A History of Matrimonial Institutions, Vol. 3 of 3

by George Elliott Howard

Abercromby, John: on marriage with capture, i, 177 n. 1.
Abipones, i, 105;
abhor close intermarriage, 126 n. 1;
monogamy the rule, i, 143 n. 1;
cohabitation with wives in turn, 145;
liberty of choice, 212, 213;
divorce, 232.
Abduction: pretended, i, 182-84;
whether leading to free marriage among ancient Germans, 276 n. 2.
Adams, Charles Francis: on bundling, ii. 182 and n. 3, 184 and n. 4;
confessions of pre-nuptial incontinence, 195-98;
confessions in Groton church, 198 n. 2.
Adams, Henry: on status of early German woman, i, 257, 260, note;
wedding ring, 279, 280.
Administration of marriage law: effective in early New England, ii, 126, 127, 143-51.
Admonition to the Parliament: quoted, i, 410;
Answer to, 411.
Adoption: as means of social expansion, i, 13 and n. 3, 26 n. 2.
Adultery: according to scriptural teaching, ii, 19, 20;
Jewish law, 20 n. 3, 99 n. 2;
views of early Fathers, 24, 27;
law of Theodosius II., 32;
male, not recognized by early Roman law, 32 n. 3;
nor by early Teutonic, 35 and n. 5;
death penalty for, under Constantine, 32 n. 4;
laws of Valentinian and Justinian, 32 n. 4;
death penalty for, under early Teutonic law, 36, 37, 38;
ground for separation under canon law, ii, 53;
for divorce at Reformation, 62 and n. 2;
death penalty favored by some reformers, 66, 67;
punished by the Reformatio legum, 79;
Samuel Johnson on, 106;
under present English law, 110, 114, 115.
—— in the American colonies: death penalty for, ii, 169;
this penalty enforced in Massachusetts, 169-71;
punished by scarlet letter in Plymouth, 171, 172;
also in New Hampshire, Connecticut, and Massachusetts, 172-76;
espoused woman may commit, 180, 181;
punishment for, in Virginia, ii, 236;
New Netherland, 280;
Pennsylvania, 319, 320 n. 6, 385, 386;
early Massachusetts, male, not ground of divorce, 331, 345 and n. 1: same in Plymouth, 351;
death penalty in New Haven, 352;
how punished in Massachusetts, ii, 398 n 3.
Æthelberht, code of: allows one-sided divorce, ii, 39.
Affinity: forbidden degrees of, i, 129, 352 n. 1, 354 n. 5, 390, 391.
Afghanistan: wife-capture in, i. 160;
wife-purchase, 197;
sentiment of love, 248.
African aborigines: matrimonial institutions of, i, 33, 34, 107 n. 1;
Starcke on, 46;
marriage customs in Guinea, 83 n. 4;
polyandry of Kafirs, 135 n. 2;
rich indulge in polygyny, 146 n. 1;
wife-capture rare, 159;
symbol of rape, 172;
coexistence of rape and purchase, 180;
wife-purchase, 193, 194;
free marriage, 214;
divorce at pleasure, 226 and n. 3, 239;
divorce in council, 241.
Agde, Council of: allows remarriage after divorce, ii, 39;
did not originate spiritual divorce jurisdiction, 49 and nn. 2, 3.
Age of consent to carnal knowledge: in the various states and territories, iii, [195]-203.
Age of consent to marriage: under canon law, i, 357-59;
Swinburne on, 403 n. 1;
in New York province, ii, 287;
in the New England states, 395, 396;
southern and southwestern states, 428, 429;
middle and western states, 471, 472;
reform needed, iii, [190], [191].
Age of parental consent to marriage: in the New England States, ii, 396, 397;
southern and southwestern states, 429-33;
middle and western states, 472, 473;
reform needed, iii, [191].
Agnation: the Roman, i, 11, 12;
extent of, according to Maine, 12;
whether among Hebrews, 15-17;
only element of, among early Aryans, 27, 28;
relation of, to patria potestas, 30-32.
Ainos: wooing-gifts among, i, 218.
Alabama: marriage celebration in, ii. 417 n. 4;
age of consent and of parental consent, 428, 429;
license bond required when under age, 430;
forbidden decrees, 433, 435;
void or voidable marriages, 437, 438;
miscegenation forbidden, 438;
license system, 447;
license bond, 448;
return, 449;
legislative divorce, iii, [39], [40];
judicial divorce, [62]-64;
remarriage, [83]: residence, [85];
process, [89];
common-law marriage, [176];
age of consent to carnal knowledge, [200].
Alamanni: wife-purchase among, i, 264 and n. 3.
Alaska: marriage celebration in, ii, 463;
witnesses, 465;
definition, 470;
age or consent to marriage, 471;
forbidden degrees, 474;
marriage certificate, 492;
divorce, iii, [143], [144]
remarriage, [149];
residence, [157];
courts silent as to common-law marriage, [182];
age of consent to carnal knowledge, [202].
Albania: bride-price in, i, 197.
Alcibiades: prevents Hipparete from getting divorce, ii, 12 n. 3.
Aleuts: man's sole right of divorce among, i, 231.
Alexander III.: decretal epistle of, to the bishop of Norwich, i, 315, 351.
Alfonso the Wise: defines three kinds of secret marriage, i, 347, 348.
Alfurese of Minahassa: divorce among, i, 226.
Algonquins: abhor close intermarriage, i, 126.
Alimony: separate, granted in southern colonies, ii, 368-71;
temporary and permanent, in the New England states, iii, [28]-30;
southern and southwestern states, [90]-95.
Altfamilie: of Lippert and Hellwald, i, 60.
Amaxosa: divorce among, i, 227.
Amazonism: i, 41, 42, 44.
Ambrose: on divorce, ii, 24;
veil and benediction, i, 294.
American aborigines: position of woman, i, 45 and n. 6;
temporary marriages and prostitution, 49 and n. 1: Punaluan family among, 68;
Ganowánian system of consanguinity, 68, 69 n. 1;
totemism, 74;
house-communities, 129;
monogamy the rule, i, 142, 143 and n. 1;
polygyny, when, 145;
authorities on matrimonial institutions of, 154-56;
wife-capture, 158, 159;
symbolical capture, 164-68;
marriage by service, 186-88;
by a price paid, 190-93;
extent of free marriage, 212, 213;
wooing-gifts, 219;
divorce, 227, 228 and n. 2, 231, 232, 238, 239.
American ethnologists: important work of, i, 154.
Amira, Karl v.: his Erbenfolge cited, i, 263 n. 4.
Amram, D. W.: on Jewish woman's power of divorce, i, 240 n. 4;
schools of Hillel and Shammai, ii, 13 n. 2;
early Hebrew divorce, 13 n. 4, 14;
cited, ii, 152 n. 2.
Anaitis, 51 n. 1.
Anbury, Lieutenant: on bundling, ii, 184.
Ancestor-worship, i, 13 and n. 4, 26 n. 1.
Anchieta, J. de: quoted, i, 106 and n. 2.
Andaman Islanders, i, 107.
Andros, Sir Edmund: wishes to abolish civil marriage, ii, 136;
requires license bonds, 136 and n. 2.
Anesty, Richard de, i, 351.
Angers, Council of: enforces doctrine of indissolubility, ii, 39.
Anglican Clergy: have monopoly of legal marriage celebration in colonial Virginia, ii, 228, 230, 231, 232;
their power in Maryland, 241-45;
North Carolina, 251-59;
Georgia, 262.
Anglo-Saxons: marriage among, authorities on, i, 257, 258;
wife-purchase, 261 n. 2, 262, 263;
arrha, or second stage in evolution of the purchase-contract, 267,268;
formal contract or third stage, 269-71;
gifta, 272-76;
rise of self-betrothal, 276-78.
(See Marriage.)
Animals, the lower: the family among, i, 91-102.
Annam: marriage with sisters in, i, 125.
Annulment of marriage: facility of, under canon law, ii, 56-59.
Anselm: tries to check clandestine marriages, i, 313.
Aphrodite, i, 51.
Aphrodistic hetairism, i, 40-43.
Apollonistic father-right, i, 40, 43.
Appiacás, i, 143 n. 1.
Applegarth, A. C.: quoted, ii, 316, 317, 324 n. 1;
on Quaker wedding feasts, 325, 326.
Appointed daughter, i, 84 n. 2, 217 n. 2.
Arabs: whether patria potestas among, i, 19;
matrimonial institutions of, 34;
wife-lending, 49;
wife-capture, 161, 165;
wife-purchase, 195, 196;
divorce, 226, 227 and n. 1;
effect of wife-purchase on divorce, 246 and n. 1.
(See Islam, Mohammedans.)
Araki, T.: denies wife-capture and wife-purchase among Japanese, i, 172 n. 3.
Arbitration of divorce suits in New Netherland, ii, 372-82.
Aristotle: on family as social unit, i, 10 nn. 2, 3;
bride-price in ancient Greece, 199.
Arizona: marriage celebration in, ii, 417 n. 4;
what constitutes a legal marriage, 424, 425;
age of consent and of parental consent, 428, 429;
forbidden degrees, 433;
void or voidable marriages, 435 n. 3, 437, 438;
miscegenation forbidden, 440;
license system, 447;
return, 449;
judicial divorce, iii, [72]-74;
remarriage, 82;
residence, 87;
courts silent as to common-law marriage, 181;
age of consent to carnal knowledge, 198, 199.
