[242] On totemism see McLennan, Patriarchal Theory, 206, 207, 227-29, 230-36; Studies, II, 368 ff., passim; Morgan, Ancient Society, 49 ff., who gives many facts relating to totem gentes among the American Indians and elsewhere; Wake, Marriage and Kinship, Index; Fison and Howitt, Kamilaroi and Kurnai, 40-49, 165-71, who criticise Lubbock, Origin of Civilization, 210, 338 ff., 263; Starcke, Primitive Family, 20 ff., 29 ff., passim; Tylor, Primitive Culture, I, 42, 213, 215. Westermarck, Human Marriage, chap, ix, denies that tattooing is fundamentally connected with totemism, and holds that it is a form of ornamentation to serve as a means of sexual attraction. Cf. Mucke, Horde und Familie, 77; Ploss, Das Weib, I, 94 ff.; 196 ff.; Bachofen, Mutterrecht, 335; Fraser, Totemism; idem, Golden Bough, III, 416 ff.; Crawley, Mystic Rose, 249, 398, 457, 470; Hellwald, Die mensch. Familie, 190 ff.; Fletcher, "A Study from the Omaha Tribe," Procds. A. A. A. S., XLVI, 325-34; idem, "Emblematic Use of the Tree in the Dakotan Group," ibid., XLV, 191-209; especially Kohler, Zur Urgeschichte der Ehe, 27 ff.; and Spencer and Gillen, Native Tribes of Central Australia, containing the best and fullest account of the Australian forms of the institution.
[243] For McLennan's best statement as to the nature and prevalence of polyandry see his interesting letter to Darwin, Studies, II, 50-56, already mentioned.
[244] Ibid., I, 93 ff., 97, 133 ff.; II, 47-56; Patriarchal Theory, 267 ff. In general, on polyandry, see Marshall, A Phrenologist amongst the Todas, 190-232; Starcke, op. cit., 128-40, 77 ff., passim; Smith, Kinship and Marriage, 121 ff., 277-79; Fison and Howitt, op. cit., 144 ff.; Wake, op. cit., 134-78, Index; Giraud-Teulon, Origines du mariage, 150 ff., 434 ff.; Westermarck, op. cit., chaps, xx-xxii, 3, 115-17, 547-49; Mayne, Hindu Law and Usage, 60 ff.; Spencer, Principles of Sociology, I, 672-81, 641 ff.; Lubbock, Origin of Civilization, 79, 143 ff.; Schmidt, Jus primae noctis, 35, 36, 319, 320; Post, Familienrecht, 54-63; idem, Afrikanische Jurisprudenz, I, 40, 303; idem, Die Geschlechtsgenossenschaft, 16 ff.; Letourneau, L'évolution du mariage, 40, 49, 90-109; Mason, Woman's Share in Primitive Culture, 221, 222; Maine, Early Law and Custom, 106, 123, 200; Friedrichs, "Ursprung des Matriarchats," ZVR., VIII, 371 ff.; idem, "Familienstufen und Eheformen," ibid., X, 257, 258; Mucke, op. cit., 181-38; Kautsky, "Entstehung der Ehe und Familie," Kosmos, XII, 258, 264, 344-48; Bernhöft, in ZVR., IX, 12 ff.; Kohler, op. cit., 143; Grosse, Die Formen der Familie, 117 ff.; Hellwald, op. cit., 241-61; Schneider, Die Naturvölker, II, 459 ff.; Achelis, Entwicklung der Ehe, 28 ff.; Ellis, in Pop. Sci. Monthly, Oct., 1891.
[245] McLennan believes this form to be wide-spread. It is found in Ceylon, among the Kasias and Saporogian Cossacks, and elsewhere. The higher and lower forms often appear together among the same people: Studies, I, 99 ff. "Beena" marriage of Ceylon is believed to be a modification of their polyandry.
[246] Buchanan, Journey, II, 594; McLennan, op. cit., I, 102. Cf. on the Nairs, Giraud-Teulon, op. cit., 150-64; Starcke, op. cit., 83-87, 133 ff.; Smith, Kinship and Marriage, 122; Letourneau, op. cit., 99-101.
[247] Cf. Spencer, Principles of Sociology, I, 676, 677.
[248] Marshall, op. cit., 210. According to Frau Janssen (Globus, XLIII, 371), it is the custom for the "young wife to become the spouse of all the brothers of her husband; her first child counts as that of the eldest brother, the second as that of the second, and so forth." Cf. Hellwald, op. cit., 246.
[249] Marshall, op. cit., 206, 207. To be a barudi or widow or a baruda or widower is a term of reproach: ibid., 208.
[250] Ibid., 111, 196, 213.
[251] Ibid., 221. In this regard as in many others the Todas resemble the Veddahs: Sarasin, Die Weddas von Ceylon, I, 465-67. For a good account of polyandry among the Todas and other peoples see Hellwald, op. cit., 241 ff., 246 ff.