [203]
• —— its habitat, [203]
• Pine-apple (Bromelia ananas), its abundance in Brazil, [132]
• Pines, the screw, of the East Indian and South Sea Isles, [133]
• —— their importance to the inhabitants of the Mulgrave Archipelago, [133]
• Pippul tree of India. See [Bo tree]
• Pipra, the, [366]
• Pique, or Jigger, of the West Indies, (Pulex penetrans), [225]
• Pitcairn Island, storm and famine in, [9]
• Plantain (Musapara disiaca), its importance as food, [167]
• —— luxuriance of the plant, [168]
• Podada tree of the river banks of Borneo, [210]
• Polanarrua, climbing fig trees of, [136], [137]
• Polynesian fishermen, [276]
• —— race, the, [280]
• —— their degree of civilisation, [281]
• —— their physical characteristics, [281]
• —— their languages, [281]
• —— their cultivation of the taro, [281]
• —— food of the various classes, [281]
• —— their intoxicating beverage, kava, [282]
• —— their dresses of tapa, [282]
• —— their desire for adornment, [282]
• —— their canoes and basket-work, [282]
• —— their joiners’ work, [283]
• —— admirable swimmers, [283]
• —— their dwellings, [284]
• —— their form of government, [284]
• —— the Tabu, [285]
• —— the Polynesian gods, [286], [287]
• —— their infanticide, [286]
• —— influence of European customs, [288], [289]
• Pongo de Manseriche, defile of, [36]
• Porcupine ant-eater (Echidna hystrix), [488]
• Pororocca, or spring-tide wave of the Amazons, [38]
• ‘Portuguese man-of-war,’ [275]
• Potato, the Spanish or sweet (Convolvulus batatas), [170]
• —— its spontaneous multiplication, [170]
• —— propagation of, [170]
• Pothos family of epiphytes of the tropical forests, [137]
• —— beauty of the leaves, [137]
• Prêcheur insect, [209]
• Prie Dieu, Le, insect, [209]
• Priest, conjuror, or medicine man of the negroes, [529]
• Proboscis monkey, the (Semnopithecus nasicus), [504]
• Pterois volitans, [271]
• Ptilotus sonorus, [370]
• Pulex penetrans of the West Indies, [225]
• Pulque, or Mexican agave wine, [132]
• Puma, or couguar, in the high table-lands of tropical America, [28], [462]
• Puna, or ‘Uninhabited’ high table-lands of Peru and Bolivia, [20]
• —— their contrast with the Llanos, [20]
• —— violent changes in their temperature, [21]
• —— plagues of the Puna, [21]
• —— vegetable life of the, [22]
• —— animal life, [23–28]
• —— chases in the times of the Incas, [27]
• —— beasts of prey of the, [28]
• —— birds of the, [28]
• —— flocks and herds of the Puna valleys, [28]
• —— the mountain valleys, [28]
• Purus, river, a tributary of the Amazons, [37]
• Quagga, the, of South Africa, [414]
• Queñua tree (Polylepis racemosa) in the Puna, [23]
• Quito, perennial rainy season of, [6]
• Rain, abundance and distribution of, within the torrid zone, [4]
• —— causes which produce an abundance or want of, [4]
• —— heavy afternoon showers of the zone of calms, [6]
• —— zone of two distinct rainy seasons, [7]
• —— and of one rainy season, [7]
• —— immense quantity of, in the tropics, [8]
• —— no rain in the northern coast-districts of Peru, [35]
• —— the garua or drizzling rain of Peru, [32]
• Rarotonga Island, devastation of, by a tropical storm, [9]
• Rat, its attacks on the cocoa-nut tree, [149]
• —— its destructive ravages in sugar plantations, [177]
• —— the Golunda, or coffee rat, [182]
• Ratans, their immense length, [154]
• —— uses of, [154]
• Rat-snake of Ceylon (Coryphodon Blumenbachii), domesticated, [308]
• —— its agility in seizing its prey, [308]
• Rattlesnakes, [297], [298]
• —— their rattle, [298]
