CONTENTS

[PART I]
Chapter Page
List of Illustrations[1]
Table of Signs[9]
Introduction[11]
[I.]Egypt[17]
The Land. The Preservation of Antiquities. Egyptian Discoveries. Decipherment. Chronology. Outline of the History. Egyptian Discoveries which bear on the Bible.
[II.]Babylonia and Assyria[40]
The Land. The Preservation of Antiquities. The Discovery of Antiquities. The Decipherment of the Inscriptions. Chronology. Outline of the History. Discoveries which illumine the Bible.
[III.]The Hittites[68]
A Forgotten Empire. Hittite Monuments. Hittite Decipherment. Hittite History.
[IV.]Palestine and Its Exploration[83]
The Land. Early Exploration. Early American Explorations. Palestine Exploration Fund. The German Palestine Society. The American School at Jerusalem. Samaria. Parker’s Excavations at Jerusalem. Latest Excavations.
[V.]Outline of Palestine’s Archæological History[103]
The Early Stone Age. The Late Stone Age. The Amorites. The Canaanites. Egyptian Domination. The Philistines. The Hebrews. Philistine Civilization. The Hebrew Kingdoms. The Exile and After. The Coming of Rome. Later History.
[VI.]The Cities of Palestine[123]
Their Sites. The Walls. The Stone Work. Houses. Palaces. Foundation Sacrifices. City Gates. Water Supply.
[VII.]Roads and Agriculture[132]
[VIII.]Pottery[141]
Importance of Pottery. Pre-Semitic Pottery. First Semitic Pottery to 1800 B. C. Pottery of Second Semitic Period. Third Semitic Period. Israelitish or Fourth Semitic Period. Hellenistic Period.
[IX.]Utensils and Personal Ornaments[149]
[X.]Measures, Weights, and Money[158]
Measures. Weights. Inscribed Weights. Money.
[XI.]High Places and Temples[167]
A Sanctuary of the Pre-Semitic Cave-Dwellers. A Rock-Altar at Megiddo. A Rock-Altar at Jerusalem. High Place at Tell es-Safi. High Place at Gezer. At Taanach. High Places at Petra. A Supposed Philistine Temple. At Megiddo. The Temple to Augustus at Samaria.
[XII.]The Tombs of Palestine[179]
Burning the Dead. Cave Burials. Cistern Burial. Burial under Menhirs. Earth-Graves. Rock-Hewn Shaft Tombs. Doorway Tombs. Tombs with a Rolling-Stone.
[XIII.]Jerusalem[185]
Situation. Gihon. Cave-Dwellers. The El-Amarna Period. Jebusite Jerusalem. The City of David. Solomon’s Jerusalem. From Solomon to Hezekiah. Hezekiah. From Hezekiah to the Exile. The Destruction of 586 B. C. The Second Temple. Nehemiah and the Walls. Late Persian and Early Greek Periods. In the Time of the Maccabees. Asmonæan Jerusalem. Herod the Great. The Pool of Bethesda. Gethsemane. Calvary. Agrippa I and the Third Wall.
[XIV.]The Decapolis[213]
Origin. Damascus. Scythopolis. Cities East of the Sea of Galilee. Gadara. Pella and Dion. Gerasa. Philadelphia. Jesus in the Decapolis.
[XV.]Athens, Corinth, and the Churches of Asia[219]
[PART II]
[I.]An Epic of the Creation which Circulated in Babylon and Assyria in the Seventh Century b. c.[235]
Text of the Epic. Comparison of the Epic with the First Chapter of Genesis. The Epic and Other Parts of the Bible.
[II.]Another Account of the Creation Found at Babylon[255]
Text of the Account. Comparison of it with Genesis 2.
[III.]The Babylonian Sabbath[258]
Feast of Marduk and Zarpanit. A Day called Shabatum. A Day in Some Tablets at Yale.
[IV.]The Legend of Adapa and the Fall of Man[260]
Comparison with Genesis 3. The Adapa Myth.
[V.]The Patriarchs before the Flood[264]
Babylonian Long-Lived Kings. Comparison with Genesis 5. Comparison with Genesis 4. Comparison with the List of Berossos.
