Salon Villas, Ludwigsburg (Würtemburg):
March 10, 1873.
CONTENTS.
| Page | |
| [CHAPTER I.] | |
| THE DIVERSITY OF CLIMATES WITHIN THE TROPICS. | |
| Causes by which it is produced—Abundance and Distribution of Rain within the Tropics—The Trade Winds—The Belt of Calms—Tropical Rains—The Monsoons—Tornados—Cyclones—Typhoons—Storms in the Pacific—Devastations caused by Hurricanes on Pitcairn Island and Rarotonga | [1] |
| [CHAPTER II.] | |
| THE LLANOS. | |
| Their Aspect in the Dry Season—Vegetable Sources—Sand Spouts—Effects of the Mirage—A Savannah on Fire—Opening of the Rainy Season—Miraculous Changes—Exuberance of Animal and Vegetable Life—Conflict between Horses and Electrical Eels—Beauty of the Llanos at the Termination of the Rainy Season—The Mauritia Palm | [11] |
| [CHAPTER III.] | |
| THE PUNA, OR THE HIGH TABLE-LANDS OF PERU AND BOLIVIA. | |
| Striking Contrast with the Llanos—Northern Character of their Climate—The Chuñu—The Surumpe—The Veta: its Influence upon Man, Horses, Mules, and Cats—The Vegetation of the Puna—The Maca—The Llama: its invaluable Services—The Huanacu—The Alpaca—The Vicuñas: Mode of Hunting Them—The Chacu—The Bolas—The Chinchilla—The Condor—Wild Bulls and Wild Dogs—Lovely Mountain Valleys | [20] |
| [CHAPTER IV.] | |
| THE PERUVIAN SAND-COAST. | |
| Its desolate Character—The Mule is here the ‘Ship of the Desert.’—A Shipwreck and its Consequences—Sand-Spouts—Medanos—Summer and Winter—The Garuas—The Lomas—Change produced in their Appearance during the Season of Mists—Azara’s Fox—Wild Animals—Birds—Reptiles—The Chincha or Guano Islands | [30] |
| [CHAPTER V.] | |
| THE AMAZONS, THE GIANT RIVER OF THE TORRID ZONE. | |
| The Course of the Amazons and its Tributaries—The Strait of Obydos—Tide Waves on the Amazons—The Black-water rivers—The Rio Negro—The Bay of the Thousand Isles—The Pororocca—Rise of the River—The Gapo—Magnificent Scenery—Different Character of the Forests beyond and within the verge of Inundation—General Character of the Banks—A Sail on the Amazons—A Night’s Encampment—The ‘Mother of the Waters’—The Piranga—Dangers of Navigating on the Amazons—Terrific Storms—Rapids and Whirlpools—The Stream of the Future—Travels of Orellana—Madame Godin | [36] |
| [CHAPTER VI.] | |
| THE PRIMEVAL FORESTS OF TROPICAL AMERICA. | |
| Their peculiar Charms and Terrors—Disappointments and Difficulties of the Botanist—The Bush-ropes—Variety of Trees and Plants—Trees with Buttresses—Numberless parasites—Character of the Primitive Forest according to its Site—Its Aspect during the Rainy Season—A Hurricane in the Forest—Beauty of the Forest after the Rainy Season—Our Home Scenes equally beautiful—Bird Life on the rivers of Guiana—Morning Concert—Repose of Nature at Noon—Nocturnal Voices of the Forest | [53] |
| [CHAPTER VII.] | |
| THE WILD INDIANS OF TROPICAL AMERICA. | |