• —— different species, [298]
• —— their chief enemy, [298]
• —— eaten by Indians, [298]
• Reedbok (Electragos arundinaceus), [410]
• Red River, mosquitoes of, [233]
• Rehoboth, larvæ of locusts in myriads at, [255]
• Reptiles of the Peruvian sand-coast, [41]
• —— of the tropics, [310]
• Rhamphastidæ, [360]
• Rhea Americana, [390]
• —— Darwinii, [390]
• Rhinoceros, the, its brutality and stupidity, [423]
• —— different species of, [423]
• —— food and dispositions of the black and white kinds, [424]
• —— their ugliness, [424]
• —— their size, [424]
• —— their acuteness of smell and hearing, [425]
• —— defective vision, [425]
• —— their friend the Buphaga Africana, [425]
• —— their paroxysms of rage, [426]
• —— their nocturnal habits, [426]
• —— rhinoceros-hunting and its perils, [427]
• —— the Indian rhinoceros, [429]
• —— the Sumatran kind, [430]
• —— the Javanese rhinoceros, [430]
• —— mode of killing it, [430]
• Rhinolophi, or horse-shoe bats, [493]
• Rhododendron nivale, great elevation at which it grows, [84]
• Rhododendrons, region of the Alpine, in the Sikkim mountains, [83]
• Rice (Oryza sativa), [165]
• —— original seat of its cultivation, [165]
• —— various aspects of the rice-fields at different seasons, [164]
• Rice-bird or Java sparrow (Loxia oryzivora), [164]
• Rivers of the tropics:—
• —— Amazons, [5] et seq.
• —— Barima, Upper, [130]
• —— Berbice, [137]
• —— Coary, [37]
• —— Guama, [137]
• —— Huallaga, [37]
• —— Iça, [37]
• —— Jurua, [37]
• —— Jutay, [37]
• —— Madeira, [37]
• —— Marañon, [5] et seq.
• —— Negro, [37], [46]
• Rivers of the tropics, continued:—
• —— Orinoco, [37]
• —— Purus, [37]
• —— Tapajos, [38]
• —— Teffee, [37]
• —— Tunguragua, [36]
• —— Ucayale, [37]
• —— Xanavi, [37]
• —— Xingu, [38]
• —— Yapura, [37]
• —— prolific quality of the rivers of South America, [66]
• Rock-warbler of Australia, [371]
• Roots of trees, singular formation of the, [143]
• Ruby-throated humming-bird, [349]
• Ruminants, tropical, [399]
• Sacrifices, human, of the negroes, [527]
• Sago-palm (Sagus farmiferus), the, of the Indian Archipelago, [150]
• —— —— treatment of the, [150]
• —— —— mushrooms growing on the, [150]
• Saguer, or Gomuti palm (Gomutus vulgaris), uses to which it is put, [150]
• Sahara, the, [4], [93]
• —— constant drought of the, [4]
• —— north-easterly winds of, [5]
• —— its uncertain limits, [93]
• —— its desolate appearance, [94]
• —— chasms and mountain streams, [94]
• —— deposits of salt, [94]
• —— the oases of the wilderness, [94]
• —— tribes of the Sahara, [94]
• —— contrast between the sterile desert and the oases, [95]
• —— grandeur of the desert scene, [95]
• —— its fascination for the traveller, [96]
• —— sandspouts, or trombs, in it, [97]
• —— the simoom, [98]
• —— sandspouts, [97], [98]
• —— the chase of the gazelle in the, [101]
• —— animals of, [101], [102]
• —— periodical rains of the, [103]
• —— the Tuaregs and Tibbos of the, [103]
• —— caravans of the, [103]
• —— barrier caused by the desert to civilisation, [521]
• Saïmiris monkey, the, [514]
• Sakis, or fox-tailed monkeys, [513]
• Sand-reed (Ammophila arundinacea), of the coasts of the Kalapari, [87]
• Sandwich Islands, verdure of, [6]
• —— Islanders, food of the, [281]
• Saüba, or Coushie ant (Oecodoma cephalotes), [236]
• —— —— —— the enemy of the banana and cassava plantations, [236]
• Savannahs of South America during the dry season, [13]
• —— a savannah on fire, [14]
• —— their aspect during the rainy season, [15]
