CONTENTS

PAGES
I.The Turks[1]-8
II.The Turkish Empire:

Its History—The Capitulations—The East, aFashion in Europe—The Turkish Empire and the War

[9]-28
III.Turkey and the War[29]-42
IV.Turkey and the Conference:

The Agreements before the Armistice—Occupation of Smyrna by Greece—TheFirst Ottoman Delegation—Dismissal of the First Delegation—Situation ofthe Ottoman Government and the Nationalist Movement—Foreign Interestsin Turkey—Resources of Turkey—The Damad Ferid Cabinet resigns—The AliRiza Ministry—The Marash Incidents—The Urfa and Aintab Incidents—TheSilence of the United States—The Turkish QuestionResumed—The Anglo-American Protestant Campaign—Repercussionsin India—Repercussions in Northern Africa—The Indian CaliphateDelegation—Value of Islam—Unionof the Churches—Islam versus Orthodoxy—The Persian NationalMovement

[43]-150
V.The Occupation of Constantinople:

The Treaty before the London and Paris Parliaments—Resignation of theSalih Pasha Cabinet—The New Damad Ferid Cabinet

[151]-168
VI.The Treaty with Turkey:

Mustafa Kemal’s Protest—Protests of Ahmed Riza and Galib Kemaly—Protestof the Indian Caliphate Delegation—Survey of the Treaty—The TurkishPress and the Treaty—Jafer Tayar at Adrianople—Operations of theGovernment Forces against the Nationalists—French Armistice inCilicia—Mustafa Kemal’s Operations—Greek Operations in Asia Minor—TheOttoman Delegation’s Observations at the Peace Conference—The Allies’Answer—Greek Operations in Thrace—The Ottoman Government decidesto sign the Treaty—Italo-Greek Incident, and Protests of Armenia,Yugo-Slavia, and King Hussein—Signature of the Treaty

[169]-271
VII.The Dismemberment of the Ottoman Empire:

1. The Turco-Armenian Question

[274]-304

2. The Pan-Turanian and Pan-Arabian Movements:
Origin of Pan-Turanism—The Turks and the Arabs—The Hejaz—The EmirFeisal—The Question of Syria—French Operations in Syria—Restoration ofGreater Lebanon—The Arabian World and the Caliphate—The Part played byIslam

[304]-356
VIII.The Moslems of the Former Russian Empire and Turkey:

The Republic of Northern Caucasus—Georgia and Azerbaïjan—TheBolshevists in the Republics of Caucasus and of the TranscaspianIsthmus—Armenians and Moslems

[357]-369
IX.Turkey and the Slavs:

Slavs versus Turks—Constantinople and Russia

[370]-408

THE TURKS AND EUROPE

I
THE TURKS

The peoples who speak the various Turkish dialects and who bear the generic name of Turcomans, or Turco-Tatars, are distributed over huge territories occupying nearly half of Asia and an important part of Eastern Europe. But as we are only considering the Turkish question from the European point of view, no lengthy reference is needed to such Eastern groups as those of Turkish or Mongol descent who are connected with the Yenisseians of Northern Asia and the Altaians. The Russians call these peoples Tatars, and they, no doubt, constituted the “Tubbat” nation, referred to by the Chinese historians under the name of “Tou-Kiou” up to the seventh century after Christ. These very brief facts show the importance of the race and are also sufficient to emphasise the point that these people are akin to those Turks of Western Asia who are more closely connected with the Europeans.

The Western Turkish group includes the Turcomans of Persia and Russian or Afghan Turkistan; the Azerbaïjanians, who are probably Turkisised Iranians, living between the Caucasus Mountains and Persia; and, lastly, the Osmanli Turks, who are subjects of the Sultan, speak the Turkish language, and profess Islam.