Arkansas: marriage celebration in, ii, 417 n. 4;
requisites for a legal marriage, 424;
marriages of freedmen, 426;
marriage a civil contract, 427;
age of consent and of parental consent, 428, 429;
forbidden degrees, 433, 435 n. 3, 437, 438;
miscegenation forbidden, 439;
license system, 447;
marriage certificate, 451;
license bond, 448;
return, 449 and n. 1;
state registration, 452;
judicial divorce, iii, [71], [72];
remarriage, [82];
residence, [87];
process, [89];
alimony, [91];
common-law marriage, [176];
age of consent to carnal knowledge, [199].
Arles: marriage ritual of, i, 311 n. 4.
—— council of: on second marriage, ii, 26 and nn. 2, 3.
Arnold, S. G.: on divorce in Rhode Island colony, ii, 363, 364, 365.
Arrha: among Salian Franks, i, 264 and n. 2;
takes place of weotuma, 266;
superseded, 268;
as Weinkauf, 270 n. 1;
in form of ring, 278 and n. 3, 280, 281, 295, 307.
Arsha rite, i, 198, 220.
Arunta: sexual customs of, i, 50 n. 2, 75, 76 and n. 3, 170, note.
Aryans, the early: two stages in rise of juridical conceptions of, i, 24-26;
household among, 26, 27;
housewife, 27 n. 2;
whether paternal or maternal system, 18-27.
(See India, Hindus.)
Aryans and Hindus: works on matrimonial institutions of, i, 3, 4;
family among, 26-28 and n. 1;
wife-capture, 159, 160, 170-75.
(See India.)
Asceticism: influences early Christian conception of marriage, i, 324.
Ashantees: remarriage of the woman after divorce not allowed among, i, 245.
Ashton, J.: on the Fleet, i, 437 n. 3;
Fleet marriages, 440-42, notes;
cheapness of, 444 n. 1;
elopements with heiresses, 447 n. 2;
Keith's marriages, 459 n. 3.
Assistants, court of: has divorce jurisdiction in Massachusetts colony, ii, 331, 336.
Âsura rite, i, 198.
Astell, Mary: her Defense of the Female Sex, iii, [237].
Athenians: divorce among, i, 239, 240; ii, 3, 12;
unfavorable position of woman, 12 n. 3.
Atkinson, J. J.: on jealousy as a bar to sexual unions, i, 132, note.
Augustine, St.: on confusion of scriptural texts on divorce, ii, 22 n. 2;
divorce, 23, 24;
indissolubility of marriage, 26, 27;
practice of remarriage after divorce, 28 and n. 5;
triumph of his teachings in Carolingian empire, 41;
death for adultery, 44.
Augustus: changes law of divorce, ii, 16;
compels repudiation of Livia, 17 n. 4;
his conditions regarding divorce, 29 and n. 2.
Aulus Gellius: cited, ii, 15 n. 4, 16, note, 17.
Australian aborigines: works on matrimonial institutions of, i, 34, 35;
authority of father, 46;
alleged evidences of former promiscuity, 53 and n. 3;
these rejected by Crawley, 54;
class systems, 66, 70, 71-76;
extent of female kinship among, 116;
elopement and symbolical capture, 169 and n. 3;
coexistence of rape and purchase, 181 and n. 3, 182;
wives by exchange, 185, 186.
Avery, John: his offenses, ii, 290, 291.
Avoidance: custom of, i, 187 and n. 2.
Aztecs: divorce among, i, 237, 238 n. 1;
remarriage of the divorced couple forbidden, 247;
divorce infrequent, 248.
Babylonians: alleged sacred prostitution among, 51 and n. 1;
wife-purchase, 199, 200;
high ideal of family life, 221 n. 3.
Bachofen, J. J.: his works, i, 33;
character of his writings, 39 and n. 2;
his Mutterrecht analyzed, 40-43;
his disciples and adversaries, 43;
on expiation for marriage, 50.
Bacon, L.: cited, ii, 130 n. 2, 131 n. 4.
Bancroft, George: on slavery in Massachusetts, ii, 216;
slave baptisms, 221.
Bancroft, H. H.: on symbolical rape among Mosquito, i, 166;
the Oleepa, 167, 168;
California Indians, 172 n. 2;
on the Kenai, 187, 188;
Columbians, 238.
Bangor: marriage ritual of, i, 311 n. 4.
Banjuns: status of divorced woman among, i, 245.
Banns: required by Archbishop Walter and by Innocent III., i, 314;
institution of, 359-61;
under law of 1653, 425, 426;
disliked, 441 and n. 2, 445 and n. 3, 457, 458;
under Hardwicke Act, 458, 462;
present English law, 466-69.
—— in early New England, ii, 131 and n. 4;
in eighteenth century, 142;
in Plymouth, 144;
Massachusetts colony, 145;
New Hampshire province, 147;
Connecticut colony, 147 and n. 5;
dual system in Rhode Island colony, 148-51;
in colonies of Virginia, 229, 230, 233;
and Maryland, 240, 243;
in North Carolina colony, ii, 251, 255;
New Netherland, 268-70, 272, 273, 277;
New York province, 285-87, 294, 297;
New Jersey, 309.
—— survival of the optional system of, in the New England states, ii, 401-3;
in the southern and southwestern states, 441-45;
Delaware and Ohio, 482-84;
defects, iii, [186].
Banyai: bride-price among, i, 194.
Baptism of slaves: the problem of, ii, 220-23.
Barebone's Parliament: enacts the civil-marriage ordinance of 1653, i, 418, 428.
Barrington, Lord: on the Hardwicke Act, i, 452 n. 1.
Basil: favors remarriage after divorce, ii, 28 and n. 2.
Bastardy: cases of, in early Massachusetts, ii, 191 n. 3.
Bataks: divorce among, i, 229.
Bath, Lord: drafts marriage bill, i, 448.
Bavaria: divorce rate of, iii, [212].
Bavarians: wife-purchase among, i, 264 and n. 3.
Beamish v. Beamish, i, 318-20.
Beauty: fades early among barbarians, i, 146 and n. 5;
standards of, 207 n. 5.
Bebel, A.: views of, as to marriage and the family, iii, [234], [235].
Beckwith, Paul: on divorce among the Dakotas, i, 232 and n. 3.
"Bedding" the bride and groom in New England, ii, 140.
Bedouins: symbolical rape among, i, 165, 172;
effects of divorce, 246.
Beeck, Johannis van, and Maria Verleth: case of, ii, 274-77.
Beeckman, W.: his letter to Stuyvesant, ii, 277.
"Beena" marriage, i, 16 and n. 3;
as modified polyandry, 80 n. 3;
Tylor on, 114, 115 n. 1.
Belcher, Sir E.: on Andaman Islanders, ii, 107.
Belgium: divorce rate of, iii, [212].
Belknap, J.: on slavery in New England, ii, 217 n. 1, 224.
Bell v. Bell, iii, [207].
Bellingham, Governor Richard: self-gifta of, ii, 210, 211; iii, [173].
Benedict Levita: enforces doctrine of indissolubility, ii, 44.
Benediction: the primitive Christian, i, 291, 293-95, notes, 296 n. 1, 297 n. 1;
in tenth century, 299, 308;
required by Theodore and Anselm, 313;
by Council of Carthage, 313 n. 2.
Beni Amer: divorced woman among, must wait three months before remarriage, i, 245 n. 5.
Bennecke, H.: on adultery among early Teutons, ii, 36 n. 1;
the penitentials, 44 n. 3.
Bennett, E. H.: cited, iii, [178] n. 3;
favors constitutional amendment, [222] n. 3.
Berbers of Dongola: remarriage of divorced couple among, i, 247 n. 2.
Bernhöft, F.: works of, i, 4;
cited, 8 n. 1;
on danger of inference from written laws, 9 n. 2;
rejects mother-right for Aryans, 20;
criticises Leist and Dargun, 23 and n. 4;
on Roman agnation, 31 n. 5;
denies invariable sequence of mother-right and father-right, 55;
on wife-capture and marriage, 178 n. 1; 182 n. 3; 184 n. 3;
coemptio, 199 n. 5;
wife-capture among Germans, 258 n. 1.
Bertillon, J.: on the marriage rate, iii, [214];
influence of legislation on the divorce rate, [216];
of restrictions on remarriage, [219] n. 1.
Betrothal: the old English and early German, i, 258-72;
forms of, among the Burgundians, 265 n. 2;
evolution of, 266-69;
English ritual of tenth century, 259 n. 1, 269-71;
self-betrothal, 276-81;
repetition of, in the nuptial ceremony, 283-85;
Swabian ritual of the twelfth century, 284, 285;
Roman, 291, 292 and n. 3;
of the canon law based on the German, 293 and n. 1;
no ritual of, under Roman law, 294.
(See Beweddung.)
—— law and theory regarding, among the reformers, i, 371-86.
—— or pre-contract, in New England, ii, 179-81;
survival of the beweddung, 180;
a kind of half-marriage, 180, 181;
influences bundling, 185, 186;
probable cause of pre-nuptial fornication, 186-99;
influenced by Jewish law, 199, 200;
similar effects of published contract in New Netherland, 271.
