CONTENTS.

Page.
List of illustrations[7]
Introductory[13]
Distribution of petroglyphs in North America[19]
Northeastern rock-carvings[19]
Rock-carvings in Pennsylvania[20]
in Ohio[21]
in West Virginia[22]
in the Southern States[22]
in Iowa[23]
in Minnesota[23]
in Wyoming and Idaho[24]
in Nevada[24]
in Oregon and Washington Territory[25]
in Utah[26]
in Colorado[27]
in New Mexico[28]
in Arizona[28]
in California[30]
in Colored pictographs on rocks[33]
Foreign petroglyphs[38]
Petroglyphs in South America[38]
in British Guiana[40]
in Brazil[44]
Pictographs in Peru[45]
Objects represented in pictographs[46]
Instruments used in pictography[48]
Instruments for carving[48]
for drawing[48]
for painting[48]
for tattooing[49]
Colors and methods of application[50]
In the United States[50]
In British Guiana[53]
Significance of colors[53]
Materials upon which pictographs are made[58]
Natural objects[58]
Bone[59]
Living tree[59]
Wood[59]
Bark[59]
Skins[60]
Feathers[60]
Gourds[60]
Horse-hair[60]
Shells, including wampum[60]
Earth and sand[60]
The human person[61]
Paint on the human person[61]
Tattooing[63]
Tattoo marks of the Haida Indians[66]
Tattooing in the Pacific Islands[73]
Artificial objects[78]
Mnemonic[79]
The quipu of the Peruvians[79]
Notched sticks[81]
Order of songs[82]
Traditions[84]
Treaties[86]
War[87]
Time[88]
The Dakota Winter Counts[89]
The Corbusier Winter Counts[127]
Notification[147]
Notice of departure and direction[147]
condition[152]
Warning and guidance[155]
Charts of geographic features[157]
Claim or demand[159]
Messages and communications[160]
Record of expedition[164]
Totemic[165]
Tribal designations[165]
Gentile or clan designations[167]
Personal designations[168]
Insignia or tokens of authority[168]
Personal name[169]
An Ogalala roster[174]
Red-Cloud’s census[176]
Property marks[182]
Status of the individual[183]
Signs of particular achievements[183]
Religious[188]
Mythic personages[188]
Shamanism[190]
Dances and ceremonies[194]
Mortuary practices[197]
Grave-posts[198]
Charms and fetiches[201]
Customs[203]
Associations[203]
Daily life and habits[205]
Tribal history[207]
Biographic[208]
Continuous record of events in life[208]
Particular exploits and events[214]
Ideographs[219]
Abstract ideas[219]
Symbolism[221]
Identification of the pictographers[224]
General style or type[225]
Presence of characteristic objects[230]
Modes of interpretation[233]
Homomorphs and symmorphs[239]
Conventionalizing[244]
Errors and frauds[247]
Suggestions to collaborators[254]

ILLUSTRATIONS.

PlatePage.
I.—Colored pictographs in Santa Barbara County, California[34]
II.—Colored pictographs in Santa Barbara County, California[35]
III.—New Zealand tattooed heads[76]
IV.—Ojibwa Meda song[82]
V.—Penn wampum belt[87]
VI.—Winter count on buffalo robe[89]
VII.—Dakota winter counts: for 1786-’87 to 1792-’93[100]
VIII.—Dakota winter counts: for 1793-’94 to 1799-1800[101]
IX.—Dakota winter counts: for 1800-’01 to 1802-’03[103]
X.—Dakota winter counts: for 1803-’04 to 1805-’06[104]
XI.—Dakota winter counts: for 1806-’07 to 1808-’09[105]
XII.—Dakota winter counts: for 1809-’10 to 1811-’12[106]
XIII.—Dakota winter counts: for 1812-’13 to 1814-’15[108]
XIV.—Dakota winter counts: for 1815-’16 to 1817-’18[109]
XV.—Dakota winter counts: for 1818-’19 to 1820-’21[110]
XVI.—Dakota winter counts: for 1821-’22 to 1823-’24[111]
