History of the Fan

by G. Woolliscroft Rhead

[173] The above facts are taken from an article in the Irish Rosary for June 1898.

[174] Art and Ornament in Dress.

[175] The Etruscan sceptre in the gold ornament room, British Museum, has the top formed like a flower, the petals of beaten gold, the inner core a large emerald.

---

INDEX

• Abanico di novia, [99].
• Abano, Portuguese fire-fan, 12, 13.
• ‘Abolition of the Slave-Trade,’ [226].
• ‘Achilles and Deidamia,’ [180].
• Actæon fan, [146].
• ‘Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden,’ [194].
• Addison, quotation, [189].
• Ælian. Festival of Apollo at Lencos, [24].
• Ajanta, cave-temples, [41].
• Akbar-Namah, [45].
• Akomé ogi, [63], [64].
• Albin, St. M. Philippe de, [223].
• Alexander VI., Pope, [107].
• Alexandra, H.M. Queen, [195], [278], [292], [293].
• Alexandre, M., [278], [279], [281], [290], [291].
• Alma-Tadema, Lady, [285].
• —— Sir L., [202].
• Alum, [36], note, [37].
• Amaravati tope, [41].
• ‘Ancient Marriage,’ [180].
• Andaman Islands, [85].
• Anderson, Dr., quotation, 48, note, [68].
• André, Eugène, [55].
• Angelo, Michael, [115].
• Anne, H.R.H. Princess, [180].
• —— Queen, screen of, [288].
• Antoinette, Marie-, [117], [132], [159], [166], [167], [168], [169], [213], [225].
• ‘Antony and Cleopatra,’ [198].
• Apostolical Constitutions, [87].
• Araki, [73].
• Archæological Association, Journal of, [93], note.
• Archæological Journal, [93], note.
• Arevalo, Cano de, [127], [128].
• Arhats, [62].
• Aristophanes, [36].
• Aristotle, [118].
• ‘Ascent of Mont Blanc,’ [276].
• Assignat-fans, [223], [224], [227].
• Assur-bani-pal, [20], [21], [22].
• Assyrian plaited hand-fan, [25].
• ‘Athenian Stuart,’ [185].
• Atsumori, [72], note, [73].
• Atterbury, Dr., Bishop of Rochester, epigram [187].
• Aubery, MS., prodigious fans, temp. Henry VIII., [8].
• Audsley, G. Ashdown, [57], note.
• Augustine, St., [96].
• ‘Aurora,’ by Guido, [123].
• ‘Aurora and Zephyr,’ [132].
• Autograph and inscription fans, [58], [59], [68], [69], [285].
• ‘Autumn’ fan, [59].
  
• Baal, [22].
• Baalbek, [23].
• Baal-Shemeh, [23].
• Bacchus, mystical fan of, [11].
• —— and Ariadne, fans of, [122], [123], [124].
• Baden, Grand Duke Frederick of, [99].
• —— Grand Duchess of, wedding fan, [277].
• Badini, Charles Francis, [254].
• Baird, H. M., quotation, [181].
• ‘Bal d’Amours,’ [277].
• ‘Bal des Nations,’ [210].
• Bald, Charles the, [98].
• Ball at the Tuileries, 1829, [274].
• Balloon-fan, [214].
• Balzac, Guez de, [26], [144], [168].
• Bamboo-fan, [50], [55], [62], [74], [75].
• Barclay, Ship of Fools, [94].
• Barnwell, Cambridge, [98].
• Bartholomaus, Frau, [136].
• Bartolozzi, [193], [268].
• Bastard, [278].
• Bat Bu’u, [52].
• Battoir fan, [163].
• Baude, Alphonse, [277].
• Beaumarchais, [213], [215].
• Beaussier, Countess de, [152].
• ‘Before and after Marriage,’ [264].
• Behrens, W. L., [70].
• Bella, Stefano della, [205].
• ‘Belle Chanteuse,’ [208].
• Bellows or fire fans, [10], [11], [12], and note, [13], [80];
  • Queen Mary, [102].
• Benin, [83].
• Berger, Eugène, [278].
• Berlin Museum, [98], [269].
• Berrettini (Pietro da Cortona), [122].
• Berri, Madame la Duchesse de, [274].
• Bessborough, Lord, [124].
• ‘Betrothal of Louis XV. and Marie Leczinska,’ [161].
• ‘Betrothal of Louis XVI. and Marie-Antoinette,’ 132.
• Bèze, Théodore de, [207].
• Binyon, Laurence, [73].
• Birdwood, Miss Ethel, [170].
• —— Sir George, [15], note, 21, 24, quotation, [35], [36], note, [107], [170], [298].
• Bischoffsheim, Mrs., [163].
• Bisschop, Madame, [281].
• Blanc, Charles, [3], [121], [297].
• Blauchard, M., [214].
• Blondel:—Greek figures, [29];
  • Peru and Mexico, [84];
  • Middle Ages, [94];
  • flag-fan, [99], [100], [136];
  • agricultural fêtes, [171];
  • lorgnettes, [173];
  • quotation, [279].
• Boileau, Étienne, [94].
• Boissey, Louis de, quotation, [9].
• Bonheur, Rosa, [280].
• Bosse, Abraham, [148], [150], [151], [152], [204], [207].
• Boucher, [142].
• Bouchot, Henri, [165], note, [207], [225], [227], [228].
• Bradford, Countess of, [167].
• Brangwyn, Frank, A.R.A., [295], [296].
• Brantôme, [101], [102], note, [144], [145], [166].
• Brétigny seal of Edward III., [110].
• Bridal-fan of Adelaide of Savoy, Duchess of Burgundy, [158].
• —— of Marie-Antoinette, [166], [167].
• —— of H.R.H. Princess Anne, [190].
• Brisé fan, its construction and decoration, [119];
  • period of, [119];
  • modern, [278];
  • exhibitions of, [282], [283].
• Bristol, Dowager Marchioness of, [123], [125], [132], [153], [161], [165], [194], [197], [198], [276].
• British Guiana, [80].
• —— Museum, [48], [50], [51], [58], [61], [62], [63], [72], [76], [80], [82], [83], [84], [85], [91], [93], [205], [232].
• ‘Broken’ Chinese fan, [58].
• Bruyère, Madame la, [169].
• Bruÿn, A. de, [111], [112], [196], [197].
• Buddha, Gautama, 34; Gaya, [34].
• Buddhist priests, Siam, [42].
• Bulrushes, [50].
• Burdett-Coutts, Baroness, [191], [259].
• —— W., [56], [117], [125], [247].
• Burges, W., [95], note, [96], [97].
• Burma, monastic novitiate of, 6; King of, [34].
• Burmese regalia, [43].
• Burty, Ph., [71].
• Bushell, S. W., [21], [56], note, [69], note.
• Butler, [87], [89].
  