| The wild Forest Tribes—Their Physical Conformation and Moral Characteristics—Their Powers of Endurance not inferior to those of other Races—Their stoical indifference—Their Means of Subsistence—Fishing—Hunting—The Wourali Poison—Ornaments—Painting—Tattooing—Religion—The Moon, a Land of Abundance—The Botuto—The Piaches—The Savage Hordes of Brazil and Guiana—The Ottomacas—Dirt-eaters—Their Vindictive Ferocity and War Stratagems—The extinct Tribe of the Atures—A Parrot the last Speaker of their Language—Their Burial-cavern—The Uaupes Indians—Their large Huts—Horrid Custom of Disinterment—The Macus—The Purupurus—The ‘Palheta’—The Mandrucus—Singular resemblance of some of the Customs of the American Indians to those of Remote Nations—The Caribs—The Botocudos—Monstrous distension of the Ears and Under-lip—Their Bow and Arrow—Their Migrations—Bush-rope Bridge—Botocudo Funeral—‘Tanchon,’ the Evil Spirit | [62] |
| [CHAPTER VIII.] | |
| THE MEXICAN PLATEAUS, AND THE SLOPES OF SIKKIM. | |
| Geological Formation of Mexico—The Tierra Caliente—The Tierra Templada—The Tierra Fria. | |
| The Sylvan Wonders of Sikkim—Changes of the Forest on ascending—The Torrid Zone of Vegetation—The Temperate Zone—The Coniferous Belt—Limits of Arboreal Vegetation—Animal Life | [79] |
| [CHAPTER IX.] | |
| THE KALAHARI AND THE BUSHMEN. | |
| Reasons why Droughts are prevalent in South Africa—Vegetation admirably suited to the Character of the Country—Number of Tuberous Roots—The Caffre Water-Melon—The Mesembryanthemums—The Animal Life of the Kalahari—The Bushmen, a Nomadic Race of Hunters—Their Skill in Hunting—Their Food—Acuteness of their Sight and Hearing—Their Intelligence and Perseverance—Their Weapons and Marauding Expeditions—Their Voracity—Their Love of Liberty—The Bakalahari—Their Love for Agriculture—Their Ingenuity in procuring Water—Trade in Skins—Their timidity | [85] |
| [CHAPTER X.] | |
| THE SAHARA. | |
| Its uncertain Limits—Caravan Routes—Ephemeral Streams—Oases—Inundations—Luxuriant Vegetation of the Oases contrasted with the surrounding Desert—Harsh contrasts of Light and Shade—Sublimity of the Desert—Feelings of the Traveller while crossing the Desert—Its charms and terrors—Sand-Spouts—The Simoom—The ‘Sea of the Devil’—The Gazelle—Its chase—The Porcupine—Fluctuation of Animal Life according to the Seasons—The Tibbos and the Tuaregs—Their contempt of the sedentary Berbers | [93] |
| [CHAPTER XI.] | |
| THE BEDOUINS OF ARABIA. | |
| The Deserts of Arabia—Sedentary Arabs and Bedouins—Physical Characteristics of the Bedouins—Remarkable acuteness of their Senses—Their Manners—Their intense Patriotism and Contempt of the dwellers in Cities—The Song of Maysunah—Their Wars—Their Character softened by the Influence of Woman—Their chivalrous Sentiments—The Arab horse—The Camel—Freedom of the Arabs from a Foreign and a Domestic Yoke—The Bedouin Robber—His Hospitality—Mode of Encamping—Death Feuds—Blood-money—Amusements—Throwing the Jereed—Dances—Poetry—Story-telling—Language—The Bedouin and the North American Indian | [104] |
| [CHAPTER XII.] | |
| GIANT TREES AND CHARACTERISTIC FORMS OF TROPICAL VEGETATION. | |