• —— and at the end of the rainy period, [15]
• Saw-bill humming-bird, [317]
• Scalaria pretiosa, [274]
• Schomburgk, Richard, his discovery of the Victoria Regia, [137]
• Scorpions, immense size of, in the torrid zone, [218]
• —— fatal effects of their bite, [219]
• —— their habitat, [219]
• —— their suicidal propensities, [219]
• —— their ferocity and cruelty, [220]
• Scotophilus Coromandelicus, the, [494]
• Screw-pines. See [Pines]
• Sea-birds, tropical, [267]
• —— of the Peruvian sand-coast, [35]
• —— arctic, [266]
• Seals of the Peruvian sand-coast, [35]
• Secretary-bird, his destruction of snakes, [302]
• Secretary-eagle (Serpentarius cristatus), his destruction of snakes, [302]
• Semnopitheci, the, [504]
• Senegambia, light-coloured races at, [522]
• Sensitive plants of Brazil, [135]
• Sericornis citreogularis, [370], [371]
• Serpents. See [Snakes]
• Shark, the white, his ferocity, [271]
• Sherbet, the doum palm used for the preparation of, [157]
• Ship of the desert. See [Camel]
• Siamang of Sumatra, the, [503]
• Sikkim mountains, slopes of the, [82]
• —— —— sylvan wonders of the, [82]
• —— —— changes of the forests on ascending, [83]
• —— —— the torrid zone of vegetation, [83]
• —— —— the temperate zone, [84]
• —— —— the coniferous belt, [84]
• —— —— limits of arboreal vegetation, [84]
• —— —— animal life, [84]
• —— —— firing the jungle in, [131]
• Silk-worm (Bombyx mori), its importance to man, [249]
• —— antiquity of silk in China, [249]
• —— silk of other worms, [249]
• Simoom, the, of the Sahara, [98], [99]
• Sloth, the, [477]
• —— his miserable appearance, [477]
• —— adaptation of his organisation to his peculiar mode of life, [478]
• —— his means of defence, [478]
• —— his tenacity of life, [480]
• —— genera of the sloth, [480]
• Snake-tree (Ficus elastica), the, [139]
• Snakes of the Peruvian sand-coast, [35]
• —— of the tropical forests, [293]
• —— comparative rareness of venomous, [293]
• —— habits of venomous, and their external characteristics, [294]
• —— bite of the trigonocephalus, [295]
• —— antidotes, [295]
• —— fangs of venomous serpents, [296]
• —— the enormous bush-master, [297]
• —— the brown viper (Echidna ocellata), [297]
• —— the rattlesnake, [297]
• —— the Cobra di Capello, [298]
• —— the asp and viper, [300]
• —— boas and pythons, [301]
• —— enemies of, [302]
• —— sometimes feed on one another, [304]
• —— their means of locomotion, [305]
• —— anatomy of their jaws, [306]
• —— feeding-time at the Zoological Gardens, [307]
• —— useful and agreeable to man, [308]
• —— adaptability of their colour to their pursuits, [309]
• —— water, [309]
• Sorcery of the negroes, [526]
• Soudan, destructive fly of, [230]
• South Sea Islands, verdure of, [6]
• —— —— —— screw pine of the, [133]
• Sparrow-hawk of Africa (Melierca musicus), [383]
• Sparrow, Baya, [367]
• Sperm whales, [267]
• Spices of the tropics, [197]
• —— cinnamon, [198]
• —— nutmegs and cloves, [199]
• —— pepper, [202]
• —— pimento, [203]
• Spiders, tropical, formation of, [211]
• —— their means of attack and defence, [211], [212]
• —— spotted spider of Makololo, [212]
• —— giant webs of several tropical species, [212]
• —— harmony of colour between the Aranæ and their usual haunts, [212]
• —— beautiful colouring of the epeiras, [213]
• —— splendid colours of the spiders of the tropics, [214]
• —— the mygales, or trap-door, [215]
• —— retreats of the genus Clubiona, [215]
• —— maternal instincts of, [216]
• —— enemies of, [216]
• —— venom of the, [217]
