All reports shall be marked: Analysed in accordance with the rules of the S.L.T.C. (I.A.L.T.C.)—when the analyses have been carried out according to the method described above.
As has been repeatedly emphasised in this treatise, the synthetic tannins form a special class of substances, and the results obtained by either of the two hide-powder methods do not give figures which are always comparable to those of the natural tannins. An example of the inapplicability of the methods where synthetic tannins are concerned is illustrated by the behaviour towards hide powder of them when partly neutralised to varying degrees: commercial Neradol D of acidity 1 gm.= 10 c.c. N/10 NaOH contains 33 per cent. tanning matters, completely neutralised Neradol D, which exerts no true tanning action on pelt, still contains 20 per cent tanning matter when analysed according to the Official Method; a difference hence exists regarding the adsorption by hide powder of a tannin and the adsorption of the latter by hide. As, however, we are unable to make a distinction between these two different properties by using hide powder only, we are also unable to draw the factor into account.
Another source of error is the swelling influence on hide powder by acids; for instance, an acid extract of vegetable tannins would show higher tannin contents in the analysis than would the same extract when less acid. The free sulphonic acid, however, is the active principle in synthetic tannins, and since the latter always contain other acids (of organic and inorganic origin) devoid of tannoid character, a source of error is thus introduced, which we cannot eliminate by the present method of analysis.
Of other methods of estimating the quality of a tanning material or tanning extract the determination of solubility, ash, colour, and weight-giving properties in addition to the firmness imparted to the leather by the particular material are of importance. As regards the synthetic tannins they are as a rule very soluble and it will generally be found sufficient to subject them to the ordinary qualitative examination. The ash determination in synthetic tannins, on the other hand, is not of such value as in the case of natural tanning extracts. From their composition we know that synthetic tannins contain considerable quantities of mineral salts, the presence of some of which on the one hand emphasises their pickling effect, and that on the other hand the property of dissolving phlobaphenes exhibited by the synthetic tannins is closely connected with their salt contents.
A colour determination of synthetic tannins is not of much importance, since synthetic tannins nearly always impart a white or light brown colour to the hide. In those cases only where coloured decomposition products appear as a result of intermediary reactions, may the former impart greyish or dirty colorations of little beauty to the hide. This is easily ascertained by lightly tanning a pelt.
The determination of the weight and solidity-giving properties is important both for leathers tanned with vegetable tanning extracts and for those treated with synthetic tannins, but the results obtained when using animalised cotton are not directly convertible into figures required for practical purposes. Comparative figures are better obtained by actually tanning pieces of pelt on as practical a scale as is possible, and testing the weights and tensile strengths of the pieces as against those of the original pelts, whereby in the former case the yield (pelt —> leather) is obtained.
Its capability as a tanning agent may be ascertained by submitting the synthetic tannin to an actual test tannage. The latter is carried out by introducing the dilute extract into open glass jars, holding about 400 c.c. at a width of about 8 cm. [Footnote: Accumulator jars are excellent for the purpose.—Transl.] The concentration of the solution is chosen according to acidity and salt contents of the synthetic tannin, the most suitable being 1.5°-2.5° Bé. A piece of bated pelt is suspended in the liquor in such a way that the pelt is completely surrounded by liquor, without, however, being creased or touching the bottom. If the pelt were creased during tannage, the wrinkles would become fixed and would show in the finished leather. Thus an unfair judgment of the extract would be delivered, since similar results are produced by liquors which are either too concentrated or are not properly composed, and naturally this property of an extract would be greatly to its disadvantage.
The various stages of tannage may be judged from various standpoints when examining the pelt as tannage proceeds. On the one hand, the surface of the but slightly porous pelt is altered so as to present a more porous appearance, which is now rendered more capable of absorbing liquids. On the other hand, a similar alteration takes place within the pelt, to the extent to which the tanning matter has penetrated it. How far the penetration has proceeded is easily determined by utilising the different adsorption of coal-tar dyes by untanned and tanned pelt (see p. 121). An indicator for those synthetic tannins, which are derived from the phenols, is ferric chloride, which only colours those parts of the pelt which have been penetrated by the synthetic tannins; clearer and better results are, however, obtained when the dyestuffs referred to above are employed.
As soon as the tanning matter has completely penetrated the pelt, the total time of tannage is noted, and the velocity with which the tanning matter converts the pelt into leather at that particular concentration is thus obtained. The tannage completed, the leather must be well washed in running water to remove excess of synthetic tannin and then dried. On examining the dry leathers, the colour may then be observed, and a cut will give an idea of the tensile strength and the length of fibre of the leather. The tensile strength is, however, not of much value in such a barely tanned leather and cannot be compared with that obtained in leathers tanned on a practical scale. The length of fibre is, however, of some importance, since a special feature of finished leathers tanned with synthetic tannins is the beautifully long fibre—a property which manifests itself when the leather is torn and in which an expression of the quality of the synthetic tannin may be found.
Similarly, tanning experiments combining synthetic and natural tannins may be carried out, the most interesting features of these being the different proportions in which the two products are mixed. Such experiments may be done, for instance, by preparing 2° Bé. solutions of each extract and then mixing them in proportions of, say, 10:90, 20:80, 30:70, etc. Here it is again possible to infer the tanning intensity of the synthetic tannin from the concentration and the time used for tannage.