| General Remarks—The Baobab—Used as a Vegetable Cistern—Arborescent Euphorbias—The Dracæna of Orotava—The Sycamore—The Banyan—The sacred Bo-Tree of Anarajapoora—The Teak Tree—The Saul—The Sandal Tree—The Satinwood Tree—The Ceiba—The Mahogany Tree—The Mora—Bamboos—The Guadua—Beauty and multifarious Uses of these colossal Grasses—Firing the Jungle—The Aloes—The Agave americana—The Bromelias—The Cactuses—The Mimosas—Bush-ropes—Climbing Trees—Emblems of Ingratitude—Marriage of the Fig Tree and the Palm—Epiphytes—Water Plants—Singularly-shaped Trees—The Barrigudo—The Bottle Tree—Trees with Buttresses and fantastical Roots—The Mangroves—Their Importance in Furthering the Growth of Land-Animal Life among the Mangroves—‘Jumping Johnny’—Insalubrity of the Mangrove Swamps—The Lum—Trees with formidable Spines | [120] |
| [CHAPTER XIII.] | |
| PALMS AND FERNS. | |
| The Cocoa-nut Tree—Its hundred Uses—Cocoa-nut Oil—Coir—Porcupine Wood—Enemies of the Cocoa Palm—The Sago Palm—The Saguer—The Gumatty—The Areca Palm—The Palmyra Palm—The Talipot—The Cocoa de Mer—Ratans—A Ratan bridge in Ceylon—The Date Tree—The Oil Palms of Africa—The Oil Trade at Bonny—Its vast and growing Importance—American Palms—The Carnauba—The Ceroxylon andicola—The Cabbage Palm—The Gulielma speciosa—The Piaçava—Difficulties of the Botanist in ascertaining the various species of Palms—Their wide geographical range—Different Physiognomy of the Palms according to their height—The Position and Form of their Fronds—Their Fruits—Their Trunk—The Yriartea ventricosa—Arborescent Ferns | [146] |
| [CHAPTER XIV.] | |
| THE CHIEF ESCULENT PLANTS OF THE TORRID ZONE. | |
| Rice—Various Aspect of the Rice-fields at different Seasons—The Rice-Bird—Maize—First imported from America by Columbus—Its enormous Productiveness—Its wide zone of Cultivation—Millet, Dhourra—The Bread-Fruit Tree—The Bananas—Their ancient Cultivation—Avaca or Manilla Hemp—Humboldt’s Remarks on the Banana—The Traveller’s Tree of Madagascar—The Cassava Root—Tapioca—Yams—Batatas—Arrowroot—Taro—Tropical Fruit Trees—The Chirimoya—The Litchi—The Mangosteen—The Mango | [163] |
| [CHAPTER XV.] | |
| SUGAR, COFFEE, CACAO, COCA. | |
| Progress of the Sugar Cane throughout the Tropical Zone—The Tahitian Sugar Cane—The enemies of the Sugar Cane—The Sugar-Harvest—The Coffee Tree—Its cultivation and enemies—The Cacao Tree and the Vanilla—The Coca Plant—Wonderful strengthening Effects of Coca, and fatal consequences of its Abuse | [174] |
| [CHAPTER XVI.] | |
| TROPICAL PLANTS USED FOR INDUSTRIAL PURPOSES. | |
| Cotton—Its Cultivation in the United States—Caoutchouc and Gutta Percha—Manner in which these resins are collected—Indigo—The British Logwood cutters in Honduras—Brazil Wood—Arnatto | [188] |
| [CHAPTER XVII.] | |
| TROPICAL SPICES. | |
| The Cinnamon Gardens of Ceylon—Immense profits of the Dutch—Decline of the Trade—Neglected state of the Gardens—Nutmegs and Cloves—Cruel monopoly of the Dutch—A Spice Fire in Amsterdam—The Clove Tree—Beauty of an Avenue of Clove Trees—The Nutmeg Tree—Mace—The Pepper Vine—The Pimento Tree | [197] |
| [CHAPTER XVIII.] | |
| TROPICAL INSECTS, SPIDERS, AND SCORPIONS. | |
| Gradual increase of Insect life on advancing towards the Line—The Hercules Beetle—The Goliath—The Inca Beetle—The Walking-leaf and Walking-stick Insects—The Soothsayer—Luminous Beetles—Tropical Spiders—Their gaudy colours—Trap-door Spiders—Enemies of the Spiders—Mortal Combat between a Spider and a Cockroach—Tropical Scorpions—Dreadful Effects of their sting | [205] |
