| STATIONS. | No. of cases occurred. | Discharged cured. | Died. | Under treatment. | No. operated upon. | REMARKS. |
| Santander | 160 | 72 | 85 | 53 | 25 | {Most of these {cases were sent {from Vittoria. |
| Bilbao | 972 | 557 | 387 | 28 | 183 | |
| Vittoria | 441 | 349 | 88 | 4 | 74 | |
| Passages | 41 | 2 | 2 | {Thirty-seven {transferred {to Santander. | ||
| Vera | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | {Vera, being almost {on the field {of battle, {had no case. |
| 1614 | 980 | 512 | 85 | 282 |
LECTURE IX.
ON WOUNDS OF ARTERIES, ETC.
173. The efforts resorted to by nature for the suppression of serious hemorrhages depend on the capabilities of the arteries as resulting from their structure, into which it becomes an object of importance minutely to inquire. With this view, the old division of an artery into three coats may be continued, the difference between ancient and modern anatomy being in their subdivision into different textures or layers. The annexed diagram shows the edge of a large artery, which has been divided circularly, and magnified so as to exhibit six layers in a distinct manner; each of the three ancient coats is divided into two. The inner or old serous coat is shown to be separable into two: the epithelial, marked 1, and the fenestrated, marked 2. The middle coat is also separated into two: the inner, or muscular, marked 3, and the outer, or elastic, marked 4. The outer coat is divisible also into two layers, the inner, marked 5, and the outer, marked 6; number 5 being composed more of elastic fibers: number 6 more of areolar fibers, by which tissue, in a less condensed state, the arteries of the extremities are attached to their sheaths. Such may be considered to be the general composition of a large artery, each particular structure remaining to be examined.
No. 1.
OLD. MIDDLE. YOUNG.
174. If a small portion of the inner coat of an artery be gently scraped with a knife, or if the inside of the cheek be treated in a similar manner, a little white soft substance is brought away on it, called epithelium, a name given to it by Ruysch, from the delicate layer of epidermis investing the female nipple, έπι, upon, θηλή, a nipple. The epithelium of the human body is divided into three kinds by microscopists—the tesselated, pavement, or scaly; the cylindrical, or conical; and the spheroidal, or glandular. The tesselated, as it exists in arteries, is represented in diagram No. 1, in three different stages—in the young person, in middle age, and in the very old person; one stage gradually degenerating or changing into the other, at each different period of life. It is composed of a single layer of nucleated cells, of a flat, oval, round, hexagonal, or polygonal form, and about 1/1400 of an inch in diameter, the nucleus in each cell containing within itself one or more nucleoli, and even several paler granules. The epithelium has a thickness proportioned to the friction or pressure to which it is exposed, particularly when covering the skin. In the arteries of the young, and in the mammalia generally, the epithelium is strongly marked; in older persons, all traces both of cells and nuclei have disappeared. It lines not only the internal surface of the arteries and veins, but the mouth with its mucous glands; the conjunctiva of the eye; the pharynx and œsophagus; the vagina and cervix uteri; the entrance of the female urethra, and the serous membranes.