Scientists were now furnished with the telescope, compass, sextant, microscope, barometer, thermometer, air pump, manometer, and other instruments so that cellular structures of plants, animals, and insects, the microbes and bacteria, the animalculæ found in water and in the sea, as well as the phenomena of the air, sky, and earth crust could now be studied by trained observers. The invention of these instruments caused workers to specialize more and more, and completely severed science from philosophy, of which it had been an appendage since the earliest times.
The microscopical investigations of Malpighi, Kircher, Leeuwenhoek, Grew, and Hooke opened up an immense field for research. They developed microscopical chemistry and anatomy, and changed the prevailing ideas regarding animal and vegetable tissues. The sciences of mineralogy, botany and entomology were benefited and the medical sciences were practically revolutionized. The first publications of the Royal Society show the widespread attention microscopical and telescopic studies were then receiving.
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WEATHER AND ASTRONOMICAL INSTRUMENTS ON THE ROOF OF GREENWICH OBSERVATORY, ENGLAND
Courtesy "Aeronautics," London
A MOORING TOWER FOR AIRSHIPS, WITH THE R-24 FASTENED HEAD ON