| [CHAPTER XIX.] | |
| INSECT PLAGUES AND INSECT SERVICES. | |
| The Universal Dominion of Insects—Mosquitoes—Stinging Flies—Œstrus Hominis—The Chegoe or Jigger—The Filaria Medinensis—The Bête-Rouge—Blood-sucking Ticks—Garapatas—The Land-leeches in Ceylon—The Tsetsé Fly—The Tsalt-Salya—The Locust—Its dreadful Devastations—Cockroaches—The Drummer—The Cucarachas and Chilicabras—Tropical Ants—The Saüba—The Driver Ants—Termites—Their wonderful Buildings—The Silkworm—The Cochineal—The Gumlack Insect—Insects used as Food and Ornaments | [221] |
| [CHAPTER XX.] | |
| THE MALAYAN RACE. | |
| Physical Conformation of the Malays—Betel Chewing—Their Moral Character—Limited Intelligence of the Malays—Their Maritime Tastes—Piracy—Gambling—Cock-fighting—Running A-Muck!—Fishing—Malayan Superstitions—The Battas—Their Cannibalism—Eating a Man alive—The Begus—Aërial Huts—Funeral Ceremonies—The Dyaks—Head-Hunting—The Sumpitan—Large Houses | [253] |
| [CHAPTER XXI.] | |
| THE TROPICAL OCEAN. | |
| Wanderings of an Iceberg—The Tropical Ocean—The Cachalot—The Frigate Bird—The Tropic Bird—The Esculent Swallow—The Flying-fish—The Bonito—The White Shark—Tropical Fishes—Crustaceans—Land Crabs—Mollusks—Jelly Fish—Coral Islands | [266] |
| [CHAPTER XXII.] | |
| THE PAPUANS AND POLYNESIANS. | |
| The Papuans—Their Physical and Moral Characteristics—Their Artistic Tastes—Their Dwellings—Their Primitive Political Institutions—Their Weapons and Mode of Fighting—The Polynesians—Their Manners and Customs when first visited by Europeans—Tattooing—The Tapa Cloth—Their Canoes—Swimming Feats—Aristocratic Forms of Government—The Tabu—Religion—Superstitious Observances—Human Sacrifices—Infanticide—Low Condition of the Coral Islanders | [276] |
| [CHAPTER XXIII.] | |
| SNAKES. | |
| First Impressions of a Tropical Forest—Exaggerated Fears—Comparative rareness of Venomous Snakes—Their Habits and External Characters—Anecdote of the Prince of Neu Wied—The Bite of the Trigonocephalus—Antidotes—Fangs of the Venomous Snakes described—The Bush-Master—The Echidna Ocellata—The Rattlesnakes—Extirpated by Hogs—The Cobra de Capello—Indian Snake-Charmers—Maritime Excursions of the Cobra—The Egyptian Haje—The Cerastes—Boas and Pythons—The Jiboya—The Anaconda—Enemies of the Serpents—The Secretary—The Adjutant—The Mungoos—A Serpent swallowed by another—The Locomotion of Serpents—Anatomy of their Jaws—Serpents feeding in the Zoological Gardens—Domestication of the Rat-Snake—Water-Snakes | [292] |
| [CHAPTER XXIV.] | |
| LIZARDS, FROGS, AND TOADS. | |
| Their Multitude within the Tropics—The Geckoes—Anatomy of their Feet—The Anolis—Their Love of Fight—The Chameleon—Its wonderful Changes of Colour—Its Habits—Peculiarities of its Organisation—The Iguana—The Teju—The Water-Lizards—Lizard Worship on the Coast of Africa—The Flying Dragon—The Basilisk—Frogs and Toads—The Pipa—The Bahia Toad—The Giant Toad—The Musical Toad—Brazilian and Surinam Tree-Frogs | [310] |
| [CHAPTER XXV.] | |
| TORTOISES AND TURTLES. | |
