Sir William Johnson, having more penetration than the Pennsylvania authorities as to the value of Croghan’s services, immediately appointed him his deputy, in which position he continued for several years. When he presented himself to the governor’s council in Philadelphia, December 14, 1756, “the Council knowing Mr. Croghan’s Circumstances was not a little surprised at the Appointment, and desired to see his Credentials”—(Pennsylvania Colonial Records, vii, p. 355). In regard to his services during this period, see New York Colonial Documents, vii, pp. 136, 174, 175, 196, 211, 246, 277, 280; Pennsylvania Colonial Records, vii, pp. 435, 465, 484, 506; viii, 175; Pennsylvania Archives, iii, pp. 319, 544.
Sir William Johnson was born in Ireland in 1715, came to New York at an early age, and settled as a trader in the Mohawk Valley. He was adopted into the Iroquois nation, and acquired power in their national councils, retaining them in the English interest during the French and Indian War. After the battle of Lake George, Johnson was rewarded with a baronetcy, and secured the surrender of Niagara in 1759. From that time until his death in 1774, he was occupied with Indian negotiations, chief of which was the treaty of Fort Stanwix (1768).—Ed.
[49] Donegal was an old town on the east side of the Susquehanna, situated between the Conewago and Chiques creeks, in the northwestern angle of the county of Lancaster (Scull’s Map of Pennsylvania), where these Indians have left their name to the Conoy, or as it is now called, Coney Creek. Memoirs of the Pennsylvania Historical Society, iv, part ii, p. 210. The Conoys were originally from Piscataway, in Maryland, whence they moved to an island in the Potomac, and, on the invitation of William Penn, removed to the Susquehanna—(Pennsylvania Colonial Records, iv, p. 657).—E. B. O’Callaghan.
[50] Christopher Gist was of English descent, and a native of Maryland. In early life he removed to the frontiers of North Carolina, where he became so expert in surveying and woodcraft, that he was employed for two successive years by the Ohio Company in inspecting and surveying the Western country. It was on his first journey (1750-51) that he encountered Croghan, when they travelled together to Pickawillany (the Twigtwee town), and Gist continued via the Scioto River and the Kentucky country back to Virginia. On the second journey (1751-52), he explored the West Virginia region. His most noted adventure was accompanying Major George Washington in the autumn of 1753 to the French forts in Northwest Pennsylvania. Earlier in the same year, Gist had made a settlement near Mount Braddock, Fayette County, Pennsylvania, and under the auspices of the Ohio Company was enlisting settlers for the region. Eleven came out in the spring of 1754, and a stockade fort was begun. This was utilized during Washington’s campaign, but burned by the French after the defeat at Great Meadows. Gist later petitioned the Virginia House of Burgesses for indemnity, but his request was rejected. Both Gist and his son served with Braddock as scouts, and after his defeat, raised a company of militia to protect the frontiers. After serving for a time as deputy Indian agent for the Southern Indians, he died in 1759, either in South Carolina or Georgia. One of his sons was killed at the battle of King’s Mountain (1780).—Ed.
[51] For a copy of this treaty see Pennsylvania Colonial Records, v, pp. 522-525. In regard to the rejection thereof, note that the governor in the speech made to the Twigtwees says it is approved. See [ante].—Ed.
[52] The records appear to bear out Croghan’s contention that he was given instructions to discuss the erection of a fort. See Pennsylvania Colonial Records, v, pp. 522, 529. Historians admit that this neglect of the Indians’ request was attended with evil consequences to the English colonies, and Pennsylvania in particular. Consult Pennsylvania Colonial Records, v, pp. 537, 547, for the Indian demand and the Assembly’s refusal.—Ed.
[53] On this conference at Logstown see Dinwiddie Papers, i, pp. 6, 7, 11, 22; Trent’s Journals, pp. 69-81; Gist’s Journals, pp. 231-234.—Ed.
[54] For the French sources of this expedition see New York Colonial Documents, x, pp. 255-257; Pennsylvania Archives (2d series), vi, pp. 161-164.—Ed.
[55] On the conferences at Winchester and Carlisle (1753), see Pennsylvania Colonial Records, v, pp. 657, 665-684.—Ed.
[56] Colonel Thomas Cresap was a Yorkshireman who came to Maryland at an early age. Having settled within the territory in dispute between Maryland and Pennsylvania, he became an aggressive leader of the forces of the former and was arrested by the Pennsylvania sheriff of Lancaster, where he spent several months in jail. Being released by an agreement between the proprietors of the two colonies (1739), he moved westward, and became the first permanent settler of Maryland beyond the mountains, taking up land at a deserted Shawnee village now called Oldtown. An active member of the Ohio Company, he was assisted by the Indian Nemacolin in blazing the first path west to the Ohio (1752). After the defeat on the Monongahela, Cresap moved back to the settlements on Conococheague Creek; but on the return of peace sought his former location, where he became a noted surveyor and frontiersman. His son Michael was likewise a well-known borderer and Indian fighter. For a complete biographical account, see Ohio Archæological and Historical Publications (Columbus, 1902), x, pp. 146-164.—Ed.