[1159] For many cases see Hale's Precedents, 6, 33, 38, 39, 54, 56, 65, 82, 83, 85, 92, 166, 181, 182, 199, 255.
[1160] Friedberg, Eheschliessung, 10, 124; Esmein, Le mariage en droit canonique, II, 170 ff., who shows that the rules relating to banns were too vague to be effective. On the requirement of banns see Cranmer, Misc. Writings, 159; Grindal, Remains, 126; Hooper, Later Writings, 126, 138, 149; Ridley, Works, 531; Sandys, Sermons, 434. Cf. on the history of the institution Jeaffreson, Brides and Bridals, I, 99-107, 130 ff. Compare Born, De bannis nuptialibus (Leipzig, 1716), secs. 1 ff.
[1161] Burn, Hist. of Parish Registers, 1-16. Compare Waters, Parish Registers, 5. Mention is made of registers in France as early as 1308; and by an order of Cardinal Ximenes, 1497, they were to be kept in every parish of the diocese of Toledo "in order to remedy the disorders occasioned by the frequency of divorces in Spain, on the ground of spiritual affinity."—Burn, 3; Marsolier, Histoire du ministère du Cardinal Ximenes, tom. 1, liv. 2, 263; Waters, Parish Registers, 4. Cf. Palgrave, in Quart. Rev., LXXIII, 561, who thus goes too far in saying that "parish registers were never kept in any part of the world until the sixteenth century."
There is some evidence, held to be inconclusive by Burn, op. cit., 5-15, that an order for the use of registers may have been made earlier than 1538. The fact that at least eight registers begin before that date points to instructions given at the time of the suppression of the smaller monasteries: Waters, op. cit., 6. At the time of the insurrection in Yorkshire, 1536, in order to draw the common people, it was given out "that the king designed to get all the gold of England into his hands, under colour of recoining it; that he would seize all unmarked cattle, and all the ornaments of parish churches, and they should be forced to pay for christenings, marriages, and burials (orders having been given for keeping Registers thereof), and for licenses to eat white bread."—Carte, Hist. of England. See also the rare tract by Holmes (1537), and the letter of Sir Piers Edgcumb to Cromwell (April 20, 1539), both quoted by Burn, op. cit., 8, 9. For the date see Waters, op. cit., 7; and compare Burn's Fleet Marriages, 3.
[1162] Burn, Parish Registers, 17, 18. Cf. also Friedberg, Eheschliessung, 319, 320. The same provision, with slight alteration, is contained in the injunction of 1547, Edward VI. It is quoted by Toulmin Smith, The Parish, 187, 188; Bohn, Pol. Cyc., IV, 625; Burn, op. cit., 18, 19.
[1163] For a review of the various proposals, acts, and "visitations" to enforce them see Burn, op. cit., 18-39; Friedberg, op. cit., 320-22; Toulmin Smith, op. cit., 188, 189; Bohn, op. cit., IV, 625, 626.
[1164] See the extracts illustrating Luther's views as to the form of wedlock in Strampff, 337-44.
[1165] Consult the elaborate investigation of Friedberg, Eheschliessung, 198-305; idem, Die Geschichte der Civilehe, 7 ff.; with which should be compared Sohm, Eheschliessung, chap. vii, and his Trauung und Verlobung, chap, iv.; Scheurl, Ent. des kirch. Eheschliessungsrechts, 123 ff., 126 ff.; idem, Das gemein. deutsch. Eherecht, 64-73; Dieckhoff, Die kirch. Trauung, 108 ff., 180 ff., 223 ff. (views of Melanchthon, Chemnitz, and others); Mejer, Zum Kirchenrechte, 154 ff. (views of Kling, Mauser, Schneidewin, Wesenbeck, Monner, and Beust—all connected with the consistory of Wittenberg); Schubert, Die evang. Trauung, 41 ff., 49 ff.; Richter, Lehrbuch, 1136 ff.
[1166] "Das liess ich wohl verba de futuro heissen, wenn ein conditio, Anhang oder Auszug dabei gesetzt würde, als: Ich will dich haben, wo du mir willt zu gut, zwei oder ein Jahr harren; item: Ich will dich haben, so du mir hundert Gulden mitbringest; item: so deine oder meine Aeltern wollen; und dergleichen."—Luther, "Von Ehesachen," Bücher und Schriften (Jena, 1561), V, 241.
As an illustration of the early judicial practice see the interesting decision of the consistory court of Wittenberg, among the cases published by Schleusner, Anfänge des protest. Eherechts, 136, where a contract is dissolved for failure of the condition. The case is undated, but it probably occurred before 1550.