(See Beweddung.)
Bettbeschreitung, i, 272 n. 4.
Beust, J.: on divorce, ii, 62;
favors death for adultery, 66.
Beweddung: the betrothal or sale-contract, i, 220;
among the old English and other Teutons, 258-72;
phases of evolution of, 266-69;
old English ritual, 269-71, 302;
relative importance of, as compared with the gifta, 273-76;
self-beweddung, 276-86.
(See Betrothal.)
—— regains original importance after German Reformation, i, 373, 374 and n. 5;
also in New England, ii, 180.
Beyer, Caspar: case of, i, 374 n. 5.
Beza, T.: on divorce, ii, 62;
favors death for adultery, 66.
Bibliographical footnotes, the chief: family as basis of state, i, 10 n. 1;
patria potestas, 11 n. 2;
"beena" marriage, 16 n. 3;
ancestor-worship, 13 n. 4, 26 n. 1;
Aryan or Indic family, 28 n. 1;
definitions, 44 n. 1;
Bachofen, 39 n. 2;
original communism, 46 n. 5, 47 nn. 1, 2;
horde, 47 n. 3;
prostitution and licentious customs, 48, 49, notes;
proof-marriages, 49 n. 2;
wife-lending, 50 n. 1;
jus primae noctis, 51 n. 2;
Australian class systems, 76 n. 3;
totemism, 79 n. 2;
polyandry, 80 n. 2;
niyoga, 84 n. 2;
McLennan's views, 86 n. 2;
female infanticide, 86 n. 1;
female kinship, 110 n. 2;
couvade, 112 n. 4;
polygyny, 141 n. 2;
wife-capture, 156 n. 1;
form of capture, 164 n. 2;
wife-purchase, 185 n. 2;
wife-purchase among American aborigines, 193 n. 2;
sexual selection, 205 n. 4;
child-betrothal, 209 n. 1;
choice of woman in courtship, 215 n. 4;
marriage contract among Babylonians and Assyrians, 221 n. 3;
Arabian divorce, 227 n. 1;
Zeitehen, 235 n. 1;
wife-capture among Germans, 258 nn. 1, 2;
weotuma, and equivalent terms, 259 n. 3;
tutelage of women among Germans, 259 n. 4;
nature of the betrothal, 260 n. 1;
old English marriage, 263 n. 4;
on marriage of Chlodwig and Chlotilde, 264 n. 2;
arrha, 266 n. 1;
morning-gift and dower, 269 n. 2;
nuptials of widows, 273 n. 1;
Sohm's theory, 275 n. 2;
ring and kiss, 278 n. 3, 279 n. 1;
acceptance of Roman marriage forms by early church, 291 n. 2;
consensus in Roman marriage, 292 nn. 2, 3;
sponsalia, 293 n. 1;
marriage at church door, 300 n. 1;
early Fathers on marriage, 325 n. 2;
rise of sacerdotal celibacy, 328 n. 1;
immorality of mediæval clergy, 332 n. 1, 388 n. 4;
Lombard's theory of consensus, 336 n. 6;
clandestine marriage, 346 n. 3;
forbidden degrees, 352 n. 1;
impediments after the Reformation, 391 nn. 1, 2, 3;
nature of marriage according to English Reformers, 394 n. 1;
parish registration during the Commonwealth, 426 n. 3;
Hardwicke Act, 449 nn. 1, 2;
Scotch marriage law, 473 n. 2;
Jewish divorce, ii, 12 n. 4, 13 n. 4;
Roman divorce, 14 n. 3, 15 n. 4;
scriptural law of divorce, 19 n. 2;
views of early Fathers on divorce, 23 n. 1;
penitentials, 44 n. 3;
Protestant opinions on divorce, 62 n. 2;
Wittenberg consistory, 70 n. 4;
Reformatio legum, 77 n. 4;
Foljambe's case, 82 n. 2;
Lyndhurst's Act, 95 n. 5;
deceased wife's sister question, 98 n. 2;
parliamentary divorce, 102 n. 2, 103 n. 3;
present English divorce law, 109 nn. 1, 2;
clerks of the writs, 146 n. 1;
death penalty for adultery, 169 n. 3, 170 n. 1;
marriage and divorce laws of French Revolution, iii, [168] n. 2, [169] n. 1;
age of consent law reform, [196] n. 1;
divorce rate in Europe, [213] n. 1;
divorces in France, [216] n. 4;
disintegration of the family, [225] n. 1;
college women and marriage, [244] n. 2;
effect of woman's new activities, [240] n. 4, [247] n. 2;
woman's rights literature, [237] n. 4, [238] n. 2;
early writings on woman and marriage, [236] n. 2.
Bibliographical headnotes: patriarchal theory, i, 3-7;
horde and mother-right. 33-38;
pairing family, 89, 90;
rise of marriage contract, 152-55;
early history of divorce, 224;
old English wife-purchase, 253-58;
lay marriage contract accepted by the church, 287-91;
the church develops and administers matrimonial law, 321-24;
Protestant conception of marriage, 364-70;
rise of civil marriage, 404-8;
divorce and separation under English and ecclesiastical law, ii, 3-11;
civil marriage in the New England colonies, 121-25;
marriage in the southern colonies, 227, 228;
marriage in the middle colonies, 264-66;
divorce in the colonies, 328, 329;
matrimonial legislation, 388;
divorce legislation, iii, [3];
problems of marriage and the family, [161]-67.
Bidembach, F.: on divorce, ii, 68.
Biener, F. A.: his Beiträge cited, i, 290.
Bierling, E. R.: on consensus, i, 292 n. 3;
ecclesiastical marriage, 299 n. 4;
replies to Scheurl, 340 n. 1.
Bigamy: first statute for, ii, 83 n. 2, 84 n. 1.
—— frequent in early New England, ii, 158, 159;
in Massachusetts, 347;
how punished under Duke's law, 286 and n. 1;
under Dongan law, 295.
Bingham, J.: on marriage before a priest, i, 297 n. 1.
Birds: family among, i, 95, 96.
Birth rate: falling, iii, [242], [243].
Bishop, J. P.: on Foljambe's case, ii, 82 n. 2;
on effect of divorce for adultery, 93 n. 3;
quoted, 262 n. 5, 366, 367, 370;
his Marriage, Divorce, and Separation, iii, [27].
Black George of Servia, i, 190 n. 1.
Blackstone. Sir W.: on religious celebration, i, 314 n. 4;
witnesses in civil law courts, ii, 107 n. 2.
Bliss, W. R.: on rum and slavery, ii, 220 nn. 3, 5.
Blood-feud: a restraint on wife-capture, i, 178 and n. 2;
check on divorce, 249.
Boaz, Franz: on the marriage customs of the Kwakiutl, i, 190, 191, 219 n. 3.
Bocca: divorce in, i, 244 n. 2.
Bodio, L.: on the marriage rate, iii, [214].
Boehmer, G. W.: on folk-laws regarding divorce, ii, 36 n. 3;
on jurisdiction in Carolingian era, 50 n. 1.
Boehmer, J. H.: attacks Luther's doctrine of betrothal, i, 373 n. 3.
Bogos: forbidden degrees among, i, 126.
Bohemians: wife-purchase among, i, 159 n. 8.
Bona gratia divorce, ii, 31, 33.
Bonaks: divorce among, i, 239.
Bond, J.: on the Hardwicke Act, i, 449, 450, 451 n. 2.
Bond: required of ministers to celebrate marriages, in Virginia, ii, 412, 413;
West Virginia, 413;
formerly in Louisiana, 420;
Kentucky, iii, [188].
Bonwick, James: on divorce among Tasmanians, i, 232 and n. 5.
Bosnia: effects of divorce in, i, 242.
Bosom-right, i, 187 n. 1.
Botsford, G. W.: his Athenian Constitution, i, 7;
on the rita conception, 25 n. 3;
on agnation, 29 n. 4.
Boyd, Rev. John, ii, 248.
Bozman, J. L.: quoted, ii, 239.
Bracton: on divorce and dower, ii, 93.
Bradford, Governor William: on origin of civil marriage in Plymouth, ii, 128, 129.
Bradford, John: on nature of marriage, i, 398.
Braintree, Mass.: church confessions in, ii, 197, 198.
Braknas, the Moorish: effects of divorce among, i, 244 n. 2.
Brand, J.: on Danish hand-fasting, i, 276 n. 3.
Branner, J. C.: translations by, acknowledged, i, 105 nn. 1, 4.
Brautjagd, i, 175 and n. 1.
Brautlauf, i, 175 and n. 1.
Brazilian aborigines: marriage by service among, i, 186 and n. 6;
free divorce, 228 n. 2.
Breach of promise suits: in early New England, ii, 200-203;
in New Netherland, 281, 282.
Brehm, A. C.: on the social life of birds, i, 95, 96 and n. 3.
Brenz, J.: on divorce, ii, 62;
favors death for adultery, 66;
inclines to concubinage rather than allow full divorce, 71.
Brereton, Sir William: on marriage in the Netherlands, i, 409 and n. 3.
Brett, Rev. D., ii, 248.