XVII.—Dakota winter counts: for 1824-’25 to 1826-’27[113]
XVIII.—Dakota winter counts: for 1827-’28 to 1829-’30[114]
XIX.—Dakota winter counts: for 1830-’31 to 1832-’33[115]
XX.—Dakota winter counts: for 1833-’34 to 1835-’36[116]
XXI.—Dakota winter counts: for 1836-’37 to 1838-’39[117]
XXII.—Dakota winter counts: for 1839-’40 to 1841-’42[117]
XXIII.—Dakota winter counts: for 1842-’43 to 1844-’45[118]
XXIV.—Dakota winter counts: for 1845-’46 to 1847-’48[119]
XXV.—Dakota winter counts: for 1848-’49 to 1850-’51[120]
XXVI.—Dakota winter counts: for 1851-’52 to 1853-’54[120]
XXVII.—Dakota winter counts: for 1854-’55 to 1856-’57[121]
XXVIII.—Dakota winter counts: for 1857-’58 to 1859-’60[122]
XXIX.—Dakota winter counts: for 1860-’61 to 1862-’63[123]
XXX.—Dakota winter counts: for 1863-’64 to 1865-’66[124]
XXXI.—Dakota winter counts: for 1866-’67 to 1868-’69[125]
XXXII.—Dakota winter counts: for 1869-’70 to 1870-’71[126]
XXXIII.—Dakota winter counts: for 1871-’72 to 1876-’77[127]
XXXIV.—Corbusier winter counts: for 1775-’76 to 1780-’81[130]
XXXV.—Corbusier winter counts: for 1781-’82 to 1786-’87[131]
XXXVI.—Corbusier winter counts: for 1787-’88 to 1792-’93[132]
XXXVII.—Corbusier winter counts: for 1793-’94 to 1798-’99[133]
XXXVIII.—Corbusier winter counts: for 1799-1800 to 1804-’05[134]
XXXIX.—Corbusier winter counts: for 1805-’06 to 1810-’11[134]
XL.—Corbusier winter counts: for 1811-’12 to 1816-’17[135]
XLI.—Corbusier winter counts: for 1817-’18 to 1822-’23[136]
XLII.—Corbusier winter counts: for 1823-’24 to 1828-’29[137]
XLIII.—Corbusier winter counts: for 1829-’30 to 1834-’35[138]
XLIV.—Corbusier winter counts: for 1835-’36 to 1840-’41[139]
XLV.—Corbusier winter counts: for 1841-’42 to 1846-’47[140]
XLVI.—Corbusier winter counts: for 1847-’48 to 1852-’53[142]
XLVII.—Corbusier winter counts: for 1853-’54 to 1858-’59[143]
XLVIII.—Corbusier winter counts: for 1859-’60 to 1864-’65[143]
XLIX.—Corbusier winter counts: for 1865-’66 to 1870-’71[144]
L.—Corbusier winter counts: for 1871-’72 to 1876-’77[145]
LI.—Corbusier winter counts: for 1877-’78 to 1878-’79[146]
LII.—An Ogalala roster: Big-Road and band[174]
LIII.—An Ogalala roster: Low-Dog and band[174]
LIV.—An Ogalala roster: The Bear Spares-him and band[174]
LV.—An Ogalala roster: Has a War-club and band[174]
LVI.—An Ogalala roster: Wall-Dog and band[174]
LVII.—An Ogalala roster: Iron-Crow and band[174]
LVIII.—An Ogalala roster: Little-Hawk and band[174]
LIX.—Red-Cloud’s census: Red-Cloud’s band[176]
LX.—Red-Cloud’s census: Red-Cloud’s band[176]
LXI.—Red-Cloud’s census: Red-Cloud’s band[176]
LXII.—Red-Cloud’s census: Red-Cloud’s band[176]
LXIII.—Red-Cloud’s census: Red-Cloud’s band[176]
LXIV.—Red-Cloud’s census: Red-Cloud’s band[176]
LXV.—Red-Cloud’s census: Red-Cloud’s band[176]
LXVI.—Red-Cloud’s census: Red-Cloud’s band[176]
LXVII.—Red-Cloud’s census: Red-Shirt’s band[176]
LXVIII.—Red-Cloud’s census: Red-Shirt’s band[176]
LXIX.—Red-Cloud’s census: Red-Shirt’s band[176]
LXX.—Red-Cloud’s census: Black-Deer’s band[176]
LXXI.—Red-Cloud’s census: Black-Deer’s band[176]
LXXII.—Red-Cloud’s census: Black-Deer’s band[176]
LXXIII.—Red-Cloud’s census: Red-Hawk’s band[176]
LXXIV.—Red-Cloud’s census: Red-Hawk’s hand[176]
LXXV.—Red-Cloud’s census: High-Wolf’s band[176]
LXXVI.—Red-Cloud’s census: High-Wolf’s band[176]
LXXVII.—Red-Cloud’s census: Gun’s band[176]
LXXVIII.—Red-Cloud’s census: Gun’s band[176]
