Beyond the Old Frontier: Adventures of Indian-Fighters, Hunters, and Fur-Traders

by George Bird Grinnell

The hostiles rode around the Gros Ventres village many times, yelling, calling names, and sending forth challenges to the Gros Ventres to come out and fight; but the Gros Ventres remained quiet in their rifle-pits. I learned afterward that it was all their chiefs could do to keep their young men from accepting the hostiles’ challenges to fight. After a great deal of this verbal defiance, the hostiles rode back to their camp on a run, firing off their guns in the air. When opposite the town they halted and formed a half circle and began to sing their war-songs. After the songs a few approached within two hundred yards of the agency building, calling the whites dogs and women, names which were understood. The interpreters were directed to tell the Indians to stop their talk or we would kill them, and presently they rode back to their company, gave a yell of defiance, and left for their villages.

This lull gave us all an opportunity to eat dinner. I took Little Dog, Jack, and three other chiefs with me to dinner, and just as we had finished eating a fearful yell was heard. The chiefs jumped up and mounted quickly, making signs to the whites to remain in the houses. I mounted Dick and went with the chiefs, though many of the men called out to me: “Don’t go, sheriff.” I had decided what I should do in case of a fight. If the hostiles attacked the town, and Little Dog attacked the hostiles, I would remain with him, for there I would be of more benefit to the town than I would be in the building. If, on the other hand, Little Dog failed to act, I could return to the town.

The yell was given by some one thousand two hundred painted savages, each of whom had tied from five to twenty yards of calico to his horse’s tail and started out on a run all over the bottom. Calico of many colors was flying in all directions, and each Indian was trying to make his pony step on the calico tied to the horse next in advance. They were yelling and firing off their guns in every direction. It was a wild orgy, such as neither I nor any one else had ever beheld, and we had witnessed many a wild scene. It was something for a Rembrandt or a Remington to paint; the first scene of the kind, and, I believe, the last, ever seen in the United States.

[A scene somewhat similar to the one described took place in southern Nebraska in the year 1867 when the Cheyennes ditched a freight train on the railroad then being constructed across the continent. The Indians who took part in the wrecking of this train have told me how the freight cars were broken open, the goods taken from them and scattered over the prairie, and how the young men in sport knotted the ends of bolts of calico to their horses’ tails and then galloped wildly in all directions, the cloth streaming behind them in the wind.]

That night the Gros Ventres, like the Arabs, silently moved their village, without being discovered by their enemies. The next morning all the Indians except Little Dog’s band left for the north, to go to their own country. Before they left two war parties had been organized to raid upon the miners and ranchmen in different sections of the Territory. Such was the result of this great treaty.

Before they moved out a few of us visited the Indian villages. As many Indians were dissatisfied with the treaty, they looked on us with distrust, and hatred was plainly visible in their faces and their actions. We assumed the authority to notify the chiefs that they must control their young men and keep them from stealing from the whites, or war on them by the whites would continue. In part the treaty was successful. As a whole it was a failure, for a chronic state of warfare continued for years.

---

INDEX

• Abenakis, [58].
• Abert, Lt., [205].
• A Boy in Indian Camps, [235], [237].
• Adventures in Mexico and the Rocky Mountains, [194].
• Adventures on the Oregon or Columbia River, [4].
• Agave Americana, [197].
• “Albatross,” [36].
• Ama-ketsa, [89], [90], [111].
• American Fur Co., [5], [153].
• Antelope, habits of, [310].
• Apache, [138], [154], [188].
• Arapahoes, [154], [161], [188], [260], [329], [335].
• Arkansas River, [128], [129], [130], [189].
• Arkansor River, [278].
• Arrow Creek, [333].
• Arroyo Hondo, [147].
• Assiniboine, Fort, [121].
• Astor Company, [5].
• Astor House, [278].
• Astor, John Jacob, [3], et seq.
• Astor project, [38].
• Astoria, [3], [12], [42].
• Astoria, building of, [10].