Brevard: quoted, ii, 261, 263, note;
on the marriage celebration in South Carolina, 416.
Bridal veil, i, 295 and n. 3.
Bride-mass, i, 291, 296, 297, 299, 309.
Bride-price, i, 189-201, 210-23.
Bride-stealing: sham, in New England, ii, 140, 141.
(See Wife-capture.)
Bride-wooer, i, 197 and n. 6, 198.
Brissonius, B.: on the marriage ring, i, 279 n. 1.
Brittanie, James, and Mary Latham: executed for adultery, ii, 170 and n. 3.
Brougham, H.: his marriage law for Scotland, i, 473 n. 2.
Browne, G. F.: on remarriage of divorced persons, ii, 112 n. 2.
Browne, W. H.: quoted, ii, 242 n. 1.
Brun, S. J.: cited, iii, [169] n. 1, [216] n. 4.
Brunner, H.: on wife-purchase, i, 260 n. 1.
Bryce, James: quoted, iii, [204] n. 1, [213];
criticised, [221];
social morality in America, [252].
Bucer, Martin: Cartwright's criticism of, i, 411;
Milton on, 411 n. 2;
vicious effects of canonical doctrine of divorce, ii, 60 n. 3;
liberal views on divorce, 65;
casuistry in favoring divorce for desertion, 74 n. 3;
doctrines stated, 75, 86.
Buckstaff, F. G.: on status of early German woman, i, 260 n. 1;
wife-purchase, 263 n. 4.
Bugenhagen, J.: writes earliest Protestant marriage ritual, 375 n. 2;
on divorce, ii, 62;
favors death for adultery, 66.
Buginese: divorce among, i, 226, 241 n. 6.
Bulgaria: effects of divorce in, i, 242.
Bullinger, H.: quoted, i, 349;
cited, 375 n. 3, 398, 399;
liberal views on divorce, ii, 64;
his Christen State, 72, 73.
Bundling: in New York, ii, 181;
Holland, 182;
New England, 182-85;
influenced by pre-contract, 185,186;
New Netherland, 271, 272, 279;
Pennsylvania, 272.
Bunny, E.: on divorce, ii, 81 and n. 3.
Bunting v. Lepingwell, i, 376 n. 2.
Burgundians: wife-purchase among, i, 265.
Burma: proof-marriages in, i, 49;
marriage with sister allowed, 125;
freedom of widows, 209 n. 6;
free marriage, 215;
free divorce, 226.
Burn, J. S.: on the kiss at the nuptials, i, 279, note;
parish registers, 361, 362 and note;
parish records during the Commonwealth, i, 426;
Peter Symson's hand-bill, 438 n. 2;
Fleet registers, 445, 446;
on marriages at Savoy, 460, note;
Charles James Fox and the Hardwicke Act, 463 n. 2.
Burnaby, A.: on tarrying, ii, 183 n. 5.
Burnet, Bishop G.: on Henry VIII.'s divorce and the Northampton case, ii, 23 n. 1.
Burras, Ann: marries John Laydon, ii, 235, 236.
Bushmans: marriage by service among, i, 189;
whether free marriage among, 214.
Cahyapós, i, 107.
Caird, Mona: on effect of patriarchal rule on woman's constitution, iii, [241];

marriage and the state, [251] n. 2.
California: marriage celebration in, ii, 464, 465;
witnesses, 466;
contract marriage, 467, 468;
requisites for a legal marriage, 469;
definition, 471;
age of consent and of parental consent to marriage, 472, 473;
forbidden degrees, 473-75;
void and voidable marriages, 475-78;
miscegenation forbidden, 478;
license, 487, 488;
return, 489 and n. 8, 490, 491;
marriage certificate and celebrant's record, 492;
state registration, 495;
divorce, iii, [136]-39;
remarriage, [149]-51;
estate of Wood, [151];
residence, [156];
notice, [158];
soliciting divorce business forbidden, [160];
rejects common-law marriage, [181];
age of consent to carnal knowledge, [202].
California Indians: marriage customs of, i, 192 and n. 1;
courtship among, 213 n. 5;
divorce, 239.
Calvin, John: on divorce, ii, 62.
Campbell, Douglas: on influence of Holland on English and American institutions, ii, 130 n. 1.
Campbell, James: abducts Mrs. Wharton, i, 442 n. 2.
Canada: divorce rate of, iii, [211], note.
Canon law: origin of betrothal forms under, i, 293 and n. 1;
validity of unblessed marriages, 297;
antagonism between legality and validity of marriages, 312, 314, 315;
validity of clandestine contracts de praesenti sustained by, 314-16;
divorce under, ii, 47-60.
Canonical theory: rise of, i, 324;
literature of, 321;
evil effects, 340-50.
(See Jurisdiction, Legality and validity.)
Carlier, A.: error of, regarding marriage in early New England, ii, 128 n. 1;
influence of Mosaic code on the Puritans, 152 n. 1.
Capitulary of 802, i, 298 and n. 2.
Capitularies: regarding divorce, ii, 41-44.
Caribs: women of, have separate language, i, 158 and n. 5;
free marriage, 212;
divorce rare, 247 n. 6.
Carpenter, E.: quoted, iii, [230].
Carthage, Council of: requires benediction, i, 313 n. 2;
on divorce, ii, 27 and n. 4, 38.
Cartwright, Thomas: his controversy with Whitgift, 410-14;
on ecclesiastical matrimonial jurisdiction, 412-14;
the English marriage ritual, i, 301 n. 3.
Castañeda: on sacred prostitution, i, 52 n. 1.
Cato: lends wife Marcia to Hortensius, i, 50 n. 1; ii, 17 n. 4.
Catts, Cornelius van: will of, ii, 282, 283.
Catullus: his nuptial hymn quoted, i, 171.
Cauderlier, G.: on the marriage rate, iii, [214].
Celebration of marriage. (See Solemnization.)
Celibacy of clergy: literature of, i, 321, 322;
more holy than wedlock, 325;
bright side of, 330-32:
rejected by Luther, 389;
slow abandonment of, in England, 394-98.
Celts: whether patria potestas among, i, 29, 30;
symbol of rape, 172,173.
Certificate and record of marriages: in New England, ii, 401-8;
southern and southwestern states, 441-52;
middle and western states, 481-97;
defects of the license system, iii, [190]-94.
Ceylon: marriage with a sister allowed in, i, 125;
polyandry in, 140;
Veddahs of, 142 and n. 2.
Cicero: on divorce, ii, 16;
repudiates Terentia, 17 n. 4.
Chambioás: wives among, burned for adultery, i, 109.
Circumcision, i, 206 n. 2.
Chalmers, George: quoted, ii, 250 n. 1.
Charruas, the African: free divorce among, i, 226 n. 3.
Chemnitz, Martin: on divorce, ii, 62 and n. 3.
Child-betrothals: in Australia, i, 181;
elsewhere, 208, 209 n. 1;
in the age of Elizabeth, 399-403.
Child-marriages: in the age of Elizabeth, i, 399-403.
Chinese: relationship among, i, 68;
secondary wives among, 144;
authorities on matrimonial institutions of, 153, 154, 224;
symbol of capture, 172 and n. 3;
wife-purchase, 195 and n. 3;
divorce, 231, 235-37, notes, 242 n. 1, 248.
Chippewayans, i, 146, 213.
Chlodwig and Chlotilde: marriage of, i, 264 and n. 2.
Chosen guardian in the nuptial ceremony, i, 381;
superseded by the priest, 308.
Chrysostom: cited, i, 294;
on divorce, ii, 27 and n. 3.
Church confession of ante-nuptial incontinence: in Massachusetts, ii, 190, 191 and n. 2, 195-99.
Church ordinances: on divorce, ii, 67, 68.
Church accepts lay form of marriage, i, 291.
Clan: older than family, according to Morgan, i, 66;
and Starcke, 113, 114.
Clandestine marriages: canon of Council of London on, i, 313 and n. 4;
that of Archbishop Richard, 313,314;
constitution of Archbishop Walter, 314;
those de praesenti valid, 314, 315;
in England and Scotland, 316;
the fruit of the canonical theory, 340-50;
legal in England after Reformation, 376-80;
in St. James, Duke's Place, 436 n. 1;
the Fleet and elsewhere, 437-48;
bills in Parliament on, 446 n. 4.
—— in the New England colonies, ii, 203-12;
Virginia, 235;
New Jersey, 313;
in the United States, iii, [188]-92.
Clement of Alexandria: on second marriages, ii, 25 n. 2.
Clerk of the writs: registers marriages in Massachusetts colony, ii, 145, 146.
Clerk or reader of the parish: publishes banns and administers license law in Virginia colony, ii, 232, 234.
Clothes: do not originate in feeling of shame, i, 206 n. 2.
Codex Justinianus: influence of, on Dutch law, ii, 268.
Code Napoléon, iii, [169].
Cochrane alias Kennedy v. Campbell, i, 448.
Coeducation: social value of, iii, [245].
Coemptio, i, 171 n. 3, 199 and n. 5, 220; ii, 14 n. 4;
how dissolved, 15 n. 1.
Coibche: bride-price in Ireland, i, 200.
Coke, Sir Edward: secret marriage of, i, 441 n. 1.
Colden, C.: on divorces granted by the governor in New York, ii, 384, 385.