[VI.]A Babylonian Account of the Flood, from a Tablet Written at Nineveh in the Seventh Century b. c.[273]
Translation of the Text. Comparison with Genesis 6-9. Another Babylonian Version.
[VII.]An Account of the Creation and Flood, from a Tablet Written at Nippur before 2000 b. c.[278]
Translation. Comparison with the Other Version.
[VIII.]An Account of the Origin of a City and the Beginning of Agriculture, from a Tablet Written at Nippur before 2000 b. c.[283]
Translation. Comparison with Biblical Material.
[IX.]Abraham and Archæology[290]
Abraham hired an Ox. Abraham leased a Farm. Abraham paid his Rent. Who was this Abraham? Travel between Babylonia and Palestine. Hammurapi, King of the Westland. Kadur-Mabug. Kings supposed by some to be those of Genesis 14.
[X.]Jacob and Joseph[299]
Appearances of these Names in Babylonian and Egyptian Records. “The Tale of the Two Brothers”; its Bearing on the Story of Joseph in Genesis. Letters to a Ruler like Joseph. The Seven Years of Famine. Inscription showing Preparation for Famine.
[XI.]Palestine in the Patriarchal Age[307]
The Tale of Sinuhe. Communication between Egypt and Palestine.
[XII.]Moses and the Exodus[310]
The Legend of Sargon of Agade; its Resemblance to the Story of Moses. The Pillar of Merneptah; the Only Appearance of the Name “Israel” outside of the Bible.
[XIII.]The Code of Hammurapi and the Pentateuch[313]
The Text of the Code; Resemblance to and Contrast with the Mosaic Code. The Mosaic Code not borrowed from the Babylonian; Different Underlying Conceptions.
[XIV.]An Alleged Parallel to Leviticus—a Carthaginian Law Concerning Sacrifices[342]
The Text of the Carthaginian Law. Comparison with the Levitical Law.
[XV.]Some Letters from Palestine[344]
Letters of Rib-Adda of Gebal. Of Ebed-Hepa of Jerusalem. Their Light on Conditions in the Period of the Egyptian Domination of Palestine.
[XVI.]Documents from the Time of Israel’s Judges[352]
Report of Wenamon. Its Illustration of Certain Points of Biblical History about the Time of Deborah or Gideon. Reference to the Philistines.
[XVII.]Archæological Light on the Books of Kings[358]
Gudea and Cedar-Wood for his Palace. The Eponym Canon. The Seal of Shema. Shishak’s List of Conquered Asiatic Cities. Ashurnasirpal’s Description of his Expedition to Mediterranean Lands. Shalmaneser III’s Claims regarding Tribute from the Kings of Israel. The Moabite Stone. Adadnirari IV’s Mention of the “Land of Omri.” Inscription describing Tiglathpileser IV’s Campaign. Sargon’s Conquests. Sennacherib’s Western Campaigns. The Siloam Inscription. Esarhaddon’s List of Conquered Kings. Ashurbanipal’s Assyrian Campaign. Necho of Egypt. Nebuchadrezzar II. Evil-Merodach. Discoveries in Sheba.
[XVIII.]The End of the Babylonian Exile[382]
Inscriptions of Nabuna’id; their Bearing on Biblical Statements regarding Belshazzar. Account of the Capture of Babylon bearing on the Book of Daniel. Inscription of Cyrus bearing on the Capture of Babylon. Cyrus’s Permission for the Return to Jerusalem.
[XIX.]A Jewish Colony in Egypt during the Time of Nehemiah[387]
Papyri Witness to the Existence of a Colony at Elephantine. Translation of a Petition relating to their Temple. Reply of Persian Governor. Historical Bearings of these Documents. A Letter relating to the Passover. A Letter showing that the Jews were Unpopular at Elephantine.
[XX.]A Babylonian Job[392]
Translation of a Poem relating to the Afflictions of a Good Man. Comparison with the Book of Job. A Fragment of Another Similar Poem.