• Bait for alligator, [279].
• Baker, I. G., [328].
• Baker’s Bay, [8], [37].
• Ban-at-tees, [88], [111].
• Bannocks, [88].
• Barbadoes, [194].
• Battle of bulls, [294].
• Battles at Adobe Walls, [154], et seq.
• Battle with Piegans, [95].
• Bay, Baker’s, [8], [37].
• Bayard, Lt. Geo. D., [155].
• Bayou Salado, [207], [208], [230].
• Bear hunting, [65], [313], [317].
• Bear Paw Mountains, [346], [350].
• Bear River, [112].
• Bear Wolf, [350].
• Beaubien, Charles, [170].
• Beaubien, Narcisse, [170].
• “Beaver,” [25], [26].
• Beaver Creek, [349].
• Beaver trap, [79].
• Bellevue Point, [14].
• Bent, Charles, [128], [137], [141], [142], [162], [215].
• Bent, Charles (the younger), [130].
• Bent, Colonel (See [Wm. W. Bent]).
• Bent County (Colo.), [190].
• Bent, George, [128], [130], [139].
• Bent, George (the younger), [130].
• Bent, Governor (death of), [144].
• Bent, John, [127].
• Bent, Julia, [130].
• Bent, Mary, [130].
• Bent, Robert, [128], [130], [139].
• Bent, Robert (the younger), [130].
• Bent, St. Vrain & Co., [237].
• Bent, Silas, [127].
• Bent, Silas (the younger), [127].
• Bent, Wm. W., [127], [128], [139], [141];
• (death of), [158].
• Bent & St. Vrain, [132].
• Benton, [326].
• Bent’s Fort, [127], [130], [248];
• (Farnham’s description), [158].
• Bent’s Old Fort (described), [132].
• Big Bend, [304].
• Big Snowy Mountains, [338], [340].
• Big Timbers, [157].
• Birch bark, [57].
• Birch-bark canoes, [57].
• Black Beaver, [171].
• Black Butte, [335].
• Black, Captain, [37].
• Black Hills, [132].
• Blackfeet, [101], [103], [104], [116], [329], [335], [352].
• Blair, Frank P., [140], [170].
• Bloods, [329], [352].
• Boast of voyageur, [122].
• Boggs, Charles, [153].
• Boggs, Tom, [153], [179], [182], [188].
• Bois de vaches, [242].
• Boucharville, [306], [311], [312], [316], [320].
• Bourgeois, [92].
• Box Elder Creek, [336].
• Breakfast, Indian, [17].
• Breaking mules, [239].
• Buchanan, Honorable James, [142].
• Buffalo bull, adventure with, [299].
• Buffalo habit, [113].
• Buffalo hunting, [222].
• Buffalo running, [290], [296].
• Building of Astoria, [10].
• Bull Goes Hunting, [344].
• Bull Mountains, [336], [337], [340].
• California and Oregon Trail, [237].
• Calispels, [100].
• Camp on the march, [250].
• Camp on the prairie, [282].
• Campbell, Robert, [128].
• Canadian River, [138].
• Candles, tallow, [185].
• Candy-pulling, [185].
• Canoe management, [8].
• Canoe Point, [113].
• Captain Black, [37].
• Captain Thorn, [7], [9], [24].
• Carcajou, [229].
• Carpenter, E. W., [328].
• Carroll & Steele, [328].
• Carson, Kit, [131], [132], [154], [162], [163], [169], [170], [179];
• (death of), [158].
• Cascades, [26], [59].
• Cath-le-yach-é-yach, [42].
• Catlin, [281].
• Cayuse, [44].
• Cedar Lake, [121].
• Chadwick, Mr., [238], [244].
• Chardon, Mr., [304], [306], [315].
• Cheyennes, [131], [154], [157], [161], [188], [329], [335].
• Chihuahua, [194], [203].
• Chihuahua, game of, [203].
• Chinooke, [8].
• Chinook Point, [9].
• Chinooks, [9].
• Chipita, [184], [185].
