[421] As summarized by Westermarck, op. cit., 470, 471.
[422] Ploss, Ueber die das Geschlechtsverhältniss der Kinder bedingenden Ursachen, 21 ff., 30, passim.
[423] Compare Geddes and Thompson, Evolution of Sex, 32-54, who discuss the literature relating to sex-determination; and Geddes, article "Sex" in Encycl. Brit. See the bibliographies of the subject in Geddes and Thompson, op. cit., 40, 53, 54. Marshall, A Phrenologist amongst the Todas, 110, 111, regards the tendency to produce more males than females as due to natural selection, practiced by an in-and-in breeding people, made necessary originally by female infanticide. Thus a "male-producing variety of man is formed."
[424] Consistent with the rule is the fact that the majority of illegitimate births are female.
[425] Düsing, op. cit., 237.
[426] Powers, Tribes of California, 403, 149; Starckweather, The Law of Sex, 159 ff.; Westermarck, op. cit., 476-80, who cites many other authorities.
[427] Ibid., 481, 482.
[428] Westermarck, op. cit., 475, 476, citing Stulpnagel, in Indian Antiquary, VII, 135. Cf. Spencer, Principles of Sociology, I, 688.
[429] Westermarck, op. cit., 482, 483. Cf. Marshall, A Phrenologist amongst the Todas, 110, 111, 221, passim, for illustrations.
[430] Westermarck, op. cit., 515.