The general court was at once the legislature and the supreme judicial tribunal of the colony. In relegating the trial of divorce suits to the court of assistants it by no means surrendered its right to exercise the primary jurisdiction. A number of cases make it almost certain that it entertained and decided such cases in the first instance. William Palmer was so divorced in 1650.[967] Two years later Dorothy Pester, having waited "wth patience tenn yeeres for the retourne of her husband" William, prays "that she might not still be held in such bondage." Whereupon the court mercifully granted her "libertje to marry when God by his providence shall afoord her an Oppertunitje."[968] In the same way in 1654 Dorcas Hall was released on account of the desertion and other misconduct of her spouse.[969] "Rachel Langton, or Verney," was set "free from her late husband, Joseph," in 1661, no cause being assigned.[970] In 1663 the petition of Margaret Bennet in behalf of her daughter Mary White was denied.[971] A decree was granted in a peculiar form in 1670. In answer to the petition of Elizabeth Stevens, whose husband had deserted her and been guilty of "familiarity" with another woman, the "Court judgeth it meete to declare, that the petitioners marrying again another man shall not be indangered thereby as a transgression of our lawes."[972] The petition of Mary Maddox in 1678 alleges that her husband Henry had been absent unheard of for "a thirteen yeares." She was accordingly freed from the conjugal bond and put "at liberty to dispose of herself as she shall see meete."[973] Very generous alimony is sometimes allowed the injured woman. On October 15, 1679, because Augustine Lyndon "hath in so many Particulars Broken Covenant," his wife Mary is granted a full divorce, besides being awarded two-thirds of her husband's lands and the "small matter that now Remaineth in Deacon Allen's hands" for the use of herself and children, "till the County Court shall take further Order." The next day, on a second petition, additional property is decreed to the "late wife of Augustine Lyndon now Mary Sanderson," showing apparently that she was permitted to resume her maiden name.[974] The eight[975] divorces just enumerated are all granted by the general court on petitions precisely similar to those regarding other matters dealt with by that body in the first instance. To all intents and purposes they are "legislative" divorces; as much so, in fact, as are those so often sanctioned by the state legislatures during the present century.
The remaining cases mentioned in the table are for the most part very simple and require but little comment here. Two are only known from incidental notice in other records.[976] Four are contained in the Suffolk Files.[977] In one of these the divorced husband, who had broken the marriage vow and been guilty of "Inhuman Carriage & Satanic Cruelty" toward his wife and children, was banished ten miles from Boston; and later, when he was permitted to visit that town on business, he was required to give bond "to be on good behavior towards his late wife."[978] It is significant that during the seventeenth century not a single clear case of divorce from bed and board has been discovered in any of the Massachusetts records.[979]
During the period of the second charter divorce controversies and all matrimonial questions are to be "heard and determined by the governour and council,"[980] whose decrees may be executed by arresting and committing the "body" of the person disregarding them.[981] By a law of 1641 it had already been provided that the divorced wife, if the innocent party, should retain her right of dower in one-third of the husband's real property for life.[982] A later act makes provision for alimony. The "superior court of judicature" is empowered in case of divorce or nullity to assign the woman "such reasonable part of the estate of her late husband as in their discretion the circumstances of the estate may admit, not exceeding one-third part thereof."[983] As in the earlier period, the causes and kinds of divorce are not determined by legislation; but an act of 1695 declares that the penalty for "polygamy"—at this time death—shall not apply to those who marry when the husband or wife has been absent wilfully or unheard of "by the space of seven years together."[984] Three years later the term of absence is shortened, the law taking the form it sometimes has in the other colonies. It is provided that "if any married person, man or woman, has lately or shall hereafter go to sea in a ship or other vessel bound from one port to another where the passage is usually made in three months' time, and such ship or other vessel has not been or shall not be heard of within the space of three full years ... , or shall only be heard of under such circumstances as may rather confirm the opinion, commonly received, of the whole company's being utterly lost, in every such case the matter being laid before the governour and council, ... the man or woman whose relation is in this manner parted from him or her may be esteemed single and unmarried; and upon such declaration thereof, and license obtained from that board, may lawfully marry again."[985]
After 1692 the legislature does not seem to have interfered in divorce suits either on appeal or in the first instance. In a few cases the county court of general sessions of the peace is found granting separate maintenance. Thus in 1710/11, on petition of Elizabeth Goddard, two men are appointed to examine certain accounts of her husband John, and to "take into their hands for the use of the Petitioner what shall appear to be due to him."[986] In 1725 Dorothy, "the wife of John Jackson of Boston Starchmaker," asks for separate maintenance, alleging that her husband had utterly refused to provide for her support, and that she "would run the hazzard of her life in case she should attempt to Enter into his house." The court orders Jackson to take his wife home, support her according to his ability, "and keep his Majesty's Peace." On refusal, he is required to enter into recognizance in the sum of fifty pounds to make Dorothy a weekly allowance of eight shillings.[987]
TABLE II
Divorce Cases Before the Governor and Council of Massachusetts, 1739-60
(Found in MSS. Files of Suffolk County, Vol. DCCXCIII)
| No. | No. of File | Date | Case | Cause | Decree | Hus. Occupation | Years Mar. |
| 1 | .29726 | 27-12-38 | Gill v. Mary Belchar | Coer. to mar. | Yeoman | ||
| 2 | .29727 | 24- 6-40 | Jesse v. Grace Turner | Incapacity | M. void | Farmer | 5 |
| 3 | .29728 | 27- 4-44 | Eliz. v. Jos. Bredeen | Incapacity | Carp't'r | 11 | |
| 4 | .29729 | 5-12-52 | G. v. M. Rainer [Raymond] | Adultery | M. diss. | Husb'n | |
| 5 | .29730 | 13- 6-51 | Eliz. v. Ezekiel Eldridge | Bigamy | M. void | 1 | |
| 6 | .29730 | 26-12-52 | Susanna v. Ezek. Eldridge | Deser., remar. | M. diss. | 8 | |
| 7 | .29731 | 20- 2-53 | Ben. v. Jemima Green | Adult., bast. | M. diss. | ||
| 8 | .29732 | 9- 4-54 | Petition of Hannah Wood | 5 yrs. absence | Lv. tom. | Mariner | |
| 9 | .29733a | 1-11-54 | Mary v. Wm. Clapham | Adult., bast. | Sep. b.b. | Gent. | |
| 10 | .29733b | -12-54 | Mary v. Geo. Arthur | Cr'l., was. est. | Sep. b.b. | Gent. | 13 |
| 11 | .29734 | - -57 | Dan v. May McCarthy | Adultery | Mariner |
The history of divorce legislation is a complete blank for nearly half a century under the provincial charter. Between 1692 and 1739 the record of the governor and council in such suits is entirely missing. For the next twenty-one years, 1739-60, eleven cases have been gathered from the court files (Table II); while during the following twenty-six years, 1760-86, a continuous and apparently complete record, showing ninety-six cases, is contained in a manuscript volume preserved in the office of the clerk of the supreme judicial court for Suffolk county (Table III).