• Chouteau County (Mont.), [328].
• Chouteau, Jr. & Co., Pierre, [238].
• Chouteaus, [130].
• Cimarron River, [167].
• Clarke, John, [35].
• Clark’s Fork, [17].
• Cochran, J. V., [358].
• Columbia, Forks of, [26].
• Columbia River, [3], et seq.
• Comanches, attack by, [260].
• Comanches, [138], [154], [163], [176], [188], [260].
• Come Comly, [37].
• Comeloups, [27].
• Coolidge, Mr., [264], [266], [267].
• Council at Fort Benton, The, [323], [325].
• Council Bluffs, [282].
• Council Grove, Kan., [241].
• Cowlitz River, [72].
• Cox, Ross, [5], [24].
• Creeks (see [River]).
• Crees, [100].
• Crooks, Ramsey, [24], [25], [27].
• Crows, [116], [312], [329], [332], [335].
• Cuba, [194].
• Daughters of the American Revolution, [190].
• Davis, Charles, [179].
• Dawson, James, [320].
• Day, John, [25], [27].
• Day’s, John, Valley, [104], [105].
• Dease, J. W., [94].
• Deep Creek, [334].
• Delawares, [171], [175].
• De Lisle, Frank, [239].
• Diamond Springs, [142].
• Diaz, Porfirio, [195].
• Dog flesh as food, [253].
• “Dolly” (schooner), [23].
• Doniphan, Colonel A. W., [142], [204].
• Doniphan’s Expedition, [132], [136].
• Drinker, Mr., [238].
• Eagle Creek, [350].
• Eagle Eye, [330].
• Eagle Tail Feathers, [138].
• Edmonton, [121].
• El Paso, [194], [205].
• Emigrant trail, [183].
• Eyacktana, [48], [50].
• Eyakema Valley, [44].
• Famasi, [349], [358].
• Farnham, R., [24].
• Farnham, Thos. J., [158].
• Father of all Children, [352].
• Feast, Indian, [60].
• Fernandez, [145].
• Fight at Arroyo Hondo, [147].
• Fight with Blackfeet, [341].
• Fisher, [179].
• Fitzpatrick, Thos., [140], [172].
• Flathead House, [117].
• Flathead River, [102].
• Flathead River Post, [100].
• Flatheads, [100].
• Flat Willow Creek, [336], [338].
• Fontaine-qui-bouille, [208].
• Forest and Stream, [326].
• Fort Adobe, [138], [139], [153].
• Assiniboine, [121].
• Bent, [127], [130], [248].
• Benton, [326].
• Berthold, [316].
• Fauntleroy, [158].
• Flathead River Post, [100].
• Garry, [5].
• George, [5], [42].
• Jasper House, [121].
• Larpenteur’s Post, [304].
• Leavenworth, [132].
• Lyon, [158].
• McKenzie, [301].
• Minitaree, [304].
• Minitaree Post, [320].
• Nez Percés, [71], [72], [75], [94].
• Okanagan, [43], [53].
• Pierre, [290].
• Rocky Mountain House, [121].
• St. Vrain, [138], [139], [153].
• Spokane, [27], [28], [32].
• Spokane House, [95], [100].
• Union, [290], [306], [307], [309], [320], [346].
• Vermilion, [289].
• White River Post, [303], [304].
• William (Bent’s), [130], [171], [248].
• William (N. W. Co.), [42].
• Wise, [158].
• Fourchette Creek, [348].
• Francisco, [131].
• Franklin, Captain John, [121].
• Fraser River, [23].
• Fur Hunters of the Far West, [4], [41].
• Game of Chihuahua, [203].
• Garrard, Lewis H., [132], [145], [237].
• Garry, Fort, [5].
• George, Fort, [5], [42].
• “Gibraltar of Columbia,” [76].
• Goat, white, [19].
• Goddin River, [104], [105], [116].
• Governor Charles Bent, [141], [259].
• Grand Detour, [304].
• Greeley, Colo., [154].