[XXI.]Psalms from Babylonia and Egypt[398]
Character of their Psalms. Babylonian Prayers to the Goddess Ishtar. Comparison with the Psalter. A Babylonian Hymn to the Moon-God. A Babylonian Hymn to Bel. An Egyptian Hymn to the Sun-God. Is the Hymn Monotheistic? An Egyptian Hymn in Praise of Aton. Comparison with the Psalter.
[XXII.]Parallels to Proverbs and Ecclesiastes[407]
The Nature of the Book of Proverbs and the Parallels. Babylonian Proverbs from the Library of Ashurbanipal. Precepts from the Library of Ashurbanipal. Comparison with the Bible. Egyptian Precepts of Ptahhotep. Comparison with the Bible. Parallel to Ecclesiastes from the Gilgamesh Epic.
[XXIII.]Egyptian Parallels to the Song of Songs[413]
Nature of the Song of Songs. Translation of Some Egyptian Love-Poems. Comparison with Biblical Passages.
[XXIV.]Illustrations of Passages in the Prophets[417]
Uniqueness of the Prophetic Books. An Assyrian PropheticVision. Comparison with the Bible. The Egyptian Social Conscience. Tale of the Eloquent Peasant. Comparison with the Bible. An Ideal King; Extract from the Admonitions of Ipuwer. Comparison with Messianic Expectations. Sheol. Ishtar’s Descent to the Underworld. Comparison with Prophetic Passages. A Lamentation for Tammuz.
[XXV.]Reputed Sayings of Jesus Found in Egypt[428]
Early Collections of the Words of Jesus. Translation of Sayings found in 1897. Comments. Translation of a Leaf found in 1904. Comments. Opinions as to these Sayings.
[XXVI.]Archæological Light on the Enrolment of Quirinius[432]
Translation of a Papyrus showing that in the Second Century Enrolment was made Every Fourteen Years. Comments. Translation referring to an Enrolment in the Reign of Nero. Fragment from the Reign of Tiberius. Enrolments probably inaugurated by Augustus. Document showing that People went to their own towns for Enrolment. Inscription supposed to refer to Quirinius. Inscription from Asia Minor referring to Quirinius. Discussion. Conclusions.
[XXVII.]Archæological Light on the Acts and Epistles[438]
The Politarchs of Thessalonica. An Altar to Unknown Gods. An Inscription from Delphi and the Date of Paul’s Contact with Gallio. Some Epistles from Egypt. Inscriptions mentioning Aretas, King of Arabia.
Appendix[445]
Discoveries at Carchemish. Hrozny’s Decipherment of Hittite. Discoveries at Jerusalem and Balata. A New Babylonian Account of the Creation of Man. Reports of Commanders of Egyptian Frontier-Fortresses Relating to the Entrance of Asiatics into Egypt in Time of Famine. Supposed Trace of the Ten Lost Tribes in Mesopotamia.
Index of Scripture Passages[453]
Index[459]
Illustrations: [Plates 1-114].

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

A Hillside Street in Roman Jerusalem along which Jesus and the Disciples may well
have walked		[Frontispiece.]