| The Galapagos—The Elephantine Tortoise—The Marsh-Tortoises—Mantega—River-Tortoises—Marine-Turtles—On the Brazilian Coast—Their Numerous Enemies—The Island of Ascension—Turtle-Catching at the Bahama and Keeling Islands—Turtle caught by means of the Sucking-Fish—The Green Turtle—The Hawksbill Turtle—Turtle Scaling in the Feejee Islands—Barbarous mode of selling Turtle-flesh in Ceylon—The Coriaceous Turtle—Its awful Shrieks | [321] |
| [CHAPTER XXVI.] | |
| CROCODILES AND ALLIGATORS. | |
| Their Habits—The Gavial and the Tiger—Mode of Seizing their Prey—Their Voice—Their Preference of Human Flesh—Alligator against Alligator—Wonderful Tenacity of Life—Tenderness of the Female Cayman for her Young—The Crocodile of the Nile—Its Longevity—Enemies of the Crocodile—Torpidity of Crocodiles during the Dry Season—Their Awakening from their Lethargy with the First Rains—‘Tickling a Crocodile’ | [332] |
| [CHAPTER XXVII.] | |
| TROPICAL BIRD LIFE. | |
| The Toucan—Its Quarrelsome Character—The Humming-birds—Their wide Range over the New World—Their Habits—Their Enemies—Their Courage—The Cotingas—The Campanero—The Tangaras—The Manakins—The Cock of the Rock—The Troupials—The Baltimore—The Pendulous Nests of the Cassiques—The Mocking-bird—Strange Voices of Tropical Birds—The Goat-Sucker’s Wail—The Organista—The Cilgero—The Flamingos—The Scarlet Ibis—The Jabiru—The Roseate Spoon-bill—The Jacana—The Calao—The Sun-birds—The Melithreptes—The Argus—The Peacock—Tropical Waders of the Old World—The African Ibis—The Numidian Crane—Australian Birds—The Lyre Bird—The Birds of Paradise—African Weaving Birds—The Social Grosbeak—The Baya—The Tailor-bird—The Honey Eaters—The Bower-bird—The Talegalla—The Gualama | [342] |
| [CHAPTER XXVIII.] | |
| TROPICAL BIRDS OF PREY. | |
| The Condor—His Marvellous Flight—His Cowardice—Various Modes of Capturing Condors—Ancient Fables circulated about them—Comparison of the Condor with the Albatross—The Carrion Vultures—The King of the Vultures—Domestication of the Urubu—Its Extraordinary Memory—The Harpy Eagle—Examples of his Ferocity—The Oricou—The Bacha—His Cruelty to the Klipdachs—The Fishing Eagle of Africa—The Musical Sparrow-hawk—The Secretary Eagle | [376] |
| [CHAPTER XXIX.] | |
| THE OSTRICH AND THE CASSOWARY. | |
| Size of the Ostrich—Its astonishing Swiftness—Ostrich Hunting—Stratagem of the Ostrich for protecting its Young—Points of Resemblance with the Camel—Its Voracity—Ostrich Feathers—Domestication of the Ostrich in Algeria—Poetical Legend of the Arabs—The American Rheas—The Cassowary—The Australian Emu | [384] |
| [CHAPTER XXX.] | |
| PARROTS. | |
| Their Peculiar Manner of Climbing—Points of Resemblance with Monkeys—Their Social habits—Their Connubial Felicity—Inseparables—Talent for Mimicry—Wonderful Powers of Speech and Memory—Their Wide Range within the Temperate Zones—Colour of Parrots Artificially Changed by the South American Indians—The Cockatoos—Cockatoo killing in Australia—The Macaw—The Parakeets | [392] |
| [CHAPTER XXXI.] | |
| TROPICAL RUMINANTS AND EQUIDÆ. | |