• Green, Andrew, [137], [184].
• Green, Dick, [138].
• Greenhorn River, [152], [208].
• Grizzly bear, [64].
• Gros Ventres, [329], [332], [349], [352], [353].
• Hallock, Charles, [176].
• Hamilton, Wm. T., [325].
• Hatcher, [179], [180], [182], [184].
• Hawkins, John, [208].
• Hē-hĭm´nĭ-ho-năh´, Freckled Hand, [179].
• Hell’s Gate, [101].
• Highwood Mountains, [333].
• Hĭs´sī-o-mē´tă-nē, [167].
• Hodgens, [88], [89], [90].
• Ho-nīh´, Wolf, [179].
• Horses recovered from Crows, [165].
• Horse-taking by Comanches, [164].
• Hudson Bay Company, [3], et seq.
• Hudson Bay Company, With the, [91].
• Huerfano River, [208].
• Hughes, J. T., [132].
• Hunt, Wilson Price, [5], [24], [35].
• Independence, Mo., [281].
• Indian feast, [60].
• Indian tribes:
• Abenakis, [58];
• Apache, [138], [154], [188];
• Arapahoes, [154], [161], [188], [260], [329], [335];
• Ban-at-tees, [88], [111];
• Bannocks, [88];
• Blackfeet, [101], [103], [104], [116], [329], [335], [352];
• Bloods, [329], [352];
• Calispels, [100];
• Cath-le-yach-é-yach, [42];
• Cayuse, [44];
• Cheyennes, [131], [154], [157], [161], [188], [329], [335], [362];
• Chinooke or Chinooks, [9];
• Comanches, [138], [154], [163], [176], [188], [260];
• Crees, [100];
• Crows, [116], [312], [329], [332], [335];
• Delawares, [171], [175];
• Flatheads, [100];
• Gros Ventres, [329], [332], [349], [352], [353];
• Iroquois, [58], [65], [72], [73], [100], [101], [115];
• Kiowas, [138], [154], [155], [161], [188];
• Kutenais, [100];
• Minitarees, [309];
• Navajo, [142];
• Nez Percés, [16], [27], [32], [44], [88], [102], [116];
• Okanagan, [54];
• Palouse, [100];
• Piegans, [95], [98], [99], [100], [101], [104], [105], [106], [329], [352], [355];
• Pisscows, [44], [53];
• Saulteaux, [100];
• [Shahaptin], [16], [17];
• Shaw-ha-ap-tens (See [Shahaptin]);
• Shawnees, [171], [175];
• She-Whaps, [23], [27], [61], [64];
• Shoshoni, [88], [178];
• Sioux, [329], [335];
• Snakes, [25], [72], [81], [84], [85], [88], [90], [100];
• Spokanes, [100];
• Suhtai, [167];
• Walla Walla, [17], [82];
• War-are-ree-kas (Shoshoni), [89], [111];
• Wy-am-pams, [16];
• Wyandottes, [239].
• Indians and Their Battles, [75].
• International boundary, [321].
• Iroquois, [58], [65], [72], [73], [100], [101], [115].
• Ishmah, [301], [308].
• Jack, [330], [358].
• Jasper House, [121].
• Juarez, [195].
• Judith Mountains, [335], [336].
• Judith River, [326], [327], [335].
• Kamloops, [27].
• Kansas City, Mo., [141].
• Kearny, General S. W., [142], [161], [162], [204].
• Keith, James, [42], [43], [58].
• Kiowas, [138], [154], [161], [188].
• Kiowa woman, [168].
• Kipp, James, [281], [289], [320].
• Kipp, Joe, [328].
• Kittson, Mr., [77], [78], [81].
• Knife River, [304].
• Kutenais, [100].
• La Bonté, [233].
• La Cañada, [148].
• Lake Bourbon, [121].
• Larocque, Joseph Felix, [121].
• Larpenteur’s Post, [304].
• Leavenworth, Fort, [132].
• Lee, General, [238].
• Lewis and Clark, [71], [103].