FigurePlate
[1]Syrian Traders in Egypt, from a Tomb at Beni Hasan (after Ball)[1]
[2]Crown of Lower Egypt[1]
[3]Crown of Upper Egypt[1]
[4]Crown of United Egypt[1]
[5]Sphinx and Pyramid of Khafre[1]
[6]Pyramids of Khufu and Khafre[2]
[7]Step Pyramid of Zoser[2]
[8]Body from a Pre-dynastic Tomb[3]
[9]Head of the Mummy of Ramses II[3]
[10]A Store-Chamber at Pithom (after Naville)[4]
[11]Ancient and Modern Brick-Making (after Petrie)[4]
[12]Plan of City and Temple of Leontopolis (after Petrie)[5]
[13]A Passover-Oven (after Petrie)[5]
[14]The Rosetta Stone (after Thomas Nelson and Sons)[6]
[15]The “Israel” Inscription of Merneptah[6]
[16]Mounds of Nuffar (after Clay)[7]
[17]Excavation at Nuffar (after Clay)[7]
[18]Gate of Ishtar, Babylon (after Koldewey)[8]
[19]Phalanx of Soldiers from Eannatum’s “Stele of Vultures”[8]
[20]Inscribed Column from Persepolis[9]
[21]Silver Vase of Entemena[9]
[22]Mound of Birs Nimrûd (after Peters)[9]
[23]Hittite Gates at Boghaz Koi (after Puchstein)[10]
[24]Hittite Types from Egyptian Monuments (after Garstang)[10]
[25]A Hittite King (after Puchstein)[11]
[26]The Boss of Tarkondemos[11]
[27]The Seal of Shema, Servant of Jeroboam[11]
[28]Tell el-Hesy after Excavation[12]
[29]The Site of the Old Testament Jericho[12]
[30]Excavation of Gezer[13]
[31]Remains of a Colonnaded Street at Samaria[13]
[32]Excavation at Tell Hum[14]
[33]Egyptians Attacking a Palestinian City (after Perrot and Chipiez)[14]
[34]Israelitish Jericho (after Sellin)[15]
[35]Israelitish Houses at Jericho (after Sellin)[15]
[36]Philistines from the Palace of Ramses III[16]
[37]Canaanitish Fortress at Jericho (after Sellin)[16]
[38]Inscribed Disc from Phæstos (one-fourth actual size)[17]
[39]Gebel Fureidis[17]
[40]Bastion for the Protection of an Inserted Tower (after Macalister)[18]
[41]Remains of Walls of Megiddo (after Schumacher)[18]
[42]Walls of Buildings at Samaria (after Reisner)[19]
[43]Specimens of Stone-Work at Gezer (after Macalister)[19]
[44]Building-Bricks from Gezer (after Macalister)[19]
[45]Plan of Palace at Taanach (after Sellin)[20]
[46]The Great City Wall at Gezer (after Macalister)[20]
[47]Israelitish Houses at Gezer[21]
[48]Specimens of Mosaic Floors (after Macalister)[21]
[49]A Doorway at Gezer (after Macalister)[22]
[50]Door-Sockets from Gezer (after Macalister)[22]
[51]Supposed House of Hiel, Jericho (after Sellin)[23]
[52]Foundation of the Palace of Omri, Samaria (after Reisner)[23]
[53]Hebrew Palace at Megiddo (after Schumacher)[23]
[54]Plan of the Maccabæan Castle at Gezer (after Macalister)[24]
[55]Stone-Work of the Maccabæan Castle (after Macalister)[24]
[56]A Foundation-Deposit, Gezer (after Macalister)[24]
[57]A City Gate at Megiddo (after Schumacher)[25]
[58]The South Gate at Gezer (after Macalister)[25]
[59]The South Gate at Beth-shemesh (after Mackenzie)[25]
[60]Entrance to the Underground Tunnel at Gezer (after Macalister)[26]
[61]The North Gate at Gezer (after Macalister)[26]
[62]Plans of the Underground Tunnel at Gezer (after Macalister)[27]
[63]Plan of Underground Tunnel at Gibeon (after Abel)[28]
[64]One of Solomon’s Pools[28]
[65]Post of City Gate, Samaria (after Reisner)[29]
[66]Part of City Wall and Gate, Samaria (after Reisner)[29]
[67]Road South of Gerizim[30]
[68]Lines of Roman Roads at Tell el-Ful[30]