Colorado: marriage celebration in, ii, 464;
celebrant protected by license, 470;
definition, 470;
age of parental consent to marriage, 472, 473;
forbidden degrees, 473-75;
void and voidable marriages, 475-78;
miscegenation restrained, 478:
license, 487, 488;
return, 489 and n. 3, 490, 491;
divorce, iii, [129], [130];
remarriage, [149];
residence, [156];
notice, [158] n. 3;
intervention of attorney in divorce suits, [159];
common-law marriage, [177];
age of consent to carnal knowledge, [201].
Colors: as means of sexual attraction, i, 204, 205.
Columbian Indians: divorce among, i, 238.
Comanches, i, 213.
Common-law marriage: generally good in colonial New England, ii, 151 and n. 3;
Virginia, iii, [171], [172];
Maryland colony, ii, 262 n. 5, iii, [172];
North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia colonies, ii, 263, note; iii, [172], [173];
probably good in New York province, ii, 295, 296;
evidence of Lauderdale Peerage case, 300-306.
—— history of, in the various states, iii, [170]-85.
Commons, J. R.: quoted, iii, [226], [227].
Commissioners to join persons in marriage: in Plymouth, ii, 133;
Massachusetts, 133 and n. 4; 134 and notes.
Communism, sexual: Bachofen's view of, i, 40, 41;
theory of, accepted by many writers, 46 n. 5;
alleged survivals, 47-52;
views of various writers, 54-65;
Morgan's theory, 66-68;
McLennan's theory, 77, 78;
the problem of, i, 89-110.
Concubinage: tolerated by some leaders of the Reformation, ii, 71.
Confarreatio, i, 171 n. 3; ii, 14 n. 1;
how dissolved, 15 n. 1;
survived for flamines, 15 n. 2.
Confessions of ante-nuptial incontinence: cases of, ii, 186-99.
Confucius: rule of, as to divorce, i, 236.
Conjugal duty: refusal of, ii, 62 and n. 2.
Conjugium initiatum, i, 335.
—— ratum, i, 335.
Compiègne, Synod of: on divorce, ii, 42-44.
Connecticut the colony: obligatory civil marriage in, ii, 135 and n. 4;
rise of ecclesiastical, 138;
contract and covenant, 147;
laws regarding single persons, 152, 153;
regulates courtship, 164;
imposes scarlet letter for adultery, 173;
for incest, 178;
pre-contract or betrothal required, 179;
espoused wife may be punished for adultery, 180;
bundling, 182, 183;
marriage with wife's sister voidable, 214;
early maturity of divorce law, 353, 354;
divorce statutes, 354;
legislative divorce, cases of, 355-60;
question of common-law marriage, iii, [174].
—— the state: celebration of marriages in, ii, 391, 393, 394;
age of parental consent to marriage, 396;
long survival of impediments of affinity, 397;
of scarlet letter, 398;
bars marriages of the epileptic and imbecile, 400;
survival of optional system of banns or posting, 401;
certificate and record, 404;
return, 405;
collection of statistics and record, 407, 408;
divorce: jurisdiction, kinds, and causes, iii, [13], [14];
remarriage, [21], [22];
residence, [24], [25];
notice, [25], [26];
alimony, [30] n. 1;
courts silent as to common-law marriage, [181], [182];
age of consent to carnal knowledge, [198];
divorce rate, [209], [212] n. 1.
Consanguine family, i, 67, 68.
Consanguinity: Morgan's classificatory and descriptive systems of, i, 66-68;
forbidden degrees of, 121-32. (See Forbidden degrees.)
Consensus, i, 291, 292, notes.
Consistorial courts: origin of, ii, 70, 71 n. 1.
Constantine: divorce law of, ii, 30, 31.
Contract: rise of the marriage, i, 152-223.
Contract conjugal: described, iii, [168] n. 2.
"Contract marriage," ii, 467, 468.
Cook, F. G.: cited, ii, 252 n. 3;
on Dongan law, 295 n. 2;
Lauderdale Peerage case, 306 n. 2;
law of twenty-four proprietors, 311;
common-law marriage, iii, [171], [183], [184];
cited, [194].
Cooley, T. M.: decision of, in Hutchins v. Kimmel, iii, [177].
Copula carnalis, i, 385, 386, 388.
Corbusier, W. M.: on pairing season among the Apache, i, 99 n. 3.
Council of Trent: authorities on, i, 288, 289, 316 n. 1;
enforces ecclesiastical celebration, 315;
opens way for civil marriage, iii, [168]. (See Trent, Council of.)
Courtship: methods of male, i, 202-7;
free. 210-23;
regulated in early New England, ii, 162-66;
by Governor Wyatt of Virginia, 236, 237;
by Pennsylvania Quakers, 323 and n. 5, 324, 325.
Cousins, first: intermarriage of, legalized by Henry VIII., but opposed in New England colonies, ii, 212, 213;
opposed by Pennsylvania Quakers, 322;
laws restricting, in various states, ii, 397, 433, 474.
Couvade, i, 36; said to arise in sexual taboo, 54;
theories of, 112 and n. 4.
Covenant, the marriage: distinguished from the contract in Connecticut, ii, 147.
Coverdale, Miles: translates Bullinger's Christen State, ii, 72. (See Bullinger.)
Cowley, C.: quoted, ii, 280;
divorce cases collected by, 332, 370 n. 3.
Cowyll: bride-price in Wales, i, 200 n. 3.
Coyness: as ground of sham capture, i, 175, 176.
Cranmer, Archbishop: marries, i, 394, 395.
Crawley, Ernest: his Mystic Rose, i, 35;
on sexual taboo among Australians, 54;
class nomenclatures, 76;
the couvade, 112 n. 4;
incest and promiscuity, 131, note;
separate language of women as result of sexual taboo, 158 n. 5;
connubial and formal capture, 177 and n. 1;
tattooing and other mutilations, 206 n. 2.
Creeks, i, 104; liberty of choice among, 213.
Crete: symbol of capture in, i, 171.
Criminal conversation: action for, ii, 114.
Crnagora: divorce in, i, 244 n. 2.
Cromwell's civil marriage ordinance: authorities on, i, 404, 405;
historical significance of, 408;
discussion, 418-35;
cited in debates on Hardwicke Act, 451 n. 2;
and in discussion of the Unitarian bill, 462 and n. 1.
Cromwell, Frances: wedding of, i, 429-31.
Cromwell, Oliver: principles of his marriage law anticipated in New England colonies, ii, 127.
Cromwell, Thomas: on registers, i, 362.
Crowning, i, 295 n. 5.
Cumberland, Duke of: contracts an irregular marriage, i, 449 n. 3.
Cunow, H.: his Australneger, i, 35;
on class systems, 72, 73;
on female kinship, 116;
Westermarck's theory of origin of horror of incest, 131 n. 1;
exogamy, 131 n. 1;
absence of wife-purchase among low races, 124 n. 2.
Curr, E. C.: his Australian Race, i, 35;
on autocracy of father among Australians, 46;
Australian class systems, 70, 71;
wife-capture in Australia, 169 n. 3.
Custis, John and Frances: their marriage agreement, ii, 237-39.
Cyclops, of Homer, i, 10 n. 3.
Cyprian: on second marriage, ii, 25 n. 2.
Cyprus: sacred prostitution in, i, 51 n. 1.
Dahn, Felix: on mund, i, 260, note.
Dakota, the: bride-price among, i, 191.
Dakota Territory: divorce laws, iii, [140]-42;
divorce rate, [218] n. 3.
Dalrymple v. Dalrymple, i, 473 n. 2.
Damara: the bride-price among, i, 194;
divorce at pleasure of either spouse, 226.
Dane, Nathan: apologizes for Massachusetts slavery, ii, 217 n. 2.
Dargun, L.: on mother-right among early Aryans, i, 20-22;
distinguishes between power and relationship in maternal system, 22, 23;
his works, 33, 44 n. 1;
rejects theory of woman's political supremacy, 45, 46;
on successive forms of marriage, 58;
rejects Starcke's theory of female kinship, 114 n. 3;
on wife-capture, 157 and n. 2, 160;
classifies peoples having so-called marriage by capture, 164 n. 1;
symbolical rape among Slavs and Germans, 174, 175, 258.
Darwin, Charles: on monogamy and polygyny among lower animals, i, 96 n. 2, 97;
causes of sterility, 130 and n. 2;
numerical disparity of sexes, 137 n. 4;
sexual selection, 203-6;
standards or beauty, 207 n. 5.
Davis, A. M.: cited, ii, 170 n. 1;
on stigma of scarlet letter, 171 nn. 2, 3, 174, note, 178 n. 4.
Dawan, west Timor: divorce in, i, 241, 245 n. 2, 247 n. 2.
Dawson, James: divorce, 232 and n. 3, 239;
divorce in West-Victoria, i, 229, 230.
Deccan: wife-capture in, i, 160.
Deceased wife's sister question, i, 353, 354;
ii, 96-102.
Decree nisi: in Massachusetts, iii, [8], [9];
Maine, [18];
Rhode Island, [22];
New York, [104];
Oklahoma, [83];
California, [151], [152].
Definition of marriage: none in New England states, ii, 395;
in southern and southwestern states, 427, 428;
in middle and western states, 470, 471.