• —— services rendered by spiders to man, [217]
• —— eaten by several savage nations, [217]
• —— encounter between a spider and a cockroach, [218]
• Spiders, encounter between a mygale and a humming-bird, [349]
• Spider monkeys, [536]
• Spondylus, the royal, [274]
• Spoonbill of America (Platalea ajaja), [357]
• Springbok (A. enchora), [409]
• —— migrations of multitudes of, [409]
• Spring-tide waves of several rivers, [38]
• Squirrels, flying, [494]
• Squirrel monkeys, or ouistitis, [515]
• Stag-beetle (Odontolabris Cuvera) of China and Northern India, [206]
• Sternocera chrysis and sternicornis, elytra of, worn as ornaments, [252]
• Storks, Marabou, use of the, [304]
• Storms, tropical, violence of, [9]
• —— tornados and cyclones, [9]
• Sucuriaba, or water-boa (Eunectes murinus), [301]
• Sugar, commercial importance of, [174]
• —— original home of the sugar-cane, [175]
• —— progress of its cultivation throughout the tropical zone, [175], [176]
• —— mentioned by several classical authors, [175]
• —— known to the Greeks and Phœnicians, [175]
• —— introduced into Europe by the conquests of Alexander the Great, [175]
• —— and into Madeira by the Portuguese, [175]
• —— its importance as an article of international trade, [175]
• —— introduced into the Canary Islands and thence to Hispaniola, [176]
• —— the Chinese species supplanted by the Tahitian kind, [176]
• —— description of the cane, [176]
• —— manufacture of sugar, [176]
• —— destruction of many enemies, [176]
• —— the enemies of the sugar-cane, [176]
• —— diseases of the sugar-cane, [177]
• —— nutritive qualities of its juice, [177]
• —— uses of the sugar plantation to the invalid, [178]
• —— ants, ravages of the, [177], [236]
• Sumatra, cultivation of nutmegs in, [201]
• —— rhinoceros of, [447]
• Sumpitans, Malay, [264]
• Sun-birds, or suimangas (Cinnyris), [359]
• Sun-fish, the, [271], [272]
• Surumpe, or acute inflammation of the eyes in the Puna, [21]
• Swallow, the esculent (Colocalia esculenta), [269]
• —— mode of getting the nests, [269], [270]
• —— the dicæum (Dicæum hirundinaceum), [371]
• Sword-fishes, [271]
• Sword-tail fishes, [271], [272]
• Sycamore tree (Ficus sycomorus), gigantic specimens of the, in Africa, [124]
• Tacca pinnatifida, arrowroot made from the, [171]
• —— —— in Polynesia, [171]
• Tahitians, civilisation of, [288]
• Tailor-bird of Hindostan (Sylvia sutoria), [368]
• Talegalla, or brush-turkey of Australia, [372]
• Talpot, or talipot, tree of Ceylon, uses to which it is applied, [153]
• Tanchon, the Indian evil spirit, [78]
• Tangaras, the, of the Peruvian sand-coast, [34], [351]
• —— their flight and song, [351]
• Tapajos river, a tributary of the Amazons, [38]
• Taro roots (Caladium esculentum) of the Sandwich Islanders, [171], [281]
• —— —— its abundant growth, [171]
• —— —— mode of cooking it, [171]
• —— —— mountain taro (Caladium cristatum), [171]
• Tarsii, their habitat, [516]
• Tarsius bancanus, [517]
• Tarush (Cervus antisiensis), an animal peculiar to the Puna, [27]
• Teak tree, or Indian oak (Tectona grandis), [128]
• —— —— its excellent timber, [128]
• Tectona grandis, or Indian oak, [128]
• Teffe river, a tributary of the Amazons, [37]
• Teju, or monitory lizard (Tejus monitor), of South America, [315]
• —— food of, [315]
• Termites, or white ants, [241]
• —— their devastations, [241]
• —— their services and uses, [242]
• —— their communities and astonishing buildings, [242]
• —— the termites of the West Coast of Africa, [242]
• —— formation of a termite colony, [244]
