114. Natural System (Jussieu’s).
| Classes. | ||||||
| I. | Acotyledons | 1st | Class. | |||
| II. | Monocotyledons | |||||
| Mono-hypogynæ (stamens hypogynous) | 2nd | ” | ||||
| Mono-perigynæ (stamens perigynous) | 3rd | ” | ||||
| Mono-epigynæ (stamens epigynous) | 4th | ” | ||||
| III. | Dicotyledons. | |||||
| Monoclines, flowers hermaphrodite. | ||||||
| Apetalæ (no petals) | ||||||
| Epistamineæ (stamens epigynous) | 5th | ” | ||||
| Peristamineæ (stamens perigynous) | 6th | ” | ||||
| Hypostamineæ (stamens hypogynous) | 7th | ” | ||||
| Monopetalæ (petals united). | ||||||
| Hypocorollæ (corolla hypogynous) | 8th | ” | ||||
| Pericorollæ (corolla perigynous) | 9th | ” | ||||
| Epicorollæ (corolla epigynous) | Synantheræ (anthers united) | 10th | ” | |||
| Chorisantheræ (anthers free) | 11th | ” | ||||
| Polypetalæ (petals distinct) | ||||||
| Epipetalæ (petals epigynous) | 12th | ” | ||||
| Peripetalæ (petals perigynous) | 13th | ” | ||||
| Hypopetalæ (petals hypogynous) | 14th | ” | ||||
| Diclines, flowers unisexual, or without a perianth. | 15th | ” | ||||
This system, being likewise founded partly on individual organs, is also, to a certain extent, artificial; and, strictly speaking, every natural method of botanic classification must partake more or less of an artificial character, as many orders of plants merge so insensibly into others that their respective limits cannot be accurately or rigorously defined.
CHAPTER LIV.
ZOOLOGY.
CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMALS—VERTEBRATES AND INVERTEBRATES—PROTOZOA—HYDROZOA—ACTINOZOA.
Zoology treats of life—of organized beings which are capable of voluntary motion. Plants exist, animals live and move. Both are organic beings, but the latter possess the faculty of will and spontaneous movement. The animal can leave a place and enjoy other surroundings, the plant cannot. We have already crossed the borderland which connects the plant and the animal. We have seen plants almost animals. We could commence this section with animals which are almost plants, so closely do the divisions approach each other. Zoology is the science of the knowledge of animals as Botany is of the knowledge of plants.
Fig. 826.—Echinus, or Sea-Urchin.