For the nomenclature of these ossicles, cf. Bridge and Haddon, Proc. Roy. Soc. xlvi. 1889, p. 310.
On the anatomy of the Characinidae, cf. Sagemehl, Morphol. Jahrb. x. 1885, p. 102, and xii. 1887, p. 307, and Rowntree, Tr. Linn. Soc. ix. 1903, p. 247.
The end of the tail, when injured, is easily reproduced. As in Lizards, the axis of the regenerated part is an undivided calcified tube.
Cf. Reinhardt, Arch. f. Naturg. 1854, p. 159.
For the anatomy and physiology, cf. C. Sachs's posthumous work, Untersuchungen am Zitteraal, edited by E. du Bois-Reymond (Leipzig, 1881).