• Cabinet de Médailles, Paris, [99].
• ‘Cabriolet’ fan, [164], [226], [227].
• Cain, Georges, [281].
• Caligraphic School, Japan, [62].
• Caligraphy, [69], note.
• Callamatta, Madame, [281].
• Callot Jacques, [204], [207].
• Cambridge, Augusta, Duchess of, [166].
• Camp-fan (jin sen), [73].
• Campbell’s London Tradesman, 1747, quotation, [179].
• Canal, Antonio (Canaletto), [125], [191], [258].
• Canning, Lady, [133].
• ‘Capture of the Balearic Islands,’ [129].
• Carlos III., King of Spain, 1759, [129], [130].
• Carlyle, Thomas, [215], [218].
• Carracci, Agostino, [105], [180], [204].
• —— Annibale, [122], [123].
• Carrand collection, [90].
• ‘Carrousel at Madrid,’ [129].
• Case or cover of a fan, [21], [22].
• Ceremonial fan, [82], [89].
• ‘Cerf de St. Hubert,’ [280].
• Chamba, [44].
• Chamberlain, Basil, [72], [75].
• Chambers, Dictionary of Arts and Sciences, [25], note.
• Chambrun, Comtesse de, [165].
• Chapel-fan, [251].
• Chapt, Madame la Baronne de, Œuvres Philosophiques, [3].
• Chardin, M., [123].
• —— Voyages, [35].
• Charles V., [99].
• Charles, Prof., [213].
• Charlotte, Queen, management of fan, [7].
• Château de Pierre, excavation at the, [108].
• Chaudet, [229].
• Chaurie, [38], [39].
• Chesterfield, Lord, [259], note.
• Child, Josiah, [164].
• Children’s fans, exhibition of, [125].
• Chinese feather-screens, [288].
• Chodowiecki, D., [245], [269].
• Chrism, consecrations of, [88].
• Chrysostom, St., [88], note.
• Chūkei, [65].
• Church-fan, [193], [248], [249], [250], [251].
• Cipriani, [193], [268].
• Clark, J. W., [98], note.
• Cleopatra, [19].
• Climenson, E. J., quotation, [190].
• Clouet, François, [138].
• Cluny, Musée de, [91], [114], [146].
• Coburg, H.R.H. Duke of, [198].
• Cochin, Nicolas, [205].
• Cockade fan, [83], [100].
• Code of the fan (Japan), [65].
• Cole, Sir Henry, [280].
• Colombia, Republic of, bellows fan, [12].
• Columbus Christopher, expedition to America, [107].
• Compte-Calix, [278].
• Conder, Charles, [294], [295].
• —— Frank, [295].
• —— Josiah, [64], note.
• Connaught, H.R.H. Princess Margaret of, [292].
• Consort, Prince, [203].
• Conversation or speaking fan, [253].
• Coomaraswarmy, A. K., [37], note, [43].
• Copts, [41].
• ‘Coquette, La,’ [208], [209].
• Corisandres, [274].
• Coronation fan of H.M. Queen Alexandra, [293].
• —— banquet of George II., [232].
• Corot, [278].
• Cortona, Pietro da, [122].
• Coryat, Thomas, [112].
• Cosway, [195].
• Court-fan, [63], [64].
• ‘Court of Love,’ [296].
• Courtesans, [53].
• ‘Courtship and Marriage of the Dauphin,’ [162], [166].
• Cousin, Jean, [138].
• Couture, [278].
• Cover or case of a fan, [21], [22].
• Coverley, Sir Roger de, [187].
• Cowper, [289].
• Coypel, Antoine, [153].
• Craven, Dowager Duchess of, [132].
• Cray, Madame du, [169].
• Crépy, [208].
• Crescent-shaped hand-fan, [40].
• Crests, fan-, [110].
• Crewdson, Wilson, [50], [64], [255], [288].
• Cruikshank, [246].
• Crusaders, [25], [100].
• Cullam, Sir John, Bart., [103], note.
• Cumming, C. F. Gordon, [35], note.
• ‘Cupid’s Hive,’ [125].
• Curiosities in fans, [286], [287].
• Cust, Lionel, [193], note, [268].
• Cyrenians, sacrifices to fly-catching god, [23].
  
• Dagger-fan, [58].
• Dahl, Michael, [153].
• Dai Tengu, [60], [61].
• D’Albuquerque, Alphonso, [107].
• D’Alembert, [153].
• Dance-fan, [73], [82].
• Dancing-fan (mai ogi), [62], [73].
• D’Arblay, Madame, letter, [7]-8, [192].
• Date of a fan, important consideration in determining, [149].
• Davenant, Sir W., [101].
• Davis, Sir John Francis, [107].
• Découpé fan, [114], [146], [178].
• Delhi, [42].
• Derivation of the word fan, [10].
• Derri, Nubia, Temple of, [15].
• ‘Descente en Angleterre, 1803,’ [229].
• ‘Désespoir des Pensionnaires,’ [222].
• Desroches, Mlle., [114], [115].
• Devauçay, Madame, [174].
• Devonshire, Georgiana, Duchess of, [195].
• D’Hautefort, Mlle., [105].
• Diamonds, in handles, [103].
• Diaz, [275], [278].
• Dilke, Lady, [139], note.
• Disc standards, Assyrian, [25], [37].
• Disraeli, Benjamin, Contarini Fleming, [4], [135].
• Disvāta, [37].
• Dobson, Austin, [239].
• Doran, Dr., [7], note.
• Doré, Madame, [144].
• ‘Double-entente,’ Chinese, [58].
• Double or reversible fan, [120], [121].
• Drake, Sir Francis, [103].
• Drapers’ Hall Exhibition, 1878, [122].
• Drawings of fans by Poggi, [193].
• Dreher, Conrad, [286].
• ‘Droits de l’Homme, Les,’ [221].
• Dryden, John, [163].
• Duchâtel, Countess, [159].
• Duck-foot or Ferrara fan, [107].
• ‘Duck-Hunting,’ [252], [253].
• Dugdale, [92], note.
• Dumoutier, G., [52], note.
• Duncannon, Lady, [124].
• Dutch painted fans, [196];
  • early use, [197];
  • painted mounts, [197];
  • historical and fanciful subjects, [198];
  • treatment of the mount, [198];
  • French, Italian, and Chinese influences on the treatment of the mount, [198];
  • Flemish, [199];
  • varnish, [200];
  • ivory brisé, [200];
  • horn, [201];
  • small decorated spangled, [201];
  • sticks, [202].
• ‘Dutch Settlements in the East Indies,’ [197].
• Duvelleroy, M., [121], [124], [137], [276], [278], [279], [291], [293].
• Dyonisia, [11].
  