• —— wonderful fecundity of the queen, [244]
• —— courage and obstinacy of the termite soldier, [245]
• —— foes of the termites, [246]
• —— East Indian mode of emptying a termite-hill, [246]
• —— their wars with the black ants, [247]
• —— termites used as food, [247]
• —— marching termites, [247], [248]
• —— mysteries of termite life, [248]
• Termes atrox and bellicosus, their clay-built citadels or domes, [242]
• Termes destructor arborum, their dwellings in trees, [242]
• Texas, influence of the heated plains of, in deflecting the trade-winds, [8]
• Thierry de Meronville, his attempts to introduce cochineal into San Domingo, [251]
• Tierra caliente, the, of Mexico, [80]
• —— templada, [81]
• —— fria, [82]
• Tiger, the time for his bloodthirsty excursions, [453]
• —— his chief seats, [453]
• —— tiger-hunting, [453], [455]
• —— his companionship with the peacock, [454]
• —— destroyed by the gavial of the Ganges, [333]
• —— his mode of attack, [455]
• —— his destruction of the tortoise, [457]
• —— beetle of South Africa, [205]
• Toads of the tropics, [310]
• —— the Pipa Surinamensis, [318]
• —— the Bahia toad, [319]
• —— the Surinam toad, [318]
• —— the giant toad, [320]
• —— the musical toad of Guinea, [320]
• Toddy-bird of Ceylon (Artamus fuscus), [152], [367]
• Toddy made from the cocoa-nut palm, [148]
• —— and from the palmyra palm, [152]
• —— and from the date palm, [155]
• Tomependa, rafts on the Amazons river first appear at, [36]
• Tornados, [9]
• Toropishu (Cephalopterus ornatus), [355]
• Tortoises of the tropics, [321]
• —— the gigantic land-tortoise (Testudo indica, elephantina), [321]
• —— their fondness for water, [322]
• —— their locomotion, [323]
• —— Mr. Darwin’s ride on one, [324]
• —— tortoises not indigenous in Australia, [324]
• —— marsh (Emydæ), of America and the Indian Archipelago, [324]
• —— river, [325]
• —— attacked by wild dogs and tigers, [457]
• Toucans (Ramphastidæ), [345], [346]
• —— their quarrelsome habits, [345]
• —— their nests, [129]
• —— anecdote of the arrogance of one, [345]
• Trade-winds, the, [4], [5]
• —— their limits in the Northern Atlantic, [4]
• —— —— and in the Pacific, [4]
• Trap-door spiders, [215]
• Traveller tree of Madagascar (Ravenala speciosa), uses of the, [169]
• Tree-snakes, [293]
• Troglodytes audax of Peru, [234]
• Troopials (Icterus Xanthornus) of Guiana, [352]
• —— the variegated tropical (Oriolus varius), [352]
• Trunk-fish, the, [272]
• Tsalt-salya, or zimb, of Abyssinia, [230]
• Tsetsé-fly of South Africa (Glossina morsitans), [229]
• —— its destruction to cattle and horses, [229], [230]
• —— range of its pestiferous influence, [229]
• —— action of the poison, [230]
• Tucanos, tattooing of the, [74]
• Tunguragua river, [36]
• Tunqui bird (Rupicola Peruviana), [355]
• Tunuhy, the Sierra, rise of the Rio Negro in, [37]
• Tupinambaranas, Island of, [37]
• Tumeric or Indian saffron, [242]
• Turkey of Honduras (Meleagrisocellata), [360]
• —— the brush or tallegalla, [372]
• Turkey-buzzards, [378]
• Turtles of the tropics, [326]
• —— colossal, of the Brazilian coast, [326]
• —— foes of the turtle tribe, [327]
• —— of the island of Ascension, [328]
• —— mode of taking them at Ascension, the Bahamas, and at Keeling Island, [328], [329]
• —— green turtle, [329]
• —— barbarous treatment of, at Feejee and Ceylon, [329], [330]
• —— food of, [331]
• Tusseh-worm (Bombyx mylitta), silk filaments of the, [249]
• Ualan, island of, singular roots of the Lum tree on the, [143]