LXXIX.—Red-Cloud’s census: Second Black-Deer’s band[176]
LXXX.—Rock Painting in Azuza Cañon, California[156]
LXXXI.—Moki masks etched on rocks. Arizona[194]
LXXXII.—Buffalo-head monument[195]
LXXXIII.—Ojibwa grave-posts[199]
Figure 1.—Petroglyphs at Oakley Springs, Arizona[30]
2.—Deep carvings in Guiana[42]
3.—Shallow carvings in Guiana[43]
4.—Rock etchings at Oakley Springs, Arizona: Beaver[47]
5.—Rock etchings at Oakley Springs, Arizona: Bear[47]
6.—Rock etchings at Oakley Springs, Arizona: Mountain sheep[47]
7.—Rock etchings at Oakley Springs, Arizona: Three Wolf heads[47]
8.—Rock etchings at Oakley Springs, Arizona: Three Jackass rabbits[47]
9.—Rock etchings at Oakley Springs, Arizona: Cotton-tail rabbit[47]
10.—Rock etchings at Oakley Springs, Arizona: Bear tracks[47]
11.—Rock etchings at Oakley Springs, Arizona: Eagle[47]
12.—Rock etchings at Oakley Springs, Arizona: Eagle tails[47]
13.—Rock etchings at Oakley Springs, Arizona: Turkey tail[47]
14.—Rock etchings at Oakley Springs, Arizona: Horned toads[47]
15.—Rock etchings at Oakley Springs, Arizona: Lizards[47]
16.—Rock etchings at Oakley Springs, Arizona: Butterfly[47]
17.—Rock etchings at Oakley Springs, Arizona: Snakes[47]
18.—Rock etchings at Oakley Springs, Arizona: Rattlesnake[47]
19.—Rock etchings at Oakley Springs, Arizona: Deer track[47]
20.—Rock etchings at Oakley Springs, Arizona: Three Bird tracks[47]
21.—Rock etchings at Oakley Springs, Arizona: Bitterns[47]
22.—Bronze head from the necropolis of Marzabotto, Italy[62]
23.—Fragment of bowl from Troja[63]
24.—Haida totem post, Queen Charlotte’s Island[68]
25.—Haida man, tattooed[69]
26.—Haida woman, tattooed[69]
27.—Haida woman, tattooed[70]
28.—Haida man, tattooed[70]
29.—Skulpin (right leg of Fig. 26)[71]
30.—Frog (left leg of Fig. 26)[71]
31.—Cod (breast of Fig. 25)[71]
32.—Squid (Octopus), (thighs of Fig. 25)[71]
33.—Wolf, enlarged (back of Fig. 28)[71]
34.—Tattoo designs on bone, from New Zealand[74]
35.—New Zealand tattooed head and chin mark[75]
36.—New Zealand tattooed woman[75]
37.—Australian grave and carved trees[76]
38.—Osage chart[86]
39.—Device denoting succession of time. Dakota[88]
40.—Device denoting succession of time. Dakota[89]
41.—Measles or Smallpox. Dakota[110]
42.—Meteor. Dakota[111]
43.—River freshet. Dakota[113]
44.—Meteoric shower. Dakota[116]
45.—The-Teal-broke-his-leg. Dakota[119]
46.—Magic Arrow. Dakota[141]
47.—Notice of hunt. Alaska[147]
48.—Notice of departure. Alaska[148]
49.—Notice of hunt. Alaska[149]
50.—Notice of direction. Alaska[149]
51.—Notice of direction. Alaska[150]
52.—Notice of direction. Alaska[150]
53.—Notice of distress. Alaska[152]
54.—Notice of departure and refuge. Alaska[152]
55.—Notice of departure to relieve distress. Alaska[153]
56.—Ammunition wanted. Alaska[154]
57.—Assistance wanted in hunt. Alaska[154]
58.—Starving hunters. Alaska[154]
59.—Starving hunters. Alaska[155]
60.—Lean Wolf’s map. Hidatsa[158]
61.—Letter to “Little-man” from his father. Cheyenne[160]
62.—Drawing of smoke signal. Alaska[161]
63.—Tesuque Diplomatic Packet[162]
64.—Tesuque Diplomatic Packet[162]
65.—Tesuque Diplomatic Packet[162]
66.—Tesuque Diplomatic Packet[163]
67.—Tesuque Diplomatic Packet[163]
68.—Dakota pictograph: for Kaiowa[165]
69.—Dakota pictograph: for Arikara[166]
70.—Dakota pictograph: for Omaha[166]
71.—Dakota pictograph: for Pawnee[166]