• Early history of fan, Japan, [60].
• East India Company, [176].
• Edward III., Brétigny seal of, [110].
• Egerton, Hon. Wilbraham, [37], note.
• Egyptian fan, plaited hand, [13];
  • processional [14], [15], [16], [17];
  • semicircular hand, [13], [14];
  • square, [19].
• Eleanor, Queen, [102].
• ‘Eleanora d’Este,’ [113].
• Elena, Queen of Italy, [291].
• Elizabeth, Queen, [102], [178].
• Emblem, fan, [17], [18], [39].
• Embroidered Dutch fans, [199].
• Employment of fans in religious ceremonies, [15], [20], [27], [52], [87]-94.
• Enamel, [55], [56].
• Énault, Louis, [136].
• Engraved fans of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, French—
  • Earliest, [204].
  • Classical, [206].
  • Topical, [207].
  • Naval and military, [207].
  • Separation of America from England, [212].
  • Capture of Granada, [212].
  • Louis Seize, [212].
  • Birth of the Dauphin, [212].
  • Professor Charles’s balloon, [214].
  • Beaumarchais’ comedy, Le Mariage de Figaro, [216].
  • Operatic, [216].
  • The Revolution, [219].
  • Mirabeau, [223].
  • Paper-money difficulties, [223], [224], [227].
  • Abolition of the Slave-Trade, [226].
  • Cabriolet, [227].
  • Napoleon Bonaparte, [228], [229].
  • Russian campaign of 1812, [230].
  • Nicaragua Canal, [230].
• Engraved fans of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, English—
  • Coronation of George II., [232].
  • Beggar’s Opera, [233].
  • Marriage of the Crown Princess with Prince of Orange, [234].
  • William Hogarth, [238].
  • Victories of Admiral Vernon, [240], [241].
  • The unpopular Prime Minister, [241].
  • Jacobite Rebellion, [243].
  • Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, [244].
  • Death of the Prince of Wales, 1751, [244].
  • Taking of Quebec, [244].
  • Marriage of George IV., [246].
  • Lord Howe’s victory, [247].
  • Trial of Warren Hastings, [247].
  • Popular resorts, [256].
  • Opera, [262].
  • Lord Hardwicke’s New Marriage Act of 1753, [267].
  • Processes of, [270].
• Entertainment fans, [256].
• ‘Entomologist,’ [280].
• Eugénie, Empress, [57], [279], [280], [281].
• Euripides, quotation, [29].
• ‘Éventail brisé,’ [119].
• Excise fan, [234].
  
• Fabri, Alex., [147].
• Fair fans, [256], [257].
• Fairholt, quotation, [178].
• Fan and towel or handkerchief beaters, [21].
• Fan as decorative motif in design, [76].
• Fan as emblem of life, Japan, [20], [60].
• Fan-bearer, office of, [16];
  • privileges of, [19];
  • Assyrian, [20], [21];
  • badge of Assyria, [20].
• Fan games, [75], [76].
• Fan-shops, Paris, 151; London, [187].
• Fannière Brothers, [278].
• Feast of Lanterns, [46].
• Feather-fans, Greek, [29], [30];
  • Etruscan, [30];
  • Roman, [30], [87];
  • India, [40];
  • China, [46];
  • wing-shaped, [47], [57];
  • primitive, [77];
  • eagle, [82];
  • Venetian, [99];
  • France, Charles V., [100];
  • twelfth to sixteenth centuries, [101];
  • white and coloured, [102];
  • France, [144];
  • English, [176];
  • modern, [287], [288], [289], [290];
  • woodcock, [289].
• Feather-wands, [84].
• Feather-work, [50], [288].
• Fell, H. Granville, [296].
• Ferrara, or duck’s-foot fan, [107].
• ‘Fête de l’Agriculture,’ [171].
• ‘Fête de la Fédération,’ [222].
• ‘Fête on the Piazzetta,’ [125].
• Feuchères, Jean, [278].
• Feure, Georges de, [297].
• Fielding, Henry, [256].
• Figaro fans, [216].
• Filigree, [55], [56], [57], [58].
• Fitzherbert, Mrs., [195].
• Flabelliferæ, [15], [31], [45].
• Flabellum, Egyptian, [16];
  • leek-green, [32];
  • Christian, [87]-97;
  • early adoption by the Latin Church, [88];
  • symbolism of, [88];
  • types of, 89; Tournus, [89], [90];
  • handle, French twelfth century, [91], [92];
  • capital, North German, [92];
  • peacock, [94];
  • metal, [99];
  • cockade, [100].
• Flagellum, the mystical vannus, [11].
• Flag-fans: India, [41], [42], [44];
  • West Africa, [83];
  • Europe, [97];
  • Coptic, [98];
  • Venice, [99].
• Flamand, Le, [168].
• Fleury, Robert, [275].
• Flies, Baal-zebub, lord of the, [22], [23].
• Floire, The, [101].
• Flory, M. A., [7], note.
• Fly-hunter (Jupiter Myiodes), 23; Hercules, [23].
• Fly-whisk or fly-flap, primitive Egyptian, [14];
  • Assyrian, [22], [25];
  • Roman, [28], [31];
  • Indian, [38], [39], [44], [45], [62];
  • primitive peoples, [84], [85];
  • black horse-hair, [86];
  • Abyssinian, [86];
  • peacock feathers, [92];
  • palm leaves, [98].
• Fol, Walther, [279].
• Folding or pleated fans, [28], [52], [53], [57], [58];
  • bamboo, [62], [65];
  • war, [70];
  • French, [145];
  • English, [176];
  • modern, [272].
• Forrers, Robert, [98].
• Fortune-telling fans, [254], [255], [256].
• Fox-Davies, A. C., [110], [111].
• Fragonard, [167].
• Franklin, Benjamin, [170].
• Franks collection, [161], [199].
• Freij, Jacobus, [122].
• Friederichsy, Baroness, [286].
• Fuji san (peerless mountain), [75].
  