[69]Roman Road North of Amman[30]
[70]A Granary at Gezer (after Macalister)[31]
[71]Some Roman Mile-Stones[31]
[72]Plan of a Granary at Gezer (after Macalister)[31]
[73]A Hoe (after Macalister)[32]
[74]An Egyptian Reaping (after Wreszinski)[32]
[75]A Sickle (after Wreszinski)[32]
[76]Plowshares from Megiddo (after Schumacher)[32]
[77]Egyptian Plowing (after Wilkinson)[33]
[78]A Modern Threshing-Floor[33]
[79]Egyptians Threshing and Winnowing (after Wilkinson)[33]
[80]Egyptian Threshing-Sledge (after Wilkinson)[33]
[81]A Saddle-Quern from Megiddo (after Schumacher)[34]
[82]A Rotary-Quern (after Macalister)[34]
[83]A Mortar and Pestle (after Macalister)[34]
[84]Two Women Grinding at a Mill (after Schumacher)[34]
[85]An Ancient Olive-Press (after Macalister)[35]
[86]A Modern Olive-Press (after Macalister)[35]
[87]A Wine Vat (after Macalister)[36]
[88]An Olive-Press at Work (after Macalister)[36]
[89]Cows’ Horns from Gezer (after Macalister)[37]
[90]Animals’ Heads from Gezer (after Macalister)[37]
[91]A Horse’s Bit from Gezer (after Macalister)[37]
[92]Drawings of Horses from Gezer (after Macalister)[37]
[93]A Clay Bird from Gezer (after Macalister)[38]
[94]A Cock from Marissa (after Peters and Thiersch)[38]
[95]A Bee-Hive from Gezer (after Macalister)[38]
[96]Pre-Semitic Jars (after Macalister)[39]
[97]Pre-Semitic Pottery (after Macalister)[39]
[98]Four Pitchers from the First Semitic Stratum (after Macalister)[39]
[99]Three Pitchers from the First Semitic Stratum (after Macalister)[39]
[100]A Jar from the First Semitic Stratum (after Macalister)[39]
[101]Jugs from the Second Semitic Stratum (after Macalister)[40]
[102]A Jug from the Second Semitic Stratum (after Macalister)[40]
[103]A Jar from the Second Semitic Stratum (after Macalister)[40]
[104]Some Fine Pottery from the First Semitic Stratum (after Macalister)[41]
[105]“Ear” and “Button” Jar-Handles (after Macalister)[41]
[106]A “Pillar” Handle (after Macalister)[41]
[107]A Flat-bottomed Jug (after Macalister)[41]
[108]A Painted Philistine Vase from Beth-shemesh (after Mackenzie)[42]
[109]War-Scene on Potsherd from Megiddo (after Schumacher)[42]
[110]Jars of Third Semitic Stratum from Beth-shemesh (after Mackenzie)[42]
[111]Hebrew Pottery from Megiddo (after Schumacher)[42]
[112]Hebrew Jars and Pitchers from Jericho (after Sellin)[43]
[113]Hebrew Pitchers and Bowls from Jericho (after Sellin)[43]
[114]A Funnel from Gezer (after Macalister)[44]
[115]A Potter’s Seal from Gezer (after Macalister)[44]
[116]An Inscribed Hebrew Jar-Stamp from the Shephelah (after Bliss and Macalister)[44]
[117]Hebrew Pottery from Gezer (after Macalister)[44]
[118]A Scarab used as a Jar-Stamp (after Macalister)[45]
[119]A Jar-Handle Stamped with a Scarab (after Macalister)[45]
[120]A Jar with Tapering Base from Gezer (after Macalister)[45]
[121]Hellenistic Filter from Gezer (after Macalister)[45]
[122]Hellenistic Pottery from Gezer (after Macalister)[45]
[123]Hellenistic Strainer from Gezer (after Macalister)[46]
[124]Roman Pots from Gezer (after Macalister)[46]
[125]Hellenistic Jar from Gezer (after Macalister)[46]
[126]A Lamp of the First Semitic Period, Megiddo (after Schumacher)[46]
[127]Lamps from the Second Semitic Period, Gezer (after Macalister)[47]
[128]Lamps from the Israelitish Period, Gezer (after Macalister)[47]