• Lewis Fork, [17], [90].
• Life at Bent’s Fort, [170].
• Little Blackfoot River, [356].
• Little Dog, [330], et seq.
• Little Missouri River, [316], [317].
• Little Mountain, [138].
• Little Rocky Mountains, [348], [349].
• Little White Man, [128].
• Long Narrows, [24], [26].
• Madeira Islands, [194].
• Maguey, [197].
• Malades River, [105], [112].
• Mammoth Cave, Ky., [280].
• Marias River, [356].
• “Martha,” [320].
• Maxwell, L., [179].
• McDonald, Finan, [94], [98], [99], [103].
• McDonald, John (Bras Croche), [43].
• McDougall, Duncan, [6], [10], [36].
• McKay, Alexander, [6], [24].
• McKay, young, [44].
• McKenzie, Alexander, [3].
• McKenzie, Donald, [24], [25], [26], [33], [58], [69], [73], [78].
• McKenzie, Kenneth, [238].
• McLellan, Donald, [5], [24].
• McTavish, J. G., [32].
• Meagher, General Francis, [326], [327], [328], [353].
• Medicine Springs, [332], [335].
• Měn-ěs-tō´-kōs, [352].
• Minitaree Fort, [304].
• Minitaree Post, [320].
• Minitarees, [309].
• Missoula, Mont., [327].
• Missouri River, [332].
• Moccasin Mountains, [332].
• Mora, N. M., [158].
• Mormons, [282].
• Mountain Chief, [357].
• Mountain sheep, [221].
• Mountains:
• Bear Paw, [346], [350];
• Big Snowy, [338], [340];
• Bull, [336], [337], [340];
• Highwood, [333];
• Judith, [335], [336];
• Little Rocky, [348], [349];
• Moccasin, [332];
• Turtle, [316].
• Mourning, Indian, [82], [347].
• Munson, Judge, [328].
• Murray, [178], [179], [180].
• Musselshell River, [336], [337], [339], [348], [357].
• My Sixty Years on the Plains, [326].
• Navajo Indians, [142].
• New Caledonia, [25].
• Nez Percés, [16], [27], [32], [44], [88], [102], [116].
• Nez Percés Fort, [71], [72], [75], [94].
• Nō-mă-nĭh´, Fish, [179].
• North Platte River, [183].
• Northwest Company, [3], et seq.
• Northwesters, [4], et seq.
• Northwest Fur Co., [41].
• Norway House, [121], [122].
• Oakinacken River, [19].
• Ogden, Peter, [73].
• Okanagan, Fort, [43], [53].
• Okanagan Indians, [54].
• Okanagan River, [19], et seq.
• Okanogan, [20].
• Okinagan, [20].
• “Old Bark,” [259].
• One-eyed Juan, [183].
• Otero Co. (Colo.), [190].
• Outfit for prairie travel, [330].
• Owl Woman, [129].
• Pacific Fur Co., [5], et seq.
• Paint, [239].
• Palliser, Colonel Wray, [277].
• Palliser, John, [277].
• Palouse, [100].
• Paquenode, [306].
• Parkman, [237].
• Pau-ē-sīh´, Flat Nose, [179].
• Pawnee Fork, [176], [260].
• “Pawnee” (Kiowa chief), [155].
• Payette River, [107].
• Peacock’s Ranch, [155].
• Peck, R. M., [154].
• Pérey, [306], [308].
• Piegans, [98], [99], [100], [101], [104], [105], [106], [329], [352].
• Piegans, battle with, [95].
• Pierre, Fort, [290].
• Pierre, S. D., [290].
• “Pilot Knobs,” [90].
• Pisscow River, [19].
• Pisscows, [44], [53].
• Plum Creek, [335].
• Point Canoe, [113].
• Point Chinook, [9].
• Point George, [9].
• Point Vancouver, [14].
• Pŏ-ō-om´măts, Gray Blanket, [179].
• Poor (Lean) Bear, [138].
• Porcupine Creek, [340], [343].