• ‘Galant, Le,’ [208].
• Gamble, M., [233], [234], [237], [248], [255], [264].
• Games of the fan, [75], [76].
• Garnier, [278].
• Gautier, Théophile, [135].
• Gavarni, [278], [279].
• Gay, [2].
• Genlis, Madame de, Dictionary of Etiquette, [174].
• Gentleman’s Magazine, quotation, [182], [183], [186].
• ‘George Washington,’ [212].
• Germanus, [89].
• Germo, Leonardo, [123].
• Gérôme, [275].
• Giant fans, [74].
• Gibson, Mrs. Frank W., [132].
• Giles, H. A., [52], note, [59], note.
• Girardin, Madame de, [278].
• Glaize, [275], [278].
• Gluck, [216].
• Gold Coast, [84].
• Gold-handled fans, [102], [103].
• Goldoni, The Fan, 6, 7, 126, quotation.
• Goncourt, MM. de, 17 2, quotation.
• Gore, Sir Humphrey, [180].
• Gosson, Stephen, quotation, [177].
• Götz, Prof. Hermann, [284].
• Goupy, [185].
• Goya, Francisco, [134].
• Granville, Countess, [280].
• Grass or rush fans, [77], [79], [83].
• Gravelot, [191].
• ‘Great Lottery of 1714,’ [190].
• Greek Church, [94].
• Grégoire, [226].
• Gretry, [216].
• Grignan, Madame de, [154], [159].
• Guido, ‘Aurora’ of, [123].
• Guimet, Musée, [50], [51], [76], note.
• Gumbai Uchiwa, [62].
• Gun Sen, [62].
• Gypsy fans, [254], [255], [256].
  
• Halberd-shaped fans, [42].
• Hall, Bishop, [105].
• Hammett, Lydia, [293].
• Hamon, Jean Louis, [278], [279], [280].
• Han dynasty, sculptures, [21], [26], [49], [58].
• Hand-fan: Egyptian plaited, [13];
  • Assyrian, [25];
  • primitive, [77], [78], [79];
  • Egyptian semicircular, [13], [14].
• Hand-screen, engraved design for a, by Agostino Carracci, [105];
  • feather, [105];
  • straw, [196];
  • engraved, [204], [217].
• Handles at Museums, 14, 30, 105; Gold Coast, [84].
• ‘Harlot’s Progress,’ [238], [239].
• Harpe, M. de la, [168], note.
• Harvey, John, [180].
• Hastings, Warren, trial of, [247].
• Hawaiian Islands, [79], [80], [84].
• Heart-shaped fans: Greek, 28, 44; primitive, [78].
• Heere, Lucas de, [178].
• Hefner-Altenek, [112].
• Heine, Madame Charles, [129].
• Hennin collection (Bibliothèque Nationale), 165,[195].
• Hervey Islands, [79].
• Hi ogi, [62], [64], [69].
• Hide-fans, [77], [80], [83].
• Hildebert, St., [88].
• Hindu theatre, [39], note.
• Hiroshige II., [72].
• Hogarth, William, [238].
• Hohenlohe-Langenburg, H.S.H. Princess Victor of, [132].
• Hokusai, 69. [72].
• Holmes, Randle, [94].
• Holt, H. F., [101], note, [203].
• Hörman, Christopher Fredr., [205].
• Horn, [120], [201].
• Horniman Museum, [38], [83].
• Hotei, [61], [67], [68].
• Hsi-Wang-Mu, fan of, [47]-49.
• Hughes, John, Tatler, [189], note.
• —— Mr. Talbot, [134].
• Humorous fans, [265].
• Hunefer, papyrus of, [18].
• Hunt, W. Holman, [24], note.
• Hussein Dey, [273].
  
• Imperial Museum, Tôkyô, [68].
• ‘Impracticable,’ [58].
• Incrustation, process of, mother of pearl, [119].
• India Museum, [38], [39], [44], [51], [86].
• Ingres, [275].
• Innocent XI., Pope, [232].
• Inscription or autograph fans, [58], [59], [68], [69], [285].
• Invention of fan: China, 46; Japan, [63].
• Inventories: St. Riquer, Amiens, La Sainte Chapelle, Ely, Salisbury, St. Paul’s, 92;
  • Exeter, [92];
  • of pledges, 1303, [95];
  • Comptesse Mahaut d’Artois, Queen Clémence, Johanne d’Evereux, Charles V., [100];
  • Queen Elizabeth, [103].
• Isabella, queen of Edward II., [93].
  • Isabey, [275].
• Isis, priest of, [27].
• Ivory, [51], [53], [55], [57], [58], [64], [65], [74], [89], [91], [105], [114], [118], [125], [129], [134], [147], [161], [162], [166], [174], [192], [194], [197], [199], [200], [201], [203], [212], [244], [273], [280].
  
• Jacobite Rebellion, [243].
• Jacquemart, [275], [278].
• Jane of Navarre, [196].
• Jeaffreson, quotation, [267].
• Jewelled fans, [102].
• Jews, names of cities of, [22].
• Joachim-Gibson, Mrs., [286].
• Johnston, Mrs. Bruce-, [124], [166].
• Joly, Henry L., [73], note.
• Josephs, Marie, [125].
• Jubinal, Madame Achille, [99], [122], [174].
• ‘Judgment of Paris,’ [158], [206].
• Juro, [61].
  