[129]A Byzantine Lamp from Jericho (after Sellin)[47]
[130]A Lamp bearing a Christian Legend (after Macalister)[47]
[131]Hellenistic Lamps from Gezer (after Macalister)[48]
[132]Hebrew Lamps from Jericho (after Sellin)[48]
[133]Ovens found at Gezer (after Macalister)[49]
[134]A Baking-Tray from Gezer (after Macalister)[49]
[135]Bronze Dishes from Gezer (after Macalister)[49]
[136]Shell Spoons from Gezer (after Macalister)[49]
[137]Silver Dishes from a Philistine Grave at Gezer (after Macalister)[50]
[138]Glass Ointment Vessels from Gezer (after Macalister)[50]
[139]Feeding-Bottles (?), Gezer (after Macalister)[51]
[140]Forks from Gezer (after Macalister)[51]
[141]Philistine Silver Ladle, Gezer (after Macalister)[51]
[142]Bronze Needles and Pins from Gezer (after Macalister)[51]
[143]Bone Needles from Gezer (after Macalister)[52]
[144]Modern Woman Spinning[52]
[145]Spindle Whorls from Gezer (after Macalister)[52]
[146]A Large Key from Gezer (after Macalister)[52]
[147]A Smaller Key from Gezer (after Macalister)[52]
[148]Lamp-Stands from Megiddo (after Schumacher)[53]
[149]Flint Knives from Jericho (after Sellin)[53]
[150]Iron Knives from Gezer (after Macalister)[54]
[151]Bronze Knives from Gezer (after Macalister)[54]
[152]A Chisel from Gezer (after Macalister)[55]
[153]A File from Gezer (after Macalister)[55]
[154]A Cone of Flint for making Knives, Gezer (after Macalister)[55]
[155]A Bronze Hammer-Head, Gezer (after Macalister)[55]
[156]A Fish-Hook, Gezer (after Macalister)[55]
[157]A Bone Awl-Handle from Gezer (after Macalister)[55]
[158]Whetstones from Jericho (after Sellin)[55]
[159]Nails from Gezer (after Macalister)[55]
[160]Axe-Heads from Gezer (after Macalister)[56]
[161]Carpenters’ Tools from Gezer (after Macalister)[56]
[162]A Scimitar from Gezer (after Macalister)[57]
[163]Impression of a Basket on Mud, Gezer (after Macalister)[57]
[164]Flint Arrow-Heads from Gezer (after Macalister)[57]
[165]Bronze Arrow-Heads from Gezer (after Macalister)[57]
[166]Bronze Swords from Gezer (after Macalister)[58]
[167]Bronze Spear-Heads, Gezer (after Macalister)[58]
[168]A Pipe from Gezer (after Macalister)[59]
[169]An Egyptian Harp (after Haupt)[59]
[170]An Assyrian Upright Harp (after Haupt)[59]
[171]An Assyrian Horizontal Harp (after Haupt)[59]
[172]A Babylonian Harp (after Haupt)[59]
[173]Jewish Harps on Coins of Bar Cocheba, 132-135 A. D. (after Madden)[59]
[174]Assyrian Dulcimer (after Haupt)[59]
[175]Seals from Gezer (after Macalister)[60]
[176]A Comb from Gezer (after Macalister)[60]
[177]Toys from Gezer (after Macalister)[60]
[178]Styli from Gezer (after Macalister)[60]
[179]Children’s Rattles from Gezer (after Macalister)[60]
[180]A Perfume-Box, Gezer (after Macalister)[61]
[181]A Necklace from Gezer (after Macalister)[61]
[182]Bracelets from Gezer (after Macalister)[61]
[183]Spatulæ from Gezer (after Macalister)[61]
[184]Rings from Gezer (after Macalister)[61]
[185]Supposed Hebrew Measures from Jerusalem (after Germer-Durand)[62]
[186]A Neseph Weight[63]
[187]A Payim Weight belonging to Haverford College[63]
[188]A Beqa Weight (after Torrey)[63]
[189]A “Daric” of Darius (after Benzinger)[63]
[190]A Tetradrachma of Alexander the Great (after Benzinger)[63]
[191]A Coin of Ptolemy Lagi (after Benzinger)[63]
[192]Half-Shekel of Simon the Maccabee (after Benzinger)[64]