72.—Dakota pictograph: for Assiniboine[166]
73.—Dakota pictograph: for Gros Ventre[166]
74.—Lean-Wolf as “Partisan”[168]
75.—Two-Strike as “Partisan”[169]
76.—Lean-Wolf (personal name)[172]
77.—Pointer. Dakota[172]
78.—Shadow. Dakota[173]
79.—Loud-Talker. Dakota[173]
80.—Boat Paddle. Arikara[182]
81.—African property mark[182]
82.—Hidatsa feather marks: First to strike enemy[184]
83.—Hidatsa feather marks: Second to strike enemy[184]
84.—Hidatsa feather marks: Third to strike enemy[184]
85.—Hidatsa feather marks: Fourth to strike enemy[184]
86.—Hidatsa feather marks: Wounded by an enemy[184]
87.—Hidatsa feather marks: Killed a woman[184]
88.—Dakota feather marks: Killed an enemy[185]
89.—Dakota feather marks: Cut throat and scalped[185]
90.—Dakota feather marks: Cut enemy’s throat[185]
91.—Dakota feather marks: Third to strike[185]
92.—Dakota feather marks: Fourth to strike[185]
93.—Dakota feather marks: Fifth to strike[185]
94.—Dakota feather marks: Many wounds[185]
95.—Successful defense. Hidatsa, etc.[186]
96.—Two successful defenses. Hidatsa, etc.[186]
97.—Captured a horse. Hidatsa, etc.[186]
98.—First to strike an enemy. Hidatsa[187]
99.—Second to strike an enemy. Hidatsa[187]
100.—Third to strike an enemy. Hidatsa[187]
101.—Fourth to strike an enemy. Hidatsa[187]
102.—Fifth to strike an enemy. Arikara[187]
103.—Struck four enemies. Hidatsa[187]
104.—Thunder bird. Dakota[188]
105.—Thunder bird. Dakota[188]
106.—Thunder bird (wingless). Dakota[189]
107.—Thunder bird (in beads). Dakota[189]
108.—Thunder bird. Haida[190]
109.—Thunder bird. Twana[190]
110.—Ivory record, Shaman exorcising demon. Alaska[191]
111.—Ivory record, Supplication for success. Alaska[192]
111a.—Shaman’s Lodge. Alaska[196]
112.—Alaska votive offering[197]
113.—Alaska grave-post[198]
114.—Alaska grave-post[199]
115.—Alaska village and burial grounds[199]
116.—New Zealand grave effigy[200]
117.—New Zealand grave-post[201]
118.—New Zealand house posts[201]
119.—Mdewakantawan fetich[202]
120.—Ottawa pipe-stem[204]
121.—Walrus hunter. Alaska[205]
122.—Alaska carving with records[205]
123.—Origin of Brulé. Dakota[207]
124.—Running Antelope: Killed one Arikara[208]
125.—Running Antelope: Shot and scalped an Arikara[209]
126.—Running Antelope: Shot an Arikara[209]
127.—Running Antelope: Killed two warriors[210]
128.—Running Antelope: Killed ten men and three women[210]
129.—Running Antelope: Killed two chiefs[211]
130.—Running Antelope: Killed one Arikara[211]
131.—Running Antelope: Killed one Arikara[212]
132.—Running Antelope: Killed two Arikara hunters[212]
133.—Running Antelope: Killed five Arikara[213]
134.—Running Antelope: Killed an Arikara[213]
135.—Record of hunt. Alaska[214]
136.—Shoshoni horse raid[215]
137.—Drawing on buffalo shoulder-blade. Camanche[216]
138.—Cross-Bear’s death[217]
139.—Bark record from Red Lake, Minnesota[218]
140.—Sign for pipe. Dakota[219]
141.—Plenty buffalo meat. Dakota[219]
142.—Plenty buffalo meat. Dakota[220]
143.—Pictograph for Trade. Dakota[220]
144.—Starvation. Dakota[220]
145.—Starvation. Ottawa and Pottawatomi[221]
146.—Pain. Died of “Whistle.” Dakota[221]
147.—Example of Algonkian petroglyphs, from Millsborough, Pennsylvania[224]
148.—Example of Algonkian petroglyphs, from Hamilton Farm, West Virginia[225]
149.—Example of Algonkian petroglyphs, from Safe Harbor, Pennsylvania[226]
150.—Example of Western Algonkian petroglyphs, from Wyoming[227]