• Kaname, or rivet, [60], note.
• Kanaoka, [66].
• Kanō San Raku, [68].
• Kapiolani, Queen, [79].
• Kasuga Motomitsu, [66].
• —— Takayoski, [68].
• Kauffmann, Angelica, [120], [193], [194], [268].
• Kells, Book of, [87], [89], [93].
• Kendal, Mrs., [287].
• Kew Museum, [44].
• Khaskhás root, [44].
• King, Jessie, [297].
• Kingsley, Miss, [84], note.
• Klagmann, [278].
• Klimsch, Prof. Eugen, [284].
• Kôyetsu, [69].
• Krishna, [44].
• Kunisada, [69].
• Kuniyoshi, [71].
• Kyoto, [69].
  
• Lace mounts, [291].
• Lacquer, 53, 54; gold, [55], [75], [76], [156], [157].
• La Farge, Raymond, [144].
• Lami, Eugène, [275], [278].
• ‘La petite bestiole,’ story of, [115].
• Lancey, Col. de, [195].
• Lancret, [144].
• Lane, Mr. and Mrs. John, [295].
• Language of the fan, [136], [137], [253].
• Lanoy, [278].
• La Salle, Le Sieur de, [82], [83].
• Layard, Nineveh, [11], note, [22], [25], note.
• Le Brun, Charles, [139], [154], note.
• Legends of the fan, [72].
• Leicester, Earl of, [102].
• Lewis, Mrs. Arthur, [286].
• Lilliputian fans, [263].
• Linas, Charles de, [30], [97], [98].
• Lindsay, Lady, [133], [158].
• Lithography, [271].
• Liturgic fans, [97].
• Loire, Nicholas, [204], [206].
• Loti, Pierre, [64].
• Louise, H.R.H. Princess, Duchess of Argyll, [198], [277], [282].
• Love fans, [262];
  • classes of, [262];
  • courting fan mounts, [263].
• Lovers’ Agency Bureau, [155].
  
• Mahábhárata, [33].
• Maintenon, Madame de, [158].
• Mai ogi, [62].
• Makart, Hans, [283].
• Making of a fan, number of persons employed, [121].
• Malay Kris, [58].
• ‘Malbrouk,’ [207], [208], [211], [213].
• Mantz, Paul, [143], [160], note.
• ‘Marat’ fans, [225]-226.
• Marcel, Gabriel, [131].
• Margaret, Queen, [102].
• Maria Theresa of Spain, [154], [162], [163].
• Marie-Antoinette, [117], [132], [159], [166], [167], [168], [169], [213], [225].
• Marquesas, [79].
• Marriage fans of Charles II., 180.
• ‘Marriage of Cupid and Psyche,’ [123].
• ‘Marriage of Louis XIV. and Maria Theresa,’ [154].
• ‘Marriage of Napoleon with Marie Louise,’ [229].
• Marston, Satires, [101].
• Martial, quotation, [28], [31].
• Martin, Julian, [156].
• —— Robert, [156].
• —— Simon-Etienne, [156].
• —— William, [156].
• Mary, H.R.H. Princess, [292].
• —— Queen, [102].
• Masanobu, [67].
• —— Kiato, [69].
• Matabei, [73], [85].
• Mathilde, Princess, [281].
• Meehan, Famous Houses of Bath, quotation, [261].
• Medallion fan after Cosway, [195].
• Medicis, Catherine de’, [144].
• Meir, Rabbi Joseph Ben, [24].
• Melville, Lewis, quotation, [259], [260].
• Ménagiana, quotation, [173].
• Mercure de France, quotation, [149], [157].
• Meredith, George, Harry Richmond, [4], [5].
• Mésangère, M. de la, [105].
• Messel, L. C. R., [71], [105], [114], [115], [153], [175], [187], [202], [288].
• Meyer, M., [119], [277].
• Mica, [78], [113], [114].
• ‘Midnight Modern Conversation, 1733,’ [239].
• Mignard, Pierre, Le Romain, [140].
• Ming dynasty, [54].
• Mirabeau fans, [223].
• Mita ogi, [73].
• Modern and present-day fans, [74], [272];
  • decline of the fan industry and its causes, [272], [276];
  • conquest of Algeria by the French, [273];
  • production in 1847 and 1848 compared, [276];
  • machinery, [277];
  • brisé, [275];
  • exhibitions, [282], [283];
  • autograph and inscription, [285];
  • revival of ostrich feather, [287];
  • lace mounts, [291].
• Montague, Mrs., [189], [288].
• Monza, [95]-97.
• Moral reflections of a female reformer, [250].
• More, Sir Thomas, anecdote, [9], note.
• Moreau, Édouard, [290].
• Morley, Henry, [236], [257].
• Morrison collection, [73].
• Moschus, [88].
• Moss, Miss, [119], [166], [191], [198], [208], [273].
• Mother of pearl, [53];
  • China, [55];
  • Japan, [74];
  • Queen Elizabeth, [102];
  • kinds of, [118].
• ‘Motion’ fan, [241], [242].
• Motonobu, [67].
• Mounts, Italian, [122];
  • subjects of, [123];
  • Neapolitan, [124];
  • French, [122], [123];
  • English, [179];
  • Dutch, [197].
• Mourning-fans, [194], [225], [244].
• Mozart, [216].
• Müller, Karl, [278].
• Murray, C. Fairfax, [238].
• Musée de Cluny, [91], [114], [146].
• —— de Louvre, [222].
• —— des Arts Décoratifs, Paris, [281].
• Museo Civico, Venice, [273].
• —— Gregorio, Rome, fan handles, [30].
• —— Nazionale, Florence, [89].
  
• Nai-To, [71].
• Nan-ratan, or nine stone, [43].
• Napoleon Bonaparte, [228], [229].
• ‘Napoleon shows his Troops the Channel,’ [229].
• Nardaillac, Comtesse de, [279].
• Nash, Beau, [258], [261].
• —— E. Barrington, [276].
• Nassau fans, [235], [236], [237], [238].
• Neapolitan fans, [124].
• Necromantic fans, [254], [255], [256].
• Negroni collection, [285].
• Nemours, Duchess de, [180].
• New Nassau fan, [237].
• Nigeria, [82], [83].
• Nimroud, [20], [25].
• Nitôcris, Queen, [19].
• ‘Nō’ drama, [63].
• Nollekins, [185].
• North American Indian fans, [14].
• Northcliffe, Lady, [122], [123], [134], [165].
  