• Poshett Creek, [348].
• Power, T. C., [328].
• Prairie fire, [284].
• Prairie traveller, [277].
• Priest Rapids, [19].
• Prince, [85].
• Pueblo, Colo., [129], [130], [157].
• Pulque, [197].
• Purgatoire River, [129], [130], [157] [171].
• Quarrel, Indian, [86].
• “Raccoon,” [37].
• Raids by Indians, [198].
• Rattling Buttes, [335].
• Red Coat Land, [356].
• Red River (of North,) [121], [122], [123].
• Red River (of Texas), [167].
• Red River settlement, [4].
• Red Sleeves, [176].
• Red Sleeves Creek, [176].
• Reed, John, [33].
• Reid (See [Reed, J.]), [88].
• Reid’s River (see [Payette River], 107).
• Reynolds, A. E., [189].
• Richardson, Dr., [121].
• Rio del Norte, [205].
• Rio Grande, [205].
• Rivers:
• Arkansas, [128], [129], [130], [189];
• Arkansor, [278];
• Arrow, [333];
• Bear, [112];
• Beaver, [349];
• Box Elder, [336];
• Canadian, [138];
• Cimarron, [167];
• Clark’s Fork, [17];
• Columbia, [3], et seq.;
• Columbia, Forks of, [26];
• Cowlitz, [72];
• Deep, [334];
• Eagle, [350];
• Flathead, [102];
• Flat Willow, [336], [338];
• Fontaine-qui-bouille, [208];
• Fourchette, [348];
• Fraser, [23];
• Goddin, [104], [105], [116];
• Greenhorn, [152], [208];
• Huerfano, [208];
• Judith, [326], [327], [335];
• Knife, [304];
• Lewis Fork, [17], [90];
• Little Blackfoot, [356];
• Little Missouri, [316], [317];
• Malades, [105], [112];
• Marias, [356];
• Missouri, [332];
• Musselshell, [336], [337], [339], [348], [357];
• North Platte, [183];
• Oakinacken, [19];
• Okanagan, [19], et seq.;
• Oregon, [4];
• Pawnee Fork, [176], [260];
• Payette, [107];
• Pisscow, [19];
• Plum, [335];
• Porcupine, [340], [343];
• Poshett, [348];
• Purgatoire, [129], [130], [157], [171];
• Red (of North), [121], [122], [123];
• Red (of Texas), [167];
• Red Sleeves, [176];
• Reid’s (See [Payette]), [107];
• Rio del Norte, [205];
• Rio Grande, [205];
• Rivière aux Malades, [105], [112];
• Saint Vrain’s Fork, [138];
• Salmon, [104];
• Sa-mick-a-meigh, [31];
• Skam-naugh, [76];
• Smilkameen, [31];
• Snake, [25];
• Teton, [356];
• Walnut, [155];
• Willamette, [58];
• Willow, [334];
• Wolf, [334];
• Yellowstone, [281], [306].
• Rivière aux Malades, [105], [112].
• Rocky Mountain House, [121].
• Ross, Alexander, [3], et passim.
• Rowan, Mr., [121].
• Running down a calf, [314].
• Russell, Colonel, [264].
• Russian America, [5].
• Ruxton, George Frederick, [191], [193].
• Sagacity of wolves, [208].
• Sage grouse, [64].
• St. Louis, [194].
• St. Vrain, Ceran, [130].
• St. Vrain (death of C.), [158].
• St. Vrain, Felix, [158].
• St. Vrain’s Fork, [138].
• Salmon River, [104].
• Sa-mick-a-meigh River, [31].
• Sand Creek massacre, [249].
• Sandwich Islanders, [58].
• Sandwich Islands, [7].
• San Fernandez, [145].
• San Fernando, [142].
• Santa Anna, General, [195].
• Santa Fé, [129], et seq.
• Santa Fé trail, [127].
• Saulteaux, [100].
• Scalp dance, [256].
• Seaton, Alfred, [33].
• Sedgwick, Major, [155].