[193]A Coin of John Hyrcanus (after Madden)[64]
[194]Tetradrachma of Lysimachus[64]
[195]A Coin of Augustus[64]
[196]A Denarius of Tiberius[64]
[197]A Coin of Claudius[64]
[198]A Coin of Herod the Great[64]
[199]A Roman Quadrans (?)[64]
[200]A Coin of Herod Agrippa I[64]
[201]A Shekel of the Revolt of A. D. 70[64]
[202]Cave-Dwellers’ Place of Sacrifice, Gezer (after Macalister)[65]
[203]Plan of Caves at Semitic High Place, Gezer (after Macalister)[65]
[204]“Pillars” of the High Place at Gezer[65]
[205]Rock-Altar at Megiddo (after Schumacher)[66]
[206]The “Beth-el” of Gezer (after Macalister)[66]
[207]The Supposed Serpent-Pen at Gezer (after Macalister)[66]
[208]The Rock-Altar at Jerusalem (after Dalman)[67]
[209]The Laver at Gezer (after Macalister)[67]
[210]The Terra-cotta Altar from Taanach (after Sellin)[68]
[211]Supposed High Place at Taanach (after Sellin)[68]
[212]High Place at Tell es-Safi (after Bliss and Macalister)[69]
[213]Libation Bowl from Taanach (after Sellin)[69]
[214]An Astarte Plaque from Gezer (after Macalister)[69]
[215]Plan of the High Place at Petra (after Brünnow)[70]
[216]Plan of Herod’s Temple at Samaria (after Lyon)[70]
[217]The Altar at Petra (after Brünnow)[71]
[218]The “Round Altar” at Petra (after Brünnow)[71]
[219]Supposed “Pillars” at Petra (after Brünnow)[71]
[219a]A Brazen Serpent from Gezer (after Macalister)[72]
[220]Plan of Supposed Semitic Temple at Gezer (after Macalister)[72]
[221]Walls of Herod’s Temple, Samaria (after Reisner)[72]
[222]“Pillars” of a Supposed Temple, Gezer (after Macalister)[73]
[223]Chapel of the Palace at Megiddo (after Schumacher)[73]
[224]Voluted Capital (probably Philistine) from Megiddo (after Schumacher)[74]
[225]Incense-Burner from Megiddo (after Schumacher)[74]
[226]Philistine Graves, Gezer (after Macalister)[75]
[227]A Rock-hewn Tomb at Siloam (after Benzinger)[75]
[228]A Shaft-Tomb (after Bliss and Macalister)[75]
[229]A Cistern-Burial at Gezer (after Macalister)[75]
[230]A Columbarium at Petra (after Dalman)[76]
[231]Entrance to the Tomb of the Judges[76]
[232]A Sunken-Door Tomb (after Mitt. u. Nach. d. Deutsch. Palästina-Vereins)[77]
[233]Kokim in the Tomb of the Judges[77]
[234]Plan of a Hellenistic Tomb at Marissa (after Peters and Thiersch)[78]
[235]A Cross-Section of the Tomb of the Judges[78]
[236]Architectural Decoration of a Hellenistic Tomb at Marissa (after Peters and Thiersch)[79]
[237]Plan of the Upper Floor of the Tomb of the Judges[79]
[238]A Tomb with a Rolling-Stone at Beit Jibrin (after Moulton)[80]
[239]Interior of a Hellenistic Tomb at Marissa (after Peters and Thiersch)[80]
[240]The Hills and Valleys of Jerusalem (after Vincent)[81]
[241]Underground Jebusite Tunnel at Gihon, Jerusalem (after Vincent)[82]
[242]Maudsley’s Scarp, Jerusalem[82]
[243]Plan of Solomon’s Buildings, Jerusalem (after Stade)[83]
[244]Phœnician Quarry-Marks, Jerusalem (after Warren)[83]
[245]Shaft at the Southeast Corner of the Temple Area (after Warren)[84]
[246]Examining Ancient Walls in an Underground Tunnel (after Warren)[84]
[247]Front Views of Solomon’s Temple (after Stade)[85]
[248]Side Views of Solomon’s Temple (after Stade)[85]
[249]Plan of Solomon’s Temple (after Stade)[86]
[250]The Seven-branched Lamp-Stand from the Arch of Titus[86]