• Oblong fans, [50].
• Oldroyd, Miss L., [293].
• Oliver, Peter, [180].
• Olympian games, [23].
• —— Jupiter, [23].
• ‘Oncle’ fans, [215].
• Onola, Countess, [286].
• Opera fans, French, [216], [217];
  • English, [262].
• Operations of the pleating of the fan, [121].
• Orange fan, [237].
• Order of the fan, Sweden, [153], note.
• Origin of the fan, [1]-3.
• Osborne, Thomas, [8], [252], [253].
• —— Miss, [187].
• Osiris, [15].
• Ostrich, 40; folded, [105].
• Ottley, Captain J. E., [122].
• Ovid, quotation, [32].
  
• Packering, Sir J., [103].
• Paciandi, [93], note.
• Painted fans of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries—
• Italian.—
  • Introduction of the folding-fan into Europe, [107];
  • excavation at the Château de Pierre, [108];
  • decorative development, [109];
  • earliest forms, [113];
  • construction, [116];
  • character of the sticks, [117];
  • ornamentation, 117, 118:
  • brisé fans, [119];
  • double or reversible, [120], [121];
  • mounts, [122], [123];
  • Neapolitan, [124];
  • children’s fans, [125];
  • superiority of the workmen, [126].
• Spanish, [127];
  • Italian influence on art, [128];
  • alliance of the House of Bourbon, [130];
  • Treaty of Paris, [130];
  • classical revival, [131];
  • character of the stick, [132], [133];
  • influence of Francisco Goya, [133], [134];
  • varieties of, [135];
  • language of, [136], [137].
• French.—
  • Italian influence on, [138];
  • influences of Jean Cousin, François Clouet, [138];
  • Charles le Brun, [139];
  • Bernini, Borromini, [140];
  • the Revolution, [143];
  • introduction of Italian feather-fans, [144];
  • folded fans, [145];
  • découpé fans, [146];
  • importance of the industry, [146];
  • constitution of a corporate body of fanmakers under Louis XIV., [146];
  • prices obtained in 1753, [147];
  • painting and its influence during the reign of Louis XIII., [150];
  • Paris fan-shops, [151];
  • introduction of Spanish fashions, [152];
  • reign of the Grand Monarque, [154];
  • lacquering, [156], [157], [158];
  • Vernis Martin, [158];
  • classical influence, [163];
  • ‘cabriolet’ fans, [164];
  • relapse of the industry, [165];
  • Handel and Gluck, [166];
  • custom of presenting wedding fans, [167];
  • influence of the Directoire and Empire periods, [170];
  • straw and spangles, [172];
  • gauze or net, [172];
  • lorgnette or opera-glass fan, [172];
  • reduction in size, [174].
• English.—
  • Early use of the folded fan, [176];
  • plumed fan, [176];
  • découpé, [178];
  • gigantic green-shading fans, [179];
  • influence of the trade with India, [179];
  • importation of Italian fan mounts, [179];
  • earliest fans, [180];
  • marriage fans of Charles II., [180];
  • charter of incorporation granted by Queen Anne, [181];
  • fan makers’ petition to Parliament demanding prohibition of importation of fans from India, China, and the East, [182];
  • tax upon wooden- and feather-fans, [182];
  • importation of feather-fans forbidden, [182], [184];
  • disputes between Fanmakers’ Company and journeymen, [182];
  • extent of the industry and adverse conditions in the middle of the eighteenth century, [182];
  • tea-merchants as dealers in imported fans, [183];
  • principal enactments regulating importations, [184];
  • London fan-shops, [187];
  • large fans, [187];
  • selection of partners at dancing assemblies, [189];
  • influence of peace between Austria and France, [190];
  • spangles, [191];
  • ivory brisé, [194];
  • Wedgwood, [194];
  • Napoleonic wars, [195].
• Dutch.—
  • Early uses, [197];
  • mounts, [197];
  • historical or fanciful subjects, [198];
  • influence of France, Italy, and China on the treatment of the mount, [198];
  • Flemish, [199];
  • varnish, [200];
  • ivory brisé, [200];
  • horn, [201];
  • small decorated spangled, [201];
  • sticks, [202].
• German.—
  • Medallion, [203];
  • lace or net, [203];
  • eighteenth century the era of the fan, [203].
• Palliser, Mrs. Bury, [291].
• Palm fans, [2], [42], [43];
  • lateral, [43], [78];
  • natural [77];
  • Talipot, [78];
  • Palmyra, [78].
• Pankhá, [40], [41], [45], [78].
• Papperitz, Georg, [284].
• Parchment fens, [87].
• Paris, Madame la Comtesse de, [203].
• Parkman, Francis, [83], note.
• Pasquier, Étienne, [115], [160].
• Pattern fans, Etruscan, [30].
• Pausanias, [23], [24], note.
• ‘Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle,’ [190].
• Peacock: [30], [31], [39];
  • Greek, [29], [30];
  • Roman, [31], [87];
  • emblem, [39], [44];
  • India, [40];
  • quills, [42];
  • China, [46], [47];
  • feathers, [51], [87], [89];
  • Musci-fugium, [93];
  • plumes of, [101].
• Perrot and Chipiez, [22], [24].
• Persians, ventilating fan, [25];
• fan crest, [27].
• Petit, Édouard, [121], note.
• Petrie, Prof. W. M. Flinders, [15].
• Pheasant, 46; Argus, [54].
• Philibert, St., [90].
• Philippe le Bel, [196].
• Phœnicians, [27].
• Phœnix, [51], [56].
• Phré, sacred barque of, [15].
• ‘Piazza of St. Mark, Venice,’ [125].
• Pichard, le Sieur, [144].
• Pictorial art, [141].
• Piis, Augustin de, [2].
• Pinchbeck, Jonathan, [235], [236], [237], [238], [243], [258], [259], [263], [264].
• Piqué work, [117];
  • employment of, [119].
• Plautus, flabelliferæ, [31].
• Pleated fans, vide Folded fans.
• Pliny, sacrifices of Cyrenians, [23].
• Poggi, [192], [193].
• Poigey, Dr., [144].
• Pollen, Mrs. Hungerford, [195].
• ‘Pompadour’ fan, [166].
• Pompadour, Marquise de, [122].
• Ponsonby, Lady, [124].
• Pope, quotation, [174], note, [179].
• Popelin, Claudius, [281].
• Popular resorts, fans of, [256], [258], [259], [260], [261], [262].
• Portraits, fans appearing in:
  • Queen Elizabeth, Anne of Denmark, Princess Elizabeth, wife of John Pen, Esq., Sebastian del Piombo, [104];
  • Maria Giuseppa, Archduchess of Austria; Maria Cardina, Queen of Naples; Queen Maria Cristina di Borbone; Queen Maria Louisa, [129].
• Portugal, [100], [107].
• Poussiégle, Achille, [285].
• Present-day fans, vide Modern fans.
• ‘Prince of Wales and Mrs. Fitzherbert,’ [195].
• Prince of Wales (King Edward VII.), [34].
• —— (King George IV.), [195].
• Printed fans, [269].
• Processional fans, Egyptian, [14], [15], [16], [17];
  • India, [42].
• ‘Promenade, the,’ [159].
• Propertius, flabella, [31], [32].
• Prouille, Monastery of, [91].
  
