[274]. S. Cheetham, History of the Christian Church during the First Six Centuries, p. 171. London, 1894.
[275]. Stubbs, Const. Hist. i. p. 267.
[276]. 1 Corinthians vi.
[277]. In A.D. 341 by the eleventh and twelfth Canons of the Council of Antioch; in 397 by the ninth Canon of the Third Council of Carthage; and in 451 by the ninth Canon of the Council of Chalcedon.
[278]. Lingard, Hist. ii. p. 120.
[279]. Cheetham, p. 171.
[280]. H. C. Lea, History of the Inquisition in the Middle Ages, i. p. 309. New York, 1906.
[281]. Canons of Councils, Papal Decrees, and the many Collections.
[282]. See Lingard, ii. 126.
After the appearance of the Collection of Ivo of Chartres (b. 1035, d. 1115),[[283]] and still more upon the compilation of Gratian’s Decretals (A.D. 1151), they began to rival, if not surpass, the Secular Courts in reputation and influence.[[284]] The Courts Christian were the defenders of dogma; in those times, without right believing nothing else profited. The Church Courts also enforced Christian morality. “The bishops,” says Archdeacon Cheetham,[[285]] “took cognizance, as was natural, of matters which were rather offences against the moral law than against the State, and sometimes succeeded in overawing even high-placed offenders.” “The doctrine of penance,” says Mr. Thrupp, “dealt with a series of immoralities which the laws disregarded.”[[286]]