A cause of a Phenomenon being independent of human will is called a Force, and the stone falls by the force of Gravitation, or that natural law which compels every material object to approach every other material object.
A single Force may produce a great number of Phenomena.
Nature being revealed to us by Objects, and by means of Phenomena, we have got already two Branches of Science extending from such Roots; viz., Natural History, the Science of Objects; and Natural Philosophy, the Science of Phenomena.
Both of these Branches have been subdivided thus:
| ⌈Zoology, referring to Animals | Biology. | |
| Natural History | ⎢Botany, referring to Plants | |
| ⎢Mineralogy | referring to Minerals, etc. | |
| ⌊Geology | ||
| ⌈Physics. Phenomena without essential change of the Objects. | ||
| Natural Philosophy | ⎢Chemistry. Phenomena with change of the Objects. | |
| ⌊Physiology. Phenomena of animated Objects. | ||
These two great divisions comprehend, in their extended senses, all that is known respecting the material world.
We have spoken of Objects. Objects occupy Space. What is Space? Space is magnitude which can be conceived as extending in three directions—Length, Breadth, and Depth. Matter occupies portions of Space, which is infinite. Matter, when finite, is termed a body or object. The general properties of Matter are Magnitude, Form, Impenetrability, Inertia, Divisibility, Porosity, Elasticity, Compressibility, Expansibility.
Matter is present in Nature in three conditions. We find it as a Solid, a Liquid, and a Gas. We shall explain the various properties of Solids, Liquids, and Gases in their proper places (in Physics). To test the actual existence of Matter in one or other of these forms our Senses help us. We can touch a Solid, or taste it and see it. But touch is the test. We have said that Matter possesses certain properties. We will examine these briefly. The two which belong to all material bodies are Impenetrability and Magnitude. You cannot, strictly speaking, penetrate Matter. You can find the form of an object by touch or sight, but you cannot penetrate it. You will think you can drive a nail or a screw into a board, but you cannot; you only displace the fibres of the wood by the screw. Take water as a very common instance. Water is Matter, for it occupies a certain space. Water is impenetrable, for if you put your hand or foot into a basin full of it, it will overflow, thus proving that you displace, and do not penetrate it. It is almost impossible to compress water.
Divisibility is another quality of Matter; and when we attempt to show how far Matter can be divided, the brain refuses to grasp the infinity. A pin’s head is a small object, but it is gigantic compared to some animals, of which millions would occupy a space no larger than the head of a pin. These tiny animals must contain organs and veins, etc., and those veins are full of blood globules. Professor Tyndall informs us that a drop of blood contains three millions of red globules. So these infinitesimally small animals must have millions of globules in their blood also. Thus we see to what an extent, far beyond our Senses’ power to grasp, Matter can be divided.
But there is something even more astonishing than this. It is stated that there are more animals in the milt of a single codfish than there are men in the world; and that one grain of sand is larger than four millions of these animals! each of which must be possessed of life germs of an equal amount, which would grow up as it grew to maturity. This carries us back again, and