• Rama, [39].
• Rambert, C., [280].
• Rameses XII., temple of, [15].
• ‘Rape of Helen,’ [158].
• Raphael, [123].
• Ratisbon, [35].
• Rawlinson, Sir Henry, [22], note.
• ‘Reason for the Motion,’ [243].
• Redgrave, S., [132], note, [150], [200], [276].
• References of the fan in Holy Writ, [10], [11], [22].
• Registrum Roff, [92], note.
• Reiset, Frédéric, [174].
• Rémusat, Abel, [57], note.
• Reversible or double fan, [120], [121].
• Rheims, [93].
• Riant, Madame, [158].
• Richelieu, Duc de, [149].
• Riegl, Alois, [25].
• Riester, [278].
• Rikiu ogi, [73].
• Riley, Henry Thomas, [95], note.
• ‘Rinaldo in the Garden of Armida,’ [166], [199].
• Robespierre, [226].
• Robinson, Sir John, [180].
• —— Sarah, [180].
• Rodney, Admiral, [245].
• Roll-up fans, [74].
• Romanelli, F., [122].
• Rondot, Natalis, [49], [52], note, [53], [272], [273], [275], [277].
• Roqueplan, Camille, [278].
• Rosenberg, G. J., [99], [122], [154], [158], [284], [291].
• Rothschild, Leopold de, [159], [273].
• —— Baroness Meyer de, [192].
• —— Baroness Salomon de, [43].
• Rouen, [93].
• Rousseau, [227].
• —— Philippe, [278].
• Royal Family, fans of, [245], [246], [247].
• Rubens, [197].
• Rush or grass fans, [77], [79], [83].
• Ruspae, Bishop of, [98].
• Rutlinger, J., [104].
• Rutz, Gaspar, [8], note.
  
• ‘St.Peter’s, Rome,’ [125].
• Sala, George Augustus, [2], [190], [298].
• Salting collection, [91], [105].
• Salwey, Mrs., [65], note, [73], [74], note, [76], note.
• Sanchi, Tope, [34].
• Sandalwood, [53], [55], [57], [58].
• Sandwich Islands, [79].
• ‘Sans Gêne,’ [172].
• Sargent, [215].
• Sayiban, or sun-fan, [36], note.
• Scaliger, [24].
• Scented wood, [128].
• Schönleber, Prof. Gustav, [284].
• Schools of Japanese painting, [65], [66], [67].
• Schreiber collection, British Museum, [6];
  • ‘Aurora’ of Guido, [123];
  • ‘Carrousel at Madrid,’ [129];
  • Surrender of Minorca, 1782, [133];
  • ‘Grand Monarque,’ [154], [155];
  • Tea-merchant’s trade card, [183];
  • Goupy’s fan mount, [185];
  • Lionel Cust’s letter, [193];
  • Loire’s ‘Desseins de grands
  • Éventails,’ [206];
  • ‘Biaggini’s Air Balloon,’ [214];
  • Figaro fans, [216];
  • ‘Duc d’Orleans as Sponsor,’ [218];
  • ‘Nicaragua Canal,’ [230];
  • ‘Harlot’s Progress,’ [239];
  • ‘Admiral Rodney,’ [245];
  • Royal visit to Royal Academy, [246];
  • ‘Marriage of Prince of Wales’ (George IV.), [247];
  • opera fan, [262];
  • widowhood, [268];
  • ‘Ascent of Mont Blanc,’ [276];
  • Madame Bisschop’s fan, [281].
• Schreiber, Lady Charlotte, [193], [205], [244], [259], [268], [281].
• Screens, pear-shaped, [48], [61];
  • white jade, [50];
  • hand, [50], [51], [75];
  • straw hand, [195];
  • engraved hand, [204], [217];
  • circular, [50], [51], [53], [61], [69];
  • cockade, [51];
  • ceremonial banner, [51], [61];
  • rigid, [61], [62], [69], [127];
  • silk, [61];
  • palm, [75];
  • large round, [127];
  • chinese feather, [288];
  • Queen Anne, [288].
• Seliger, Max, [284].
• Senefelder, Aloys, [271].
• Sen-no Rikiu, [74].
• Septvans, Sir Robert de, arms of, [11].
• Seraphim, [88].
• Sēsata, Cingalese, [37].
• Sesshiu school, Japan, [62], [65], [66].
• Sévigné, Madame de, [154], [159].
• Sewell, Colonel, [183].
• Shakespeare, quotation, [8], [9], [11], note, [19], [101], [176].
• Shaku, [64], [65].
• ‘Sheba, Queen of,’ fan, [133].
• Shunsui, [71].
• Silk, [57], [71], [75].
• Silver-handled fans, [101], [103].
• Skin fans, chicken, 268; asses’, [273].
• Smith, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, [12], note;
  • Dictionary of Christian Antiquities, [88], note.
• —— Albert, Ascent of Mont Blanc, [276].
• —— W. Harding, [70].
• Soldé, A., [277], [288].
• Solomon Islands, [79].
• Sommerand, Du, [91].
• South-Eastern Pacific, [84].
• Spanish lady, management of the fan, [4].
• Spatula, [80].
• Speaking or conversation fan, [253].
• Spear-shaped fans, [78].
• Spectator, [4], [187], [189].
• Spiers, R. Phené, [76].
• Stanhope, Lord, [229].
• Statutes regulating the fan industry, [146].
• Steele, Tatler, [5]-6, [179], [187].
• Stiletto, Italian, [58].
• ‘Storming of the Bastille,’ [219], [220], [221].
• Stow’s Chronicle, [53].
• Strange, Sir Robert, [243].
• Strickland, Agnes, quotation, [179].
• Strogonoff collection, [25].
• ‘Stuart, Athenian,’ [185].
• Sudan, Western, [84].
• Sim goddess, [74].
• ‘Surrender of Malta,’ [195].
• ‘Surrender of Minorca’ [133].
• Sutherland, Duke of, [195].
• Suye hiro ogi (wide end), [63].
• ‘Swanne downe,’ [102].
• Swift, Dean, [263].
• Swinging-fans, [25].
• Sydney, Sir Robert, [103].
  
