[107] Ver. 4, second clause, and vii.
[108] Cf. Doughty, Arabia Deserta.
[109] The Turanians, who occupied Mesopotamia before the Semitic invasion, were the first builders of cities.
[110] Babylon, as far as we can learn, first rose to power about the time of that Amraphel who fought in the Mesopotamian league against the neighbours and friends of Abraham. Amraphel is supposed to have been the father of Hammurabis, who first made Babylon the capital of Chaldea. It scarcely ever again ceased to be such; but it was not till the fall of Assyria, about 625 b.c., and the rebuilding of Babylon by Nebuchadrezzar (604-561), that the city's second and greatest glory began.
[111] See ch. iv., pp. [53]-[56.]
[112] Vol. i., pp. 409-315.
[113] Vol. i., pp. 275, 286, 294.
[114] See especially Satires III. and VI., and cf. Bagehot's Physics and Politics.
[115] Rev. xvii., xviii.
[116] Ch. xlv.