[55] Williams, op. cit., pp. 137, 142.
[56] Horsmanden, History of the Negro Plot, passim.
[57] For business enterprises, see chap. v, pp. 96-7.
[58] Quoted in Ovington, Half a Man, pp. 27-28.
[59] Constitution and By-Laws of the United Public Waiters' Mutual Beneficial Association.
[60] Ovington, op. cit., pp. 93-95.
[61] Cf. Ovington, op. cit., pp. 56-57, 144-145.
[62] In a canvass of business establishments 12 manufacturers, 1 architect, 3 plumbers and steam-fitters, 2 printing firms, 10 contractors and builders and 3 miscellaneous—37 total—12 were decidedly against employing Negroes, 9 giving as a reason the objections of their white workmen; 13 were non-committal, and 12, 10 of whom were builders and contractors, offered or gave employment to Negroes above the average competency; cf. Ovington, op. cit., pp. 91-98.