| The Camel—Its Paramount Importance in the great Tropical Sandwastes—Its Organisation admirably adapted to its mode of Life—Beauty of the Giraffe—Its Wide Range of Vision—Pleasures of Giraffe Hunting—The Antelopes—The Springbok—The Reedbok—The Duiker—The Atro—The Gemsbok—The Klippspringer—The Koodoo—The Gnu—The Indian Antelope—The Nylghau—The Caffrarian Buffalo—The Indian Buffalo and the Tiger—Dr. Livingstone’s Escape from a solitary Buffalo—Swimming Feats of the Bhain—The Zebra—The Quagga—The Douw | [399] |
| [CHAPTER XXXII.] | |
| THE HIPPOPOTAMUS. | |
| Behemoth—Its Diminishing Number and Contracting Empire—Its Ugliness—A Rogue Hippopotamus or Solitaire—Dangerous Meeting—Intelligence and Memory of the Hippopotamus—Methods employed for Killing the Hippopotamus—Hippopotamus-Hunting on the Teoge—The Hippopotamus in Regent’s Park—A Young Hippo born in Paris | [417] |
| [CHAPTER XXXIII.] | |
| THE RHINOCEROS. | |
| Brutality of the Rhinoceros—The Borelo—The Keitloa—The Monoho—The Kobaaba—Difference of Food and Disposition between the Black and the White Rhinoceros—Incarnation of Ugliness—Acute Smell and Hearing—Defective Vision—The Buphaga Africana—Paroxysms of Rage—Parental Affection—Nocturnal Habits—Rhinoceros Hunting—Adventures of the Chase—Narrow Escapes of Messrs. Oswell and Andersson—The Indian Rhinoceros—The Sumatran Rhinoceros—The Javanese Rhinoceros—Its involuntary Suicide | [423] |
| [CHAPTER XXXIV.] | |
| THE ELEPHANT. | |
| Love of Solitude, and Pusillanimity—Miraculous Escape of an English Officer—Sagacity of the Elephant in ascending Hills—Organisation of the Stomach—The Elephant’s Trunk—Use of the Tusks still Probmatical—The Rogue-Elephant—Sagacity of the Elephant—The African Elephant—Tamed in Ancient Times—South African Elephant-Hunting—Hair-Breadth Escapes—Abyssinian Elephant-Hunters—Cutting up of an Elephant—The Asiatic Elephant—Vast Numbers destroyed in Ceylon—Major Rogers—Elephant-Catchers—Their amazing Dexterity—The Corral—Decoy Elephants—Their astonishing Sagacity—Great Mortality among the Captured Elephants—Their Services | [431] |
| [CHAPTER XXXV.] | |
| TROPICAL FELIDÆ. | |
| The Lion—Conflicts with Travellers on Mount Atlas—The Lion and the Hottentat—A Lion taken in—Narrow Escapes of Andersson and Dr. Livingstone—Lion-Hunting by the Arabs of the Atlas—By the Bushmen—The Asiatic Lion—The Lion and the Dog—The Tiger—The Javanese Jungle—The Peacock—Wide Northern Range of the Tiger—Tiger-Hunting in India—Miraculous Escape of an English Sportsman—Animals announcing the Tiger’s Presence—Turtle-Hunting of the Tiger on the Coasts of Java—The Panther and the Leopard—The Leopard attracted by the Smell of Small-pox—The Cheetah—The Jaguar—The Puma—The smaller American Felidæ—The Hyæna—Fables told of these abject Animals—The Striped Hyæna—The Spotted Hyæna—The Brown Hyæna | [446] |
| [CHAPTER XXXVI.] | |
| THE AUSTRALIAN RACE. | |
| Physical Conformation of the Australians—Their Low State of Civilisation—Their Superstitions—Their Wars—Singing and Dancing—The Corrobory—Division of the Nation into Great Families—Rules Regulating the property of Land and the Distribution of Food—Skill in Hunting the Kangaroo and the Opossum—Feasting on a Whale—Moral Qualities and Intelligence of the Australians | [466] |
| [CHAPTER XXXVII.] | |
| THE SLOTH. | |