• Shahaptin, [16], [17].
• Shaved Head, [138].
• Shaw-ha-ap-tens (see [Shahaptin]).
• Shawnees, [171], [175].
• She-Whaps, [23], [27], [61], [64].
• “Short Man, The,” [326].
• Shoshoni, [88], [178].
• Simplicity of Indians, [19].
• Simpson, Governor, [95], [117], [121].
• Sioux, [329], [335].
• Skam-naugh River, [76].
• Skunk, adventure with, [20].
• Small Robe band (Piegan), [355].
• Smallpox at Bent’s Fort, [131].
• Smilkameen River, [31].
• Smith, Green Clay, [327].
• Smith, John, [179], [248], [252], [253], [254], [255].
• Snake Indians, [25], [72], [81], [84], [85], [88], [90], [100].
• Snake River, [25].
• Solitary Hunter, The, [275], [277], [321].
• Spokane House, [95], [100].
• Spokanes, [100].
• Spotted Horse, [344].
• Staked Plains, [167].
• Star Robe, [350], [358].
• Stevens, Governor I. I., [326].
• Stuart, Alexander, [42], [43].
• Stuart, David, [6], [22], [25], [26], [27].
• Stuart, Robert, [24], [25], [27].
• Suhtai, [167].
• Tailing the bull, [200].
• Taos, [129], [137], [145].
• Teton River, [356].
• Thompson, David, [13], [15], [17].
• Thorn, Captain, [7], [9], [24].
• Three Tetons, [90], [115].
• Thunder Birds, [187].
• “Tod Issac,” [36].
• To´hau sen, [138], [155].
• “Tonquin,” [7], [13], [23].
• Tonquin Point, [9].
• Trade for horses, [182].
• Trade for liquor, [181].
• Trade for robes, [182].
• Trade, winter’s, [23].
• Trails of the Pathfinders, [24], [31].
• Train-wrecking by Cheyennes, [362].
• Trapper’s earnings, [219].
• Trappers’ methods, [79].
• Trapper’s outfit, [216].
• Traps stolen, [107].
• Travel by ox train, [172].
• Travois dog, [300].
• Tummatapam, [17].
• Tunica, [353].
• Turley, [147].
• Turley’s Ranch, [147].
• Turtle Mountains, [316].
• “Twins, The,” [71].
• Union, Fort, [290], [306], [307], [309], [320], [346].
• Upson, Gad. E., [357].
• Valley, John Day’s, [104], [105].
• Vasquez, Benito, [130].
• Vera Cruz, [194].
• Vermilion, Fort, [289].
• Vide Poche, [242].
• Vigil, [144].
• Vī-hiu-nĭs´, Little Chief, [179].
• Wah-To-Yah and the Taos Trail, [237].
• Walla Walla, [27].
• Walla Walla Indians, [17], [82].
• Walnut Creek, [155].
• War-are-ree-kas, [89], [111].
• War of 1812, [36].
• Wa-si´cha-chischi´-la, [128].
• Westport, Mo., [141], [171], [238].
• White Cow Woman, [168].
• White goat, [19].
• White River Post, [303], [304].
• White Thunder, [130].
• Willamette River, [58].
• William, Fort (Bent’s), [130], [171], [248].
• William, Fort (N. W. Co.), [42].
• Williams, Bill, [228], [294], [325].
• Willow Creek, [334].
• Winnipeg, [5].
• Winter storm, [211].
• Wŏhk´po-hŭm´, White Horse, [179].
• Wolf Creek, [334].
• Wolf-shooting, [68].
• Wolverine, [229].
• Wolves, sagacity of, [208].
• Wolves, sleeping, [300].
• Wolves, ways of, [54].
• Work of a fur trader, [54].
• Wounded bull, [246].
• Wō-wĭhph´pai-ī-sīh´, Big Nostrils, [179].
• Wy-am-pams, [16].
• Wyandottes, [239].
• Yellow Woman, [130].
• Yellowstone National Park, [90].
• Yellowstone River, [281], [306].