Defoe, Daniel: on an academy for women, iii, [237].
Delaware, the colony: marriage laws of, ii, 320 n. 6.
—— the state: marriage celebration in, ii, 457, 458;
age of consent and of parental consent to marriage, 472, 473;
marriage of indented servants, 473;
forbidden degrees, 473-75;
void and voidable marriages, 475-78;
miscegenation restrained, 478, 479;
marriage of paupers restrained, 479;
optional system of banns or license, 482, 483;
return, 489 and n. 3, 492;
celebrant's record, 492;
state registration, 493;
legislative divorce, iii, [100], [101];
judicial divorce, [111]-13;
remarriage, [146];
residence, [153];
courts silent as to common-law marriage, [182];
age of consent to carnal knowledge, [201] and n. 10;
divorce rate, [209], [210].
Delbrück, Berthold: rejects theory of maternal family among Indo-Germanic peoples, i, 20;
on Bachofen, 39 n. 2.
Demetrian mother-right, i, 40, 41 n. 1.
Denison, widow: courted by Sewall, ii, 157 n. 2, 205, 206.
Denmark: marriage rate of, iii, [214], [215].
Denton, W.: quoted, i, 359 and n. 2.
Desertion: cause of divorce, at Reformation, ii, 62;
in England, 74;
meaning broadened, 62, 63 nn. 1, 2;
recognized by the Reformatio legum, 78.
D'Evreux, Père Yves: on incest among Brazilian natives, i, 126 n. 1.
Dhama: ordinance of Varuna, i, 24.
Dharma: stage among Aryans, i, 24, 25;
position of purchased wife, 217 n. 2.
Dieckhoff, A. W.: on time of gifta, i, 272 n. 1;
Sohm's view of betrothal, 275 n. 2;
works of, 288, 290;
consensus, 292 n. 3;
benediction, 296 n. 1, 297, 298 and n. 1;
marriage at church door, 299 n. 4;
rise of ecclesiastical marriage, 310 n. 1;
exchange of rings, 375 n. 3.
Dieri: form of marriage among, i, 72 n. 6.
Diffarreatio, ii, 15 n. 1.
Dike, S. W.: his work for the National League, iii, [204];
quoted, [205] n. 3, [207];
on divorce rate, [209], [210], [211], [212], [218] nn. 2, 3;
remarriage after divorce, [219] n. 1;
methods of securing uniform divorce law, [222] n. 3;
his works cited, [225] n. 1;
on alleged loss of capacity for maternity by American women, [242];
emancipation of woman and property, [247] n. 2.
Dilpamali marriage, i, 72 n. 6.
Dionysius: cited, ii, 16, note.
"Directory of Public Worship," 1645: marriage ritual of, i, 417.
Disobedience to parents: death penalty for, in New England colonies, ii, 162.
Dispensations, ii, 55, 56; abuse of, 59 n. 2;
kinds, 60 n. 2.
Dissenters: oppressed by the Hardwicke Act, i, 460-65;
enjoy their own rites in Maryland, ii, 241, 243, 244;
marry contrary to law in colonial Virginia, 232;
not allowed to solemnize marriages in North Carolina, 251, 252-54; Presbyterians gain partial liberty, 1766, 254-57;
their protests, 257, 258;
practical liberty in South Carolina and Georgia, 260-63.
District of Columbia: celebration of marriage in, ii, 415;
marriage of freedmen, 426;
age of consent and of parental consent, 428-30;
forbidden degrees, 433, 435;
void or voidable marriages, 435 n. 3, 436, 437, 438;
survival of optional system of banns, 444;
present license system, 447;
certificate to married pair, 450;
return, 449, 450;
divorce, iii, [78], [79];
remarriage, [80];
residence, [86];
process, [89];
intervention by attorney, [90];
common-law marriage, [176];
age of consent to carnal knowledge, [199]:
divorce rate, [210].
Divorce: early history of, i, 224-50;
where marriage dissolved at pleasure of either spouse, 225-28;
where marriage indissoluble, 228;
where by mutual consent, 229, 230;
where the man has the right, 231-38;
where the woman also has the right, 238-40;
the form, 240, 241;
legal effects, 241-47;
frequency, 247-50;
checked by wife-purchase and the blood-feud, 249 and n. 1.
—— under English and ecclesiastical law: authorities, ii, 3-11;
Grecian, Hebrew, and Roman elements of the Christian doctrine, 11-19;
scriptural teachings, 19-23;
views of the early Fathers, 23-28;
legislation of the Christian emperors, 28-33;
compromise with German custom, 33-46;
final settlement of doctrine in the canon law, 47-52;
two kinds of so-called divorce distinguished, 52, 53;
grounds of divorce a mensa, 53, 54;
exceptions allowed, 54-56;
use of papal dispensations, 55;
policy of Council of Trent, 59, 60;
Protestant doctrine, 60;
opinions of Luther and the continental Reformers, 60-71;
those of the English Reformers, 71-85;
Milton's views, 85-92;
void and voidable contracts, 92-95;
Lord Lyndhurst's act, 95, 96;
marriage with deceased wife's sister, 96-102;
parliamentary divorce, 102-9;
present English law, 109-17.
—— in the New England colonies: authorities, ii, 328, 329;
effect of Reformation, 330;
separation from bed and board nearly abandoned, 330;
Hutchinson's statement, 330, 331;
Massachusetts, early law, 331, 332;
table of cases for seventeenth century, 333;
select cases discussed, 334-39;
in Massachusetts during second charter, 339-41;
tables of cases, 341-44;
discussion of select cases, 345-48;
in New Hampshire, 348,349;
Plymouth, 349-51;
New Haven, 352, 353;
Connecticut, 353-60.
—— in the southern colonies: English divorce laws in abeyance, ii, 366, 367;
divorce courts not created, 367;
separate alimony by local courts in Virginia, 368-71;
same in Maryland, 371-74;
Carolinas and Georgia, 375, 376.
—— in the middle colonies, ii, 376;
cases in New Netherland, sometimes with arbitration, 376-82;
New York province, 382-85;
New Jersey, 385;
Pennsylvania and Delaware, 385-87.
—— in the New England states: authorities, iii, [3];
jurisdiction, kinds, and causes, [4]-18;
remarriage, [18]-22;
residence, [22]-25;
notice, [25]-27;
alimony, property, and custody of children, [28]-30.
—— in the southern and southwestern states: legislative divorce, iii, [31]-50;
judicial divorce: kinds and causes, [50]-79;
remarriage, [79]-84;
residence [84]-88;
notice, [88], [89];
alimony, property, and custody of children, [90]-95.
—— in the middle and western states: legislative divorce, iii, [96]-101;
judicial divorce: kinds and causes, [101]-44;
remarriage, [145]-52;
residence, [152]-57;
notice, [158];
miscellaneous provisions, [158]-60.
(See Separation from Bed and Board.)
—— administration: character of, in United States, iii, [207], [208].
—— clandestine: evils of, iii, [205], [206].
—— legislation: resulting character of, iii, [203]-23.
—— legislative. (See Legislative divorce.)
—— rate: in United States, [209]-11;
higher in cities, [211];
in Europe, [212];
falls in hard times, [215];
how influenced by legislation, [216]-19.
—— statistics, iii, [209]-19.
—— and the problem of the family, iii, [250]-53.
—— granted by the governor in New York province, ii, 384, 385.
—— not provided for by Cromwell, i, 420, 421.
Dobrizhoffer, J. V. de: on jealousy among Abipones, i, 105, 126 n. 1;
on cohabitation in turn among, 145;
cited, 155;
liberty of choice, 212, 213.
Domum deductio, i, 171 n. 3.
Dorsey, J. O.: on the Sioux, i, 143 n. 1, 144;
elopement among Omahas, 168;
symbolical rape among Poncas, 169 n. 1;
free marriage among Omahas, 212 n. 4;
avoidance of mother-in-law, 187 n. 2;
effects of divorce, 242 n. 1.
Dos ad ostium ecclesiae, i, 269.
(See Dower.)
Douaire: the Norman, i, 269.
Dower: origin of, i, 219-21, 249;
in England, 269;
at church door, 299, 300 n. 1, 307 n. 4;
full rights of, denied in case of unblessed unions, 314, 315, 355;
of the widow in case of divorce, 357; ii, 93.
Dowries: higgling of, ii, 203.
Doxy, Ralph, and Mary Van Harris: illegal marriage of, ii, 278, 279.
Doyle, J. A.: cited, ii, 250 n. 1.
Drisius (Driesius), Dominie, ii, 291 n. 4, 379.
Dudley, Joseph: authorizes optional civil or ecclesiastical marriage, ii, 135, 139.
Dunstan, canons of: enforce doctrine of indissolubility, ii, 40.
Dunton, John: on Boston old maids, ii, 157, 158, 167.
Duogamy: among American aborigines, i, 143 n. 1.
Durfee, Judge: on legislative divorce in Rhode Island colony, ii, 365.
Düsing, Carl: on causes determining sex of offspring, i, 138, 139.
Duyts, Laurens: sells his wife, ii, 280.