| Miserable Aspect of the Sloth—His Beautiful Organisation for his Peculiar Mode of Life—His Rapid Movements in the Trees—His Means of Defence—His Tenacity of Life—Fable about the Sloth refuted—The Ai—The Unau—The Mylodon Robustus | [477] |
| [CHAPTER XXXVIII.] | |
| ANT-EATERS. | |
| The Great Ant-Bear—His Way of Licking up Termites—His Formidable Weapons—A Perfect Forest Vagabond—His Peculiar Manner of Walking—The Smaller Ant-Eaters—The Manides—The African Aard Vark—The Armadillos—The Glyptodon—The Porcupine Ant-Eater of Australia—The Myrmecobius Fasciatus | [482] |
| [CHAPTER XXXIX.] | |
| TROPICAL BATS. | |
| Wonderful Organisation of the Bats—The Fox-Bat—The Vampire—Its Blood-Sucking Propensities—The Horse-Shoe Bats—The Flying Squirrel—The Galeopithecus—The Anomalurus | [490] |
| [CHAPTER XL.] | |
| APES AND MONKEYS. | |
| The Forest Life of the Simiæ—Excellent Climbers, Bad Pedestrians—Similitude and Difference between the Human Race and the Ape—The Chimpanzee—Chim in Paris—The Gorilla—The Uran—The Gibbons—The Proboscis Monkey—The Huniman—The Wanderoo—The Cercopitheca—A Plundering Party—Parental Affection of a Cercopitheca—The Maimon—‘Happy Jerry’—The Pig-Faced Baboon—The Derryat—Wide Difference between the Monkeys of both Hemispheres—Distinctive Characters of the American Monkeys—The Stentor Monkey—The Spider Monkeys—The Laïmirit—Friendships Between Various Kinds of Monkeys—Nocturnal Monkeys—Squirrel Monkeys—Their Lively Intelligence—The Loris and Makis | [496] |
| [CHAPTER XLI.] | |
| THE AFRICAN NEGROES. | |
| Causes of the Inferiority of Negro Civilisation—Natural Capabilities of the Negro—Geographical Formation of Africa—Its Political Condition—Physical Conformation of the Negro—Fetishism—The Rain-Doctor—The Medicine-Man—Religious Observances—Gift-Offerings—Human Sacrifices—Ornaments—The Peléle—The Bonnians—Their Barbarous Condition—The Town of Okolloma—Negroes of the Lake Regions—The Iwanza—Slavery—A Miserable Group | [518] |
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
| PAGE | |
| CHROMOXYLOGRAPHS. | |
| Primitive Forest | [Frontispiece] |
| Savannah on Fire | [11] |
| Cereus Giganteus | [135] |
| Lum Tree | [144] |
| Termite Hills | [242] |
| Flamingoes | [360] |
| Condor-catching | [378] |
| Tiger | [454] |
| WOODCUTS. | |
| African Bushmen | [85] |
| Bedouin warriors | [104] |
| Birds:— | |
| Adjutant | [303] |
| Argus Pheasant | [360] |
| Bird of Paradise | [364] |
| Campanero | [350] |
| Cardinal | [80] |
| Cassowary | [391] |
| Condor | [377] |
| Crested Cassique and Baltimore Oriole | [353] |
| Emu | [391] |
| Fiery Topaz and Hermit | [348] |
| Frigate Bird | [268] |
| Harpy Eagle | [380] |
| Honey Eater, lanceolate | [375] |
| Hornbill, Rhinoceros | [358] |
| Humming-Birds | [342], [347], [370] |
| Ibis, Egyptian | [361] |
| Java Sparrow | [164] |
| Macaw, Blue | [42] |
| Mocking-bird | [80] |
| Parrots | [392] |
| Peacock, Javanese | [360] |
| Secretary Bird | [303] |
| Sparrow, Baya | [367] |
| Swallow dicæum | [371] |
| Swallow, Esculent | [269] |
| Tailor Birds | [368] |
| Talegalla, Lathami | [372] |
| Toucan | [346] |
| Turkey Buzzard | [378] |
| Vulture, Sociable | [381] |
| Weaver-bird, Sociable | [365] |
| Woodpecker, Ivory-billed | [60] |
| Botocundo Indians attacking a jaguar | [62] |