• Tabellæ, Roman, [32], [51].
• Tadahira, [65].
• Tahiti, [85].
• Taira, [69], [72].
• Taishin, [74], [75].
• Tajima, [8], [69].
• Talc, [44].
• Tallien, Madame, [171].
• Tanagra figures, [29].
• Tanjore, [44].
• Taoist Genii, [47], [61], [67].
• Tasso, Torquato, legendary account of, [113].
• Tatler, John Hughes, [189].
• —— Steele, [5], [6], [179], [187].
• Tea ceremony, China, [57];
  • Japan, [74].
• Tea fans, [74].
• Terence (Eunuchus), quotation, [31].
• Testament du Louis XVI., [224].
• Tête-à-tête fan, [254].
• Theodolinda, Queen, [95], [97].
• Thiac, M. de, [169].
• Thomas, Felix, [24].
• Thornbury, Walter, [142].
• ‘Toilette de Madame la Marquise de Montespan,’ [159].
• Tomkinson, M., [56], [75].
• Tonga Islands, [85].
• Tooth relic of Buddha, [43], note.
• Topical fans, [206].
• Topographical fans, [191].
• Tortoise-shell, 53, 54, 57, 58, 74, 119. [132].
• Tournus, [89], [96], [97].
• Trevelyan, Sir W. C., Bart, [85].
• Trèves, Gospel of, [93].
• ‘Trial of Warren Hastings,’ [247].
• ‘Trips to Gretna,’ [267].
• ‘Triumph of Alexander’ (after Le Brun), [123].
• ‘Triumph of Amphitrite,’ [180].
• ‘Triumph of Bacchus,’ by A. Carracci, [180].
• ‘Triumph of Mordecai,’ [123].
• Tsunenori, [65].
• Tsunetaka, [66].
• Turtle-shell, [50].
  
• Ukiyoyé school, [66].
• Ulféda, [97].
• Ulrica, Louisa, [153].
• Umbrella, importance and significance of, in the East, [33]-36;
  • in Bacchic processions, [36];
  • in early Persian reliefs, [35];
  • form-connection between fan and umbrella [36];
• Cingalese, [36].
• Uses of the fan, [3]-9, [60].
• Uzanne, M., [2], [27], [273], [285].
  
• Vaillant, [278].
• Valmiki, [39].
• Vandyke, [197].
• Van Loon, [197].
• Vannus, [10], [11].
• Varnish, [156], [157].
• Vasco da Gama, expeditions of, [107].
• Vatican, [93].
• Vecellio, [107], [109], [113], [127], [147], [196].
• Velasquez, [128].
• ‘Ventosus,’ [187].
• ‘Venus and Adonis,’ [123].
• Vernet, Carl, [227].
• Vernet, Horace, [275].
• ‘Vernis Martin,’ [125], [168], [161], [200].
• Vernon, Admiral, [240], [241].
• Vibert, [275].
• Victoria and Albert Museum, [47], [74], [83], [91], [112], [196], [281], [282].
• Victoria, Queen, [159], [198], [202], [203], [277], [279], [282], [283].
• Viollet-le-Duc, M., [108].
• Virgil, mystical fan of Bacchus, [11];
  • Eclogues, [91].
• Voisin, M., [161].
• Voltaire, [156];
  • quotation, [157].
• Voorde, Aloys van de, [278].
• Vouet, Simon, [139].
  
• Waddell, Dr., [34].
• Wagner fans, [286].
• Wales, H.R.H. Princess of, [166], [289], [290].
• —— H.R.H. Princess Maude of, [292].
• Walker, Robert, [155], [181].
• Walker sale, 1882, [163], [168], [180], [190], [191], [193], [195], [199], [244], [259].
• Wallace collection, [125].
• Walpole, Horace, quotation, [164], [215], [241].
• —— Sir Robert, [233].
• War caused by a fan, [273].
• War fans, [70], [71], [72].
• Water fans, [62], [74].
• Watteau, [141], [144], [159].
• Wattier, [278], [280].
• Wedding fans, [132], [133], [277].
• West, M., [193].
• West Africa, [83].
• West, Benjamin, [123].
• Westminster Journal, quotation, [182].
• Whyte, Rowland, [103].
• Wide end (Suye hiro ogi), [63].
• Widowhood fans, [267].
• Wilkinson, Sir J. Gardner, [11], note.
• William IV., [166].
• Wilson, G., [265], [266].
• Windsor Castle collection, [159].
• Winnowing-fan, [10], [11], [13].
• Wolfe, General, [244].
• Woodcock feather-fan, [289].
• Wooden-fans, China, [52].
• Wright, Henry Smith, [164].
• Wyatt collection, [53], [54];
  • Chinese fan, [55];
  • filigree and enamel, [56];
  • stick of Italian folding-fan, [117];
  • brisé fan, [119];
  • minuet fan, [120];
  • Venus and Adonis, [123];
  • Neapolitan fan, [124];
  • Queen of Sheba, [133];
  • marriage of the Dauphin with Marie-Antoinette, [167];
  • paper mount, [190];
  • mourning-fan, [194];
  • Cosway’s medallion fan, [195];
  • Dutch mounts, [198], [199];
  • Dutch ivory brisé fan, [200];
  • skin fan, [268];
  • French painted medallion, [269].
• Wyatt, Sir M. Digby, [140], [298].
  
• Yak, [32].
• Yamato-Tosa school, [76].
• Yonge, Charlotte, fan of, [273].
• Yoshitsune, [72].
  
• Zimmern, Helen, [8], note.
• Zucharo, F., [104].

EDINBURGH
T. and A. CONSTABLE
Printers to His Majesty
MCMX