Earle, Alice Morse: on New England wedding customs, ii, 140, 141;
colonial drinks, 141 n. 5;
early and frequent marriages in New England, 157 n. 2;
breach of promise in New Netherland, 282 n. 1;
joint wills in New Netherland, 283 n. 1;
banns and license in New York province, 297, 298;
Quaker marriage customs in Pennsylvania, 323 n. 5, 324, 325, 326;
separations in New Netherland, 378;
Lantsman's case, 379, 380;
other cases, 380, 381.
Ecclesiastical marriage: authorities on, i, 287-90, 321-24;
rise of, 291-363.
(See Marriage, Divorce.)
Economic forces in the evolution of matrimonial institutions, i, 60-63;
according to Hellwald, 93, 94;
influence on rise of system or female kinship, 113, 114 n. 3, 115, 116;
on rise of polygyny, 145;
on condition of woman, 146 n. 1;
effect of share in labor, 211 and n. 4, 213 n. 5;
importance of, in the present problems of marriage and the family, iii, [235], [246]-50.
Education: function of, as to marriage and family, iii, [223]-59.
Edwards, Jonathan, and the Northampton revival, iii, [197], [198].
Edwards, Richard: divorce of, ii, 357, 358.
Edwin W., and Mary Whitehead: their marriage the first recorded in Maryland, ii, 239.
Egbert, pontifical of, 298.
Egyptians: prostitution of girls among, i, 49 n. 1;
concubines among, 144;
high domestic ideal, 221 n. 3.
Elizabeth, daughter of James I.: public spousals of, i, 381 n. 2.
Elizabeth, Queen: resists marriage of priests, i, 396-98.
Ellesmere, Lord Chancellor: secret marriage of, i, 441 n. 2.
Elopement, i, 169, 170 and note;
or abduction, 182-84;
a means of free choice, 212.
Elvira, Council of: on second marriage, ii, 25, 26.
Emperors, the Christian: their legislation regarding divorce, ii, 28-33.
Endogamy: McLennan's theory, i, 88 and n. 3, 117;
Tylor's view, 121;
Starcke's view, 124, 125;
clan, 131, 132;
coexistence of, with exogamy, 178 and n. 3.
Engels, F.: his theory of the family, iii, [229], [230].
England: law regarding celebration, iii, [190];
the divorce rate, [213].
England and Wales: divorce rate of, iii, [211], note.
Epiphanius: on divorce, ii, 24;
second marriage, 25.
Epileptic and imbecile: marriages of, restrained in Connecticut, ii, 400;
Minnesota and Kansas, 480.
Erasmus, Desiderius: his liberal view on divorce, ii, 64.
Eskimo: wife-lending among, 49, 50 and n. 1;
polyandry, 87;
restricted polygyny among, 143 n. 1;
symbolical capture, 164, 165;

choice of bride by bridegroom's mother, 187 n. 3;
free divorce, 227, 228 and n. 1;
but divorce rare, 247 n. 6.
Esmein, A.: on Lex Julia, ii, 16 n. 2, 17 n. 1;
Augustine's doctrine or divorce, 27 nn. 1, 2;
Gregory II.'s decrees, 39 n. 1;
decree of council of Hertford, 40 n. 1;
synods of Verberie and Compiègne, 43, 44, notes;
evolution of term divortium, 53 n. 1;
on rejection of divorce a mensa, 61;
marriage as a remedy, i, 326 n. 1;
presumptive marriage, 338;
cited, 339.
Espinas, A.; cited, i, 98;
on sexual selection, 205 n. 4.
Estate of Wood: case of, iii, [151].
Ests, i, 172.
Ewald, G. H. A. v.: on Hebrew paternal power, i, 17 n. 5.
Exogamy: relation of, to Roman patria potestas, i, 31;
rule of the gentes, 68 n. 4, 69;
relation to class systems, 72 n. 5;
McLennan's theory, 85, 117, 156;
the problem of, 117-32;
coexistence of, with endogamy, 178 and n. 3.
Expiation for marriage, i, 50 and n. 2.
Fabiola: her divorce and remarriage, ii, 28.
Fabricius, Jacob: case of, ii, 278 and n. 2.
Family: as social unit, i, 9, 10, 12;
the Roman or patriarchal, of Maine, 10-13;
among early Aryans, 25-27;
among Hellenes, 28, 29;
matriarchal, 37, 38;
"gynocratic" and "androcratic" distinguished, 44 n. 1;
stages in the evolution of, 54 and n. 2, 55-65;
Morgan's five phases of, 66-70;
the pairing, theory of, 89-151;
among lower animals, 89, 91-102;
the problem of the successive forms of, 132-50.
—— the Teutonic, i, 8;
the early Christian, 329, 330;
compared with the Stoic, 330.
—— problems of, iii, [161]-259;
monogamic the type, [224];
alleged disintegration of, [225]-29;
views of socialists on, [229]-35;
and the liberation of woman, [235]-50.
(See Marriage, Matriarchate, Mother-right, Divorce.)
Family council: in Louisiana, ii, 431-33.
Fantis, African: effects of divorce among, i, 243.
Farnshill v. Murray, ii, 373.
Farr, W.: on the marriage rate, iii, [214].
Fathers, the Christian: on the form of marriage, i, 293 n. 3.
Fawcett, H.: on the marriage rate, iii, [214].
Federal law of divorce: movement for, iii, [222], [223].
Feilding's case, i, 447.
Felups of Fogni: easy divorce among, i, 226.
Female infanticide, i, 78, 79, 87.
Fenton v. Reed, ii, 303 n. 3, 304; iii, [175] and n. 2.
Fernow. B.: on marriage law of Guelderland, ii, 268.
Festuca: in place of the arrha, i, 268.
Festus: quoted, i, 171 n. 4.
Ficker, Julius: denies sex-tutelage under Frank law, i, 259 n. 1;
on alleged Vidumsehe of Tacitus, 262 n. 2.
Fighting for wives, i, 203.
Fiji Islanders: wife-capture among, i, 159.
Filmer, Sir Robert: his Patriarchia, i, 3, 16, 17.
Finch, N.: his marriage with sister-in-law annulled, ii, 214.
Finck, H. T.: cited, i, 104 n. 1;
on symbol of rape, 175 n. 3;
sexual selection, 205 n. 4.
Fison, Lorimer: writings of, i, 34, 35; on Australian class systems, 66, 70;
criticised by Curr, 70, 71.
—— and Howitt, A. W.: their Kamilaroi and Kurnai, i, 34, 70;
on elopement and wife-stealing, 169 n. 3.
Flamines: their marriage by confarreatio, ii, 15 n. 2.
Flecknoe's Diarium: cited on the marriage law of 1653, i, 432 n. 2.
Fleet marriages: authorities on, i, 405;
discussion, 437-46, 453;
effect of Hardwicke Act on, 459 n. 3.
Fleet marriage registers, i, 442;
extracts from, 445, 446.
Florida: marriage celebration in, ii, 417 n. 4;
marriages of freedmen, 426;
age of parental consent, 429, 430;
forbidden degrees, 433;
void or voidable marriages, 435 and n. 3, 436, 437;
miscegenation forbidden, 438, 439;
license system, 447;
return, 449;
divorce, iii, [68];
remarriage, [84];
residence, [86];
process, [88], [89];
alimony, [92];
common-law marriage, [176];
age of consent to carnal knowledge, [198].
Flower, B. O.: on prostitution in marriage, iii, [255].
Foljambe's case, ii, 82 n. 2, 83.
Folger, Chief Justice: on the common-law marriage, iii, [183].
Forbidden degrees: origin of, i, 121-32; under the canon law, 351-54;
restricted under Henry VIII., ii, 76;
how affected by Lyndhurst's Act, 96, 97.
—— in the New England colonies, ii, 212-15.
—— in the New England States, ii, 397, 398;
southern and southwestern states, 433-35;
middle and western states, 473-75;
reform in laws needed, iii, [194], [195].
Fornication before marriage: in Plymouth, ii, 186 and nn. 1, 2;
in Massachusetts, 186-99.
Foster-laen, i, 270 n. 1, 271.
Fox, George: on Quaker marriages, ii, 316, 317.
Fox, Henry: contracts a clandestine marriage, i, 449;
on the Hardwicke Act, 449, 450 n. 1, 451 n. 3.
Fox, Charles James: on the Hardwicke Act, i, 463 n. 2.
France: divorce in, iii, [168], [169]
divorce rate, [211], note, [212], [216] and n. 4;
matrimonial administration, [190].
Franks: arrha among, i, 264;
the tertia or dower of, 269.
Frederickse, M.: his marriage contract, ii, 284 n. 1.
Freedmen: marriages of, ii, 426, 427.
Freeman, E. A.: his theory of social expansion, i, 13 n. 2.
Freeman, F.: quoted, ii, 186 n. 2.
Freisen, Joseph: on confusion of scriptural texts on divorce, ii, 22 n. 2;
views of the Fathers on second marriage, 25 nn. 1, 2;
Council of Arles, 26 n. 4;
denies woman's right of divorce under German law, 37 n. 3;
Lex Grimoald., 38 n. 2;
Gregory II.'s decrees, 39 n. 1;
decree of Council of Hertford, 40 n. 1;
origin of papal matrimonial dispensation, 55 n. 4;
holds that early Christians accepted Jewish marriage forms, 291 n. 2.