• Uaupes Indians, [73]
• —— —— their tattooing, [74]
• Ucayale river, a tributary of the Amazons, [37]
• Unaus, the, [496]
• Uran or Mias, or wild man of the woods, [502]
• —— how they are caught by Dyaks, [503]
• Urari, or wourali, poison, [67], [68]
• Urceola elastica, caoutchouc of the, [191]
• Uropeltis Philippinus, [292]
• Ursus malayanus, its fondness for cocoa-nuts, [149]
• Utah, influence of the heated plains of, in deflecting the trade-winds, [8]
• Vampires, [492]
• Vanilla (Vanilla aromatica), growth and uses of, [184]
• Vanilla, cultivation of, in Mexico and Java, [184]
• —— a rare and costly spice, [184]
• Vargas, Sanchez, his fate, [51]
• Vejuco de huaco (Mikania Huaco), an antidote against snake-bites, [295]
• Velella, the, [274]
• Venado, a species of deer, of the sand-coast of Peru, [34]
• Veta, a disease caused by the rarefaction of the air in the high table-lands of Peru and Bolivia, [21], [22]
• —— effect of, in arresting putrefaction, [22]
• Veys, their recently invented alphabet, [519]
• Victoria Regia, discovery of the, [137]
• Vicuña, its solitary habits, [25]
• —— value of its wool, [25]
• —— its appearance, [25]
• —— Indian mode of hunting it, [26]
• —— mode of preparing its flesh, [26]
• —— its enemies, [27]
• Viper, small brown (Echidna ocellata), of Peru, its fatal bite, [297]
• Viscachas, the, of Peru, [27]
• —— of the Pampas, [27]
• Vomito, the, [81]
• Vultures, Carrion, of the Peruvian sand-coast, [35], [379]
• —— of America, [378], [379]
• —— king of the (Sarcoramphus papa), [379]
• —— of the Old World, [381]
• —— sociable, [381]
• Wading-birds, tropical, [360]
• Walking-leaf insect, [208]
• Walking-stick insect, [208]
• Wanderoos of Ceylon (Presbytes cephalopterus), [496], [505]
• Water-lizards (Hydrosauri), [316]
• —— —— Mr. Adams’ contest with one, [316]
• —— —— their habitat, [317]
• —— —— worshipped at Bonny, [317]
• Water-plants of the tropics, [137]
• Water-snakes, [301], [309]
• Wax obtained from the Carnauba palm, [158]
• Wax obtained from the Ceroxylon andicola, [159]
• Weaving-birds, African, [364]
• —— their nests, [365]
• West Indies, invalids from Europe residing in the, [178]
• Winds, the system of, and its importance, [4], [5]
• —— trade-winds, and polar and equatorial air-currents, [4], [5]
• —— constant east-winds of Paraguay, [5]
• —— deflections from the ordinary course of the trade-winds, [8]
• Wine of the Agave Americana, [132]
• —— of the gomuti palm, [150]
• Woodpecker, [60]
• —— orange-coloured of Ceylon (Brachypterus aurantius), [374]
• Wood-nymph, a humming-bird of Brazil, [347]
• Wourali, or urari, poison, [67], [68]
• Wou-wou (Hylobates leuciscus), the [503]
• Xavari river, a tributary of the Amazons, [37]
• Xingu river, a tributary of the Amazons, [38]
• Yacu-mama of the Amazons, [45]
• Yams (Dioscorea sativa and alata), [170]
• Yapura river, a tributary of the Amazons, [37]
• Yaruras Indians, [70]
• Yriartea exorrhiza, [161]
• —— ventricosa, [161]
• Zancudo, bite of the, [233]
• —— on the Magdalen river, [224]
• Zebra, Burchell’s, or douw, [415]
• —— its piteous wailings, [416]
• —— its inaccessible retreats, [416]
• Zelgague, the, or skink, of the Sahara, [102]
• Zimb, or tsalt-salya of Abyssinia, [230]

LONDON: PRINTED BY
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AND PARLIAMENT STREET

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39 Paternoster Row, E.C.
London: November 1872.

GENERAL LIST OF WORKS
PUBLISHED BY
Messrs. LONGMANS, GREEN, READER, and DYER.