[570] Ibid., 151, 152.
[571] Ibid., 148, 149. For other examples of leaving a token see ibid., 149, 150.
[572] Ibid., 138, 154 ff. An excellent illustration is afforded by Kalmuck custom: Koehne, "Das Recht der Kalmücken," ZVR., IX, 462.
[573] Among the Nez-Percés Indians, for example, runaway matches are not unknown, but "the woman is in such cases considered a prostitute, and the bride's parents may seize upon the man's property."—Bancroft, Native Races, I, 277.
[574] The view presented in the text should be compared with Bernhöft's judgment. Granting that capture was crowded out by purchase, he does not think, with Dargun, that it was effected through abduction by prior or subsequent payment of the composition or price; but rather that it gradually disappeared in consequence of the severe penalties imposed for breach of the law and other disadvantages; so that "in Folge dessen der schon früher durchaus übliche Kauf zur alleinigen Eheschliessungsform wurde."—"Principien des eur. Familienrechts," ZVR., IX, 401. Cf. the theory of Hildebrand, Ueber das Problem, 17-22, who thinks rape follows purchase, at least in the form of gifts, but that it is of comparatively little importance; and Mucke, Horde und Familie, 111 ff., 139 ff., who reaches the same result in a different way. See also Dargun, Mutterrecht und Vaterrecht. 120-22, 127, where the "illegal" nature of capture is admitted.
[575] Kulischer, "Intercommunale Ehe durch Raub und Kauf," ZFE., X, 219; cf. Westermarck, op. cit., 390.
[576] In general on wife-purchase and its survivals see Post, Familienrecht, 173-220; idem, Geschlechtsgenossenschaft, 63-88; idem, Afrikanische Jurisprudenz, I, 329 ff.; Westermarck, Human Marriage, 390-416; Starcke, Primitive Family, 146, 232, 39, passim; Letourneau, L'évolution du mariage, 130-50; Spencer, Principles of Sociology, I, 655, 754, 755; Hellwald, Die mensch. Familie, 306 ff., 323 ff.; Grosse, Die Formen der Familie, 111 ff., 169 ff.; Hildebrand, Recht und Sitte, 19 ff., 31 ff.; Bancroft, Native Races, as below cited; Friedrichs, "Familienstufen und Eheformen," ZVR., X, 213, 218, 245, 246; idem, "Ehe und Eherecht der griechischen Heroenzeit," ibid., XI, 327 ff.; Bernhöft, "Principien des eur. Familienrechts," ibid., IX, 400; Kohler, "Studien," ibid., V, 334-68; idem, "Indisches Ehe- und Familienrecht," ibid., III, 345 ff.; idem, "Die Ehe mit und ohne Mundium," ibid., VI, 333 ff.; and his other monographs, ibid., VI, 167 (Burma), 365 and 405 (China); VII, 351 ff. (Australia), 371, 372, 378 (Papuas), 382 (India), 395 (Armenia); VIII, 85 (Gypsies), 86 (Eskimos), 87, 113 (Dekkan), 266 (Orissa), 241 ff. (Islam); IX, 326, 327 (Bengal), 334 (Chittagong), 334 (Burma); XI, 57 (Azteks), 167 (India), 419-21, 432 ff. (Kamerun); Rehme, "Das Recht der Amaxosa," ZVR., X, 37, 38; Post, "Kodifikation des Rechts der Amaxosa," ibid., XI, 232 ff.; Henrici, "Das Recht der Epheneger," ibid., XI, 134; Koehne, "Das Recht der Kalmücken," ibid., IX, 461 ff.; Lippert, Geschichte der Familie, 42 ff., 95-118; Unger, Die Ehe, 11, 17, 33, 46, 47, 77; Leist, Alt-arisches Jus Gentium, 115, 116, 122 ff.; Krauss, Sitte und Brauch der Südslaven, 272 ff., 451; Jolly, Ueber die rechtl. Stellung der Frauen, 16 ff.; Kautsky, Kosmos, XII, 329 ff.; Dargun, Mutterrecht und Vaterrecht, 122-28, 149-54; Heusler, Institutionen, II, 277-86; Tillinghast, "The Negro in Africa and America," Pub. Am. Ec. Ass. (New York, 1902), III, chap. v; Ellis, Ewe-Speaking Peoples, 153 ff., 199 ff.
[577] This occurs, occasionally, where it is the custom for the husband to pass into the wife's family at marriage: Post, Familienrecht, 174; cf. Spencer, Principles of Sociology, I, 788; Westermarck, Human Marriage, 382, 416.
[578] Westermarck, op. cit., 390; Marsden, History of Sumatra, 259.
[579] Westermarck, op. cit., 390. Compare Curr, The Australian Race, I, 107; Fison and Howitt, Kamilaroi and Kurnai, 276, 285, 343. On exchange see Kohler, in ZVR., III, 345 (India); VIII, 242 (Islam), 112 (India).