The organisation of the country and its division into satrapies: the satrap, the military commander, the royal secretary; couriers, main roads, the Eyes and Ears of the king—The financial system and the provincial taxes: the daric—Advantages and drawbacks of the system of division into satrapies; the royal guard and the military organisation of the empire—The conquest of the Hapta-Hindu and the prospect of war with Greece.


CONTENTS


[ CHAPTER I—THE IRANIAN CONQUEST ]

[ CHAPTER II—THE LAST DAYS OF THE OLD EASTERN WORLD ]




List of Illustrations


[ Spines ]

[ Cover ]

[ Titlepage ]

[ 001.jpg Page Image ]

[ 002.jpg Page Image ]

[ 003.jpg Page Image ]

[ 012.jpg the Ahura-mazd of The Bas-reliefs Of Persepolis ]

[ 012b.jpg Hypostyle of Hall Of Xerxes: Detail Of Entablature ]

[ 013.jpg an Iranian Genius in Form of a Winged Bull ]

[ 014.jpg Ahura-mazd Bestowing the Tokens of Royalty on An Iranian King ]

[ 016a.jpg the Moon-god ]

[ 016b.jpg God of the Wind ]

[ 017a.jpg Atar the God of Fire ]

[ 017b.jpg Aurvataspa ]

[ 017c.jpg Mithra ]

[ 018.jpg Mylitta-anÂhita ]

[ 018a.jpg Nana-anÂhita ]

[ 022.jpg One of the Bad Genii, Subject to AngrÔ-mainyus ]

[ 023.jpg the King Struggling Against an Evil Genius ]

[ 031.jpg the Two Iranian Altakrat Nakhsh-Î-rustem ]

[ 032.jpg the Two Iranian Altars of Murgab ]

[ 032b.jpg the Occupations of Ani in The Elysian Fields ]

[ 033.jpg the Sacred Fire Burning on The Altar ]

[ 039.jpg a Royal Hunting-party in Hun ]

[ 042.jpg Remains of the Palace Of Ecbatana ]

[ 050.jpg the Tumulus of Alyattes and The Entrance to The Passage ]

[ 051.jpg One of the Lydian Ornaments in The Louvre ]

[ 052.jpg Mould for Jewellery of Lydian Origin ]

[ 053.jpg a Lydian Funery Couch ]

[ 054a.jpg Lydian Coin Bearing a Running Fox ]

[ 054b.jpg Lydian Coin With a Hare ]

[ 055.jpg Lydian Coins With a Lion and Lion’s Head ]

[ 056a.jpg Coin Bearing Head of Mouflon Goat ]

[ 056b.jpg Money of Croesus ]

[ 059.jpg View of the Site and Ruins Of Ephesus ]

[ 075.jpg Croesus on his Pyre ]

[ 078.jpg a Persian King Fighting With Greeks ]

[ 080.jpg the Present Site of Miletus ]

[ 083.jpg a Lycian City Upon Its Inaccessible Rock ]

[ 105.jpg Table of the Last Kings Of Ptolemy ]

[ 111.jpg an Osiris Stretched Full Length on the Ground ]

[ 112.jpg the Two Goddesses of Law; Ani Adoring Osiris The Trial of the Conscience; Toth and The Feather Of The Law. ]

[ 113.jpg Amasis in Adoration Before the Bull Apis ]

[ 114.jpg the Naos of Amasis at Thmuis ]

[ 120.jpg the Present Site of Naucratis ]

[ 128.jpg Cyrus the Achaemenian ]

[ 129.jpg the Tomb Op Cyrus ]

[ 138.jpg Psammetichus Iii. ]

[ 145.jpg the Naophoros Statuette of The Vatican ]

[ 147.jpg Ethiopian Gkoup ]

[ 148.jpg Encampment de Bacharis ]

[ 159.jpg Darius, Son of Hystaspes ]

[ 166.jpg Darius Piercing a Rebel With his Lance Before A Group of Four Prisoners ]

[ 174.jpg Rebels Brought to Darius by Ahura-mazd This Is The Scene Depicted on the Rock of Behistun. ]

[ 175.jpg the Rocks of Behistun ]

[ 181.jpg Map of the Archaemenian Strapies ]

