[214]. Blackstone, bk. iv., Sharswood’s ed. ii. p. 348. Philadelphia, 1878.
[215]. Bracton, Twiss’s ed. p. 405.
[216]. It grew to be condemned by the Church. See, for instance, C. Valentinum, iii. c. 12, held A.D. 855.
[217]. Unhappily to be succeeded by a dreadful revival of torture all over Europe, where it was in full blast in the fourteenth century, and in England from 1468. Having abandoned supernatural means of extracting men’s secrets, Church and State made ruthless and pitiless use of more material methods. The Inquisition took up torture, and the custom spread to the lay courts towards the end of the thirteenth century. Consult, for instances, Lea, Superstition and Force, pp. 421, 458; Maitland, Const. Hist. p. 221; Lea, History of the Inquisition in the Middle Ages, i. p. 423, etc. New York, 1906.
[218]. Barnewall and Alderson, Report of Cases, i, pp. 405, 426, etc. London, 1818.
[219]. 59 Geo. III. c. 46.
[220]. See, for instance, Westermarck, Moral Ideas, ii. 628 seq.
[221]. J. Bingham, Antiquities of the Christian Church, iii. p. 203. Oxford, 1855.
[222]. Ibid. p. 204.
[223]. Ibid. pp. 205, 217.