[251]The Brazen Laver of Solomon’s Temple (after Stade)[87]
[252]A Portable Laver of Solomon’s Temple (after Stade)[87]
[253]Stone-Work of a Wall of Jerusalem built in the Fifth Century A. D.[88]
[254]Stone-Work in Nehemiah’s Wall, Jerusalem[88]
[255]Restoration of the Asmonæan Bridge over the Tyropœon Valley (after Hanauer)[89]
[256]Front of “David’s Tower” (Herod’s Palace) Today (after Breen)[89]
[257]Reconstruction of Herod’s Temple (after Caldecott)[90]
[258]“Solomon’s Stables”[90]
[259]One of the Supposed Pools of Bethesda (after Hanauer)[91]
[260]Front of the Church of the Holy Sepulcher[91]
[261]“Gordon’s Calvary,” looking toward Jerusalem (after Breen)[92]
[262]“Gordon’s Calvary,” from the City Wall (after Breen)[92]
[263]Outside of “Gordon’s Holy Sepulcher” (after Breen)[93]
[264]Inside of “Gordon’s Holy Sepulcher” (after Breen)[93]
[265]The Barada (Abana), Damascus[94]
[266]The Street Called Straight, Damascus[94]
[267]Palace at Kanatha (after Brünnow)[95]
[268]Circular Forum and Colonnaded Street, Gerasa[95]
[269]Temple of the Sun, Gerasa[96]
[270]Site of Rabbah Ammon[96]
[271]Theater at Amman (Palestinian Philadelphia)[97]
[272]Roman Forum at Athens[97]
[273]Mars’ Hill, Athens[98]
[274]Fountain in the Agora, Corinth[98]
[275]Lintel of Jewish Synagogue, Corinth (after Richardson)[99]
[276]Lechæum Road, Corinth (after Richardson)[99]
[277]Parthenon, Athens, from the East[100]
[278]Main Street at Ephesus[100]
[279]Site of the Temple of Diana, Ephesus, in 1902[101]
[280]The Theater, Ephesus[101]
[281]The Amphitheater, Ephesus[102]
[282]The Stadium, Ephesus[102]
[283]Pergamum (after Ramsay)[103]
[284]The Acropolis and partly Excavated Temple, Sardis (after Butler)[103]
[285]Excavated Temple, Sardis, looking toward the Hermus Valley (after Butler)[104]
[286]A Christian Church at Sardis (after Butler)[105]
[287]Smyrna (after Ramsay)[105]
[288]A Ruin at Laodicea (after Ramsay)[106]
[289]A Bridge over the Jordan on the Line of a Roman Road[106]
[290]Fragment of a Creation-Tablet[107]
[291]Assyrian Sacred Tree Conventionalized[107]
[292]Hammurapi Receiving the Laws from the Sun-God[107]
[293]The So-called Adam and Eve Seal[107]
[294]A Tablet from Nippur, Relating the Beginnings of Irrigation and Agriculture (after Langdon)[108]
[295]Top of the Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser[108]
[296]Jehu of Israel Doing Homage to Shalmaneser[108]
[297]The Siloam Inscription[109]
[298]Sennacherib Receiving Tribute at Lachish (after Ball)[109]
[299]An Altar to Unknown Gods (after Deissmann)[110]
[300]The Moabite Stone[110]
[301]Papyrus Containing Sayings of Jesus (after Grenfell and Hunt)[111]
MAPS
Map of Egypt to First Cataract[18]
Map of the Ancient World[40]
Map of Palestine[104]
Plate
Map of Jerusalem in the Time of the Jebusites and David[112]
Map of Solomon’s Jerusalem[112]
Map of Jerusalem from Hezekiah to the Exile[113]
Map of Nehemiah’s Jerusalem[113]
Map of Asmonæan Jerusalem[114]
Map of Herodian Jerusalem[114]

EXPLANATION OF SIGNS

§=section.
ibid.=the same.
op. cit.=work cited.
f.=and following page.
ff.=and following pages.
cf.=compare.
v.=verse.
col.=column.
p.=page.
[ ] in translations of tablets indicate words supplied where not decipherable.
..... in translations of tablets indicate missing line or words which cannot be supplied.