[753] Westermarck, op. cit., 520, 521, citing Deut. 24:1; Meier and Schömann, Der attische Process, 511; McKenzie, Studies in Roman Law, 123 ff.; Grimm, Rechtsalterthümer, 454. On the Hebrews see also Letourneau, op. cit., 302, 303; Glasson, Le mariage civil et le divorce, 145 ff.
[754] Post, Familienrecht, 253, 254; Riedel, in ZFE., XVII, 78.
[755] "In den Gallareichen kann der Mann die Frau verstossen, weil sie ihm langweilig geworden oder zu den häuslichen Geschäften nicht tauglich ist. Will er dagegen keine Scheidung, sondern nur Trennung, so ergiebt sich die Frau der Prostitution und kann vom Gatten für sich und ihre illegitimen Kinder Wohnung und die nöthigen Nahrungsmittel beanspruchen."—Post, Familienrecht, 253, 254. In New Caledonia, likewise, the wife may be put away because she bores her husband: Letourneau, op. cit., 285.
[756] The wife is entitled to a divorce in this way when the husband (1) leaves her without support; (2) accuses her falsely of unfaithfulness; (3) refuses to acknowledge the child which she has borne him; (4) when he abandons the faith; or (5) fails in "marital duty": Hellwald, Die mensch. Familie, 409. But in practice little use is made of this form, the woman preferring instead to declare before the judge that she is in a condition of matrimonial "insurrection," by which means the husband is usually led to "repudiate" her: idem, loc. cit.
[757] The procedure by oath is allowed when the husband is persuaded, but cannot prove, that the wife is pregnant by another man; and the action must precede the accouchement. The wife may take a similar oath that the husband's belief is unfounded: Hellwald, op. cit., 409.
[758] But other phrases, such as "Cover thee with thy veil," or "Seek another man," may be employed: Hellwald, op. cit., 409. Compare the three formulæ used in Algiers: Letourneau, op. cit., 297.
[759] Hellwald, op. cit., 410, 411; following especially Vincenti, Die Ehe im Islâm, 22, 23. After the third divorce or declaration there is still a way in which the man can get his wife back when she, in due legal form, has married another man, and has been repudiated by him. This procedure is usually collusive by means of a "straw husband": Hellwald, loc. cit., citing Efendi, Türkische Skizzen, II, 15. In general see Unger, Die Ehe, 48-50; Letourneau, op. cit., 289-99, on the triple declaration among Mohammedan peoples of Africa.
[760] These cases are discussed by Post, Familienrecht, 253-55; idem, Grundlagen, 269; idem, Afrikanische Jurisprudenz, I, 439-41; Letourneau, op. cit., 286 ff.; Westermarck, op. cit., 523, 524; Friedrichs, "Familienstufen und Eheformen," ZVR., X, 251.
[761] On these so-called "Zeitehen" and "Ehen auf Proben," in addition to the references, chap. ii, p. 49, note 2, see Post, Familienrecht, 75-79; idem, Afrikanische Jurisprudenz, I, 321-23; Starcke, Primitive Family, 258-60; Westermarck, op. cit., 523, 524, who apparently includes these cases under the head of divorce for sterility. "Proof-marriages" are said even now to be customary in Yorkshire: Bunsen, in ZFE., XIX, 376; Post, op. cit., 77; and a good example is afforded by the Scotch "hand-fasting" prevalent in the eighteenth century: "Two chiefs agreed that the heir of the one should live with the daughter of the other as her husband for a year and a day; if at the end of that time the woman had become a mother, or, at any rate, if she was pregnant, the marriage was regarded as valid, even if unblest by a priest;" otherwise the connection was dissolved: Starcke, op. cit., 260; Skene, The Highlanders of Scotland (London, 1837), 166. Cf. Tegg, The Knot Tied, 222, 223; Brand, Popular Antiquities, II, 87, 88; Bullinger, The Christen State of Matrimonye (1541), 48, 49; Wood, The Wedding Day, 113, 184, 185; Stiles, Bundling, 17, 19. For examples of temporary unions among the American Indians see Westermarck, op. cit., 518, 519. Such marriages are found among the Winnebagoes: Thwaites, in Wis. Hist. Coll., XII, 427.
[762] Westermarck, op. cit., 524: ap. Kolben, The Present State of the Cape of Good-Hope (London, 1731), I, 157. However, this rule may in practice have little meaning: see Post, Afrikanische Jurisprudenz, I, 435, who also cites Kolben.