151.—Example of Shoshonian petroglyphs, from Idaho[228]
152.—Example of Shoshonian petroglyphs, from Idaho[229]
153.—Example of Shoshonian petroglyphs, from Utah[230]
154.—Example of Shoshonian rock painting, from Utah[230]
155.—Rock painting, from Tule River, California[235]
156.—Sacred inclosure from Arizona. Moki[237]
157.—Ceremonial head-dress. Moki[237]
158.—Houses. Moki[237]
159.—Burden-sticks. Moki[238]
160.—Arrows. Moki[238]
161.—Blossoms. Moki[238]
162.—Lightning. Moki[238]
163.—Clouds. Moki[238]
164.—Clouds with rain. Moki[238]
165.—Stars, Moki[238]
166.—Sun. Moki[239]
167.—Sunrise. Moki,[239]
168.—Drawing of Dakota lodges, by Hidatsa[240]
169.—Drawing of earth lodges, by Hidatsa[240]
170.—Drawing of white man’s house, by Hidatsa[240]
171.—Hidatsati, the home of the Hidatsa[240]
172.—Horses and man. Arikara[240]
173.—Dead man. Arikara[240]
174.—Second to strike enemy. Hidatsa[240]
175.—Third to strike enemy. Hidatsa[240]
176.—Scalp taken. Hidatsa[240]
177.—Enemy struck and gun captured. Hidatsa[240]
178.—Mendota drawing. Dakota[241]
179.—Symbol of war. Dakota[241]
180.—Captives. Dakota[242]
181.—Circle of men. Dakota[242]
182.—Shooting from river banks. Dakota[242]
183.—Panther. Haida[242]
184.—Wolf head. Haida[243]
185.—Drawings on an African knife[243]
186.—Conventional characters: Men. Arikara[244]
187.—Conventional characters: Man. Innuit[244]
188.—Conventional characters: Dead man. Satsika[244]
189.—Conventional characters: Man addressed. Innuit[244]
190.—Conventional characters: Man. Innuit[244]
191.—Conventional characters: Man. From Tule River, California[244]
192.—Conventional characters: Man. From Tule River, California[244]
193.—Conventional characters: Disabled man. Ojibwa[244]
194.—Conventional characters: Shaman. Innuit[245]
195.—Conventional characters: Supplication. Innuit[245]
196.—Conventional characters: Man. Ojibwa[245]
197.—Conventional characters: Spiritually enlightened man. Ojibwa[245]
198.—Conventional characters: A wabeno. Ojibwa[245]
199.—Conventional characters: An evil Meda. Ojibwa[245]
200.—Conventional characters: A Meda. Ojibwa[245]
201.—Conventional characters: Man. Hidatsa[245]
202.—Conventional characters: Headless body. Ojibwa[245]
203.—Conventional characters: Headless body. Ojibwa[245]
204.—Conventional characters: Man. Moki[245]
205.—Conventional characters: Man. From Siberia[245]
206.—Conventional characters: Superior knowledge. Ojibwa[246]
207.—Conventional characters: An American. Ojibwa[246]
208.—Specimen of imitated pictograph[249]
209.—Symbols of cross[252]

ON THE PICTOGRAPHS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS.

By Garrick Mallery.

INTRODUCTORY.

A pictograph is a writing by picture. It conveys and records an idea or occurrence by graphic means without the use of words or letters. The execution of the pictures of which it is composed often exhibits the first crude efforts of graphic art, and their study in that relation is of value. When pictures are employed as writing the conception intended to be presented is generally analyzed, and only its most essential points are indicated, with the result that the characters when frequently repeated become conventional, and in their later forms cease to be recognizable as objective portraitures. This exhibition of conventionalizing also has its own import in the history of art.