French Revolution: marriage and divorce legislation of, iii, [168], [169].
Friedberg, Emil: on mund, i, 260 n. 1;
on time of gifta, 272 n. 1;
place of nuptials, 273 n. 1;
the three acts in joining in marriage, 274 n. 1;
Sohm's theory of self-betrothal, 279 n. 2;
on the Fürsprecher, 281, 282;
significance of guests at the nuptials, 285 n. 4;
works mentioned, 290;
time of bride-mass, 296 n. 3;
priest's function in the old English ritual, 302;
writers erroneously holding religious celebration essential to a valid marriage, 314 n. 4;
decree of Council of Trent, 316 n. 1;
clandestine marriage, 348, 350;
valid marriage, 354 n. 4;
Luther's influence regarding civil marriage, 388, 389;
civil marriage in the Netherlands, 409 n. 2;
controversial literature of the Commonwealth, 432 n. 1;
Parson Lando's marriage notice, 439;
impunity of Fleet parson, 442, 443;
error of, regarding Cochrane v. Campbell, 448 n. 2;
English dislike of banns, 457;
Dutch marriage laws, ii, 268 n. 2.
Friedrichs, Karl: on headship of woman in the family, i, 45 and n. 8;
forms of the family, 55;
defines marriage, 102 n. 1;
certainty of fatherhood, 117;
female kinship, 114 n. 3.
Frier v. Richardson, ii, 159, 332 n. 3.
Fritsch, G.: on polyandry, i, 135 n. 2;
bride-price among Kafirs, 193 n. 4, 214.
Friuli, Council of: enforces doctrine of indissolubility, ii, 39.
Fuegians: serving for wives among, i, 189.
Fürsprecher: in nuptial ceremony, i, 281, 282.
Fulke, W.: on nature of wedlock, i, 393.
Fundamental constitutions, ii, 247, 248 n. 3.
Furnivall, F. J.: on child-marriage, i, 399-403.
Gainaberg, maiden-market at, i, 50 n. 2, 199, 200 and n. 1.
Gainham, John, the Fleet parson, i, 440 and nn. 3, 4.
Gains: on patria potestas, i, 30;
coemptio, 199.
Galatæ, the Asiatic: patria potestas among, i, 30.
Galela and Tobelorese: coexistence of purchase and pretended rape among, i, 183;
divorce, 233 and n. 2, 248.
Gallinomero, of California: man's sole right of divorce among, i, 232.
Gallows, marriage at, i, 441 n. 3.
Gally, H.: his Considerations, i, 447.
Galwith v. Galwith, ii, 371, 372.
Ganowánian system of consanguinity, i, 68, 69.
Gardener, Helen H.: leader of crusade against age of consent laws, iii, [196];
quoted, [197].
Gautier, Léon: on marriage rituals, i, 288, 300 and n. 2, 301 n. 2, 305 n. 3, 307 n. 4, 308.
Geary, N.: on English divorce courts, ii, 110 n. 2;
remarriage of divorced persons, 112 n. 2;
decree nisi, 113 n. 5;
separation orders, 117, notes.
Geffcken, H.: on the divorce of Ruga, ii, 15 n. 4;
freedom of Roman divorce, 17 and n. 1;
views of the Fathers as to second marriage, 24, 25 and n. 2;
Council of Arles, 26 n. 4;
Constantine's divorce law, 31 n. 3;
divorce among early Teutons, 34;
by mutual consent according to pactus Alamannorum, 35 n. 1;
death for adultery among Saxons, 36;
Lex Burgundionum, 37 n. 1;
absence or divorce laws in Merovingian era, 41 n. 2;
penitentials, 44 n. 2, 46 n. 5;
one-sided divorce among Germans, 48 and n. 2;
how the church enforced her rules regarding divorce, 49 n. 1;
denies ecclesiastical jurisdiction in time of the Carolings, 50 and n. 1;
triumph of the spiritual jurisdiction, 51 n. 1.
Gentes, i, 13, 28, and agnatio, 30;
Grosse on, 62;
origin of, according to Morgan, 68.
(See Clan.)
Georgia, the colony: marriage in, ii, 261, 262;
divorce, 375, 376;
question of common-law marriage, iii, [172], [173].
—— the state: marriage celebration in, ii, 416, 417;
unauthorized solemnization, 425;
marriages of freedmen, 426, 427;
age of parental consent, 429;
forbidden degrees, 433, 435;
void or voidable marriages, 435 n. 3, 436, 437, 438;
miscegenation forbidden, 439;
encourages marriage, 441;
has dual system of banns or license, 444, 445;
license where obtained, 447;
return, 449;
legislative divorce, iii, [42]-49;
judicial divorce, [61], [62];
remarriage, [81], [82];
residence, [85];
process, [89];
trial by jury, [90];
separate alimony, [92];
dower barred by permanent alimony, [95];
common-law marriage, [176];
age of consent to carnal knowledge, [200].
Germans, the early: the family among, i, 8;
paternal power among, 28 n. 2, 30;
wife-lending, 49;
wife-capture, 159, 258;
symbol of capture, 174, 175;
divorce, 232;
wife-purchase, betrothal, and nuptials, 253-86;
divorce, ii, 4, 5;
compromise with their divorce customs, 33-46;
divorce a private act, 47, 48.
German empire: matrimonial administration, iii, [190];
the divorce rate and divorce law, [211], note, [212], [221], [222] and n. 1.
Get, or bill of divorce, ii, 13 nn. 2, 4.
Gibbs, Mary: marries Sewall, ii, 208, 209.
Gifta: or tradition of the bride, i, 259, 272-76;
importance of, as compared with the beweddung, 273-76;
self-gifta, 276-86;
after the conversion, 296;
ante ostium ecclesiae, 299 and n. 4, 300 n. 1;
in old English ritual, 302;
as sponsalia de praesenti, 305;
in England at Reformation, 312;
self-gifta in New England colonies, ii, 209-11;
in Pennsylvania, 456.
Gilchrist, Chief Justice: opinion of, in Dumbarton v. Franklin, iii, [183] n. 1.
Giraud-Teulon, A.: works of, i, 33;
on woman's political domination, 44;
expiation for marriage, 50 n. 2;
the couvade, 112 n. 4.
Gladstone, W. E.: on deceased wife's sister question, ii, 100 n. 3;
resists divorce law of 1857, 110.
Glanville: cited on dos, i, 269;
on divorce and dower, ii, 93.
Glasson, E.: on bride-sale, i, 260 n. 1, 263 n. 4;
on Roman divorce, ii, 17;
laws of Æthelberht, 40, note.
Gloucester, Duke of: contracts an irregular marriage, i, 449 n. 4.
Göhre, P.: cited, iii, [228] n. 1.
Goeschen, O.: on grounds of divorce, ii, 67, 68.
Goodwin, J. A.: on fornication before marriage, ii, 186 and n. 1;
divorce, 332;
divorce in Plymouth, 350, 351.
Grant, Ann: on marital life in New York, ii, 300.
Gratian: his theories regarding marriage, i, 335, 336;
"master" of the canon law, ii, 47, 52;
special pleading on divorce, 51 n. 4;
his theory of unconsummate marriage accepted in the canon law of divorce, 55, 56.
Graunt, John: on marriages under Cromwell's law, i, 426-28.
Gravesend: magistrates of, post marriage notice, ii, 269, 270, 274.
Gray, G. Z.: on deceased wife's sister question, ii, 98 n. 2.
Gray, Horace: on Oliver v. Sale, ii, 217 n. 2.
Greece: divorce rate of, iii, [212].
Greeks, the ancient: matrimonial institutions of, works on, i, 5;
wife-capture among, 160 and n. 4;
symbol of rape, 171;
wife-purchase, 199;
divorce, 232.
Green, John: assistant of Warwick, grants a divorce, ii, 364.
Greenlanders: avoid marriage with persons of same household, i, 127, 128;
symbolical capture, 165;
free marriage by elopement, 212.
Greenwich, Conn.: a "Gretna Green," iii, [192] n. 4, [205].
Gregory I.: his Pastoral Care cited, i, 300 n. 1.
Gregory II.: his letter to St. Boniface, ii, 38, 39 n. 1.
Gregory Nazienzen, i, 294.
Gretna Green marriages, i, 473 n. 2.
"Gretna Greens" in the United States, iii, [192] n. 4.
Grimm, Jacob: on derivation of Gemahl, i, 273 n. 1.
Gronlund, L.: views of, as to the family, iii, [231], [232].
Groos, Karl: cited, i, 98;
on sexual selection, 205 n. 4.
Grosse, Ernst: on patriarchalism in low races, i, 45 n. 6;
forms of the family as influenced by economic forces, 60-63, 115, 116;
coexistence of mother-right and father-right, 110 n. 2;
the symbol of rape, 176 n. 1.
Grossmann, F. E.: on the Pima Indians, i, 143 n. 1.
Group-marriage: works on, i, 34, 35, 47 n. 2;
existence of, not proved by nomenclatures, 72, 73;
Kohler on, 73-75.
Grupen, C. U.: cited, i, 38, 52 n. 2;
on the Anglo-Saxon bride, 263 n. 4.
Gualala: their horror of close intermarriage, i, 126.
Guanas, i, 213 n. 5, 