[ 186.jpg Street Vender of Curios After the Painting By Gerome. ]

[ 188.jpg Daric of Darius, Son Of Hystaspes ]

[ 192.jpg Funeral Offerings. ]

[ 197.jpg Page Image ]

[ 198.jpg Page Image ]

[ 199.jpg Page Image ]

[ 209.jpg a Cypriot Chariot ]

[ 212a.jpg Alexander I. Of Macedon ]

[ 212b.jpg a Phoenician Galley ]

[ 214.jpg Map of Marathon ]

[ 215.jpg the Battle-field of Marathon ]

[ 219.jpg Darius on the Stele of The Isthmus ]

[ 220.jpg Walls of the Fortress Of Ditsh-el-qalÂa ]

[ 221.jpg the Great Temple of Darius at HabÎt ]

[ 224.jpg Xerxes ]

[ 227.jpg a Trireme in Motion ]

[ 238.jpg Map ]

[ 239.jpg the Battle-field of Plataea ]

[ 247.jpg Artaxerxes ]

[ 258.jpg View of the Achaemenian Ruins Of Istakhr ]

[ 260.jpg the Tomb of Darius ]

[ 261.jpg the Hill of The Royal Achaemenian Tombs At Nakush-i-rustem ]

[ 262.jpg One of the Capitals from Susa ]

[ 262b.jpg Freize of Archers at Suza ]

[ 263.jpg General Ruins of Persipolis ]

[ 267.jpg the Propylaea of Xerxes I. At Persepolis ]

[ 268.jpg Bas-relief of the Staircase Leading to The Apadana of Xerxes ]

[ 269.jpg the King on his Throne ]

[ 270.jpg a View of the Apadana Of Susa, Restored ]

[ 273.jpg Processional Display of Tribute Brought to The King of Persia ]

[ 276.jpg Darius II. ]

[ 279.jpg Cyrus the Younger ]

[ 280.jpg Artaxerxes Mnemon ]

[ 287.jpg Hakoris ]

[ 291.jpg Pharnabazus ]

[ 293.jpg Artaxerxes II. ]

[ 296.jpg Datames III. ]

[ 299.jpb Nectanebo I ]

[ 305.jpg Evagoras II. Of Salamis ]

[ 312.jpg Table of the Last Egyptian Dynasties ]

[ 313.jpg Small Temple of Nectanebo, at the Southern Extremity of Philae ]

[ 314.jpg Naos of Nectanebo in the Temple at Edfu ]

[ 315.jpg Great Gate of Nectanebo at Karnak ]

[ 316.jpg Fragment of a Naos Of the Time Of Nectanebo II. In the Bologna Museum ]

[ 317.jpg One of the Lions in The Vatican ]

[ 321.jpg Map of the Persian Empire ]

[ 325.jpg Coins of the Satraps With Aramaean Inscriptions ]

[ 326.jpg a Lycian Tomb ]

[ 327b.jpg Statue of Mausolus ]

[ 327a.jpg Coin of a Lycian King ]

[ 328.jpg Lycian Sarcophagus Decorated With Greek Carvings ]

[ 337.jpg Chaldean Seal With Aramaic Inscription ]

[ 346.jpg Fountain and School of the Mother Of Little Mohamad ]

[ 348.jpg Modern Mohammedan Shekhs Tombs ]

[ 349.jpg Part of the Inundation in a Palm Grove ]

[ 350.jpg Ephemeral Hovels of Clay Or Dried Bricks ]

[ 359.jpg the Step Pyramid Seen from The Grove Op Palm Trees to the North of Saqqarah ]

[ 362a.jpg Long Strings of Laden Vessels ]

[ 362b.jpg the Vast Sheet of Water in The Midday Heat ]

[ 363.jpg the Mountains Honeycombed With Tombs And Quarries ]

[ 367.jpg Darius III. ]

[ 368.jpg an Elephant Armed for War ]

[ 376.jpg the Battlefield of Issus ]

[ 377.jpg a Bas-relief on A Sidonian Sarcophagus ]

[ 379.jpg the Isthmus of Tyre at The Present Day ]

[ 382.jpg the Battle of Arbela, from The Mosaic Of Herculanum ]


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CHAPTER I—THE IRANIAN CONQUEST