| Caravan | [399] |
| Ceylonese cocoa-nut oil mill | [146] |
| Coral Island | [266] |
| Fishes:— | |
| Electrical Eel (Gymnotus electricus) | [17] |
| Sun Fish | [271] |
| Sword tail | [271] |
| Guano Island | [30] |
| General Fraser’s coffee estate at Rangbodde, Ceylon | [178] |
| Head-dresses of East African negroes (from Burton) | [518] |
| High Table-lands of Peru | [20] |
| Insects:— | |
| Ants and Termites | [221] |
| Beetle, Diamond | [252] |
| Buprestis gigas | [252] |
| Cochineal | [250] |
| Cocujas | [210] |
| Copris hamadryas | [206] |
| Cyclommatus tarandus (Borneo) | [220] |
| Foraging ants | [238] |
| Fungus ant | [239] |
| Leucopholis bimaculata | [207] |
| Locust | [231] |
| Mantichora mygaloides | [205] |
| Mantis | [209] |
| Mormolyce, Javanese | [210] |
| Odontolabris cuvera | [206] |
| Phyllium | [208] |
| Scorpion | [218] |
| Termite | [244] |
| Soldier | [245] |
| Tsetse | [229] |
| Land crabs | [273] |
| Malay pirates | [253] |
| Mammalia:— | |
| Aard-vark | [486] |
| Aguti | [14] |
| Alpaca | [25] |
| Camel, Bactrian | [401] |
| Capybara | [333] |
| Chinchilla | [27] |
| Coatimondi, Rufous | [499] |
| Coffee Rat | [185] |
| Dromedary | [401] |
| Elephants | [431] |
| Flying Foxes | [490] |
| Giraffes and Zebras | [404] |
| Gnu | [411] |
| Hippopotamus | [417] |
| Howling Monkey | [510] |
| Jackal | [456] |
| Koodoo | [88], [411] |
| Lemurs, handed | [510] |
| Leopard and Cheetah | [446] |
| Llama | [23] |
| Malay Bear | [147] |
| Mandrill | [510] |
| Mongoos | [302] |
| Musk Deer | [84] |
| Nylghau | [412] |
| Opossum | [34] |
| Palm Squirrel | [147] |
| Pangolin, the Indian | [482] |
| Peccary | [14] |
| Pichiciago | [488] |
| Pig-faced Baboon | [510] |
| Porcupine echidna | [488] |
| Quagga | [414] |
| Rhinoceros | [423] |
| Rhinolophus | [493] |
| Sloth | [477] |
| Springbok | [409] |
| Tarsius Bancanus | [510] |
| Wanderoos | [496] |
| Whale, Sperm | [267] |
| Zebra | [415] |
| Plants:— | |
| Areca Palm | [162] |
| Banana and the Plantain | [163] |
| Banyan | [125] |
| Baobab Trees at Manaar | [120] |
| Bo-tree, the Sacred | [127] |
| Bottle-tree | [138] |
| Caoutchouc Trees—Indians incising them | [188] |
| Cocoa-nut tree | [147] |
| Cinnamon | [197] |
| Clove | [197] |
| Date-tree | [155] |
| Dragon-tree at Orotava | [123] |
| Fig-tree at Polanarrua | [136] |
| Indigo Plant | [193] |
| Mangosteen | [173] |
| Mangrove-tree | [140] |
| Mimosa | [135] |
| Nepenthes | [12] |
| Nutmeg | [202] |
| Oil Palm | [157] |
| Pepper Plant | [202] |
| Snake-tree | [139] |
| Sugar Cane | [174] |
| Sycamore | [124] |
| Yriartea ventricosa | [161] |
| Polynesian fishermen | [276] |
| Reptiles:— | |
| Alligator | [333] |
| Amblyrhyne | [321] |
| Basilisk | [318] |
| Chameleon | [313] |
| Crocodiles and Alligators | [332] |
| Flying Dragon | [318] |
| Gecko | [311] |
| Iguana | [314] |
| Monitor | [315] |
| Rattlesnake | [298] |
| Toad, Bahia | [319] |
| Surinam | [318] |
| Toad and Anolis | [310] |
| Tortoise, Marsh | [324] |
| Turtle, Green | [329] |
| Loggerhead | [331] |
| Uropeltis Philippinus | [292] |
| Tower in Agades | [93] |
| Tropical Tornado | [1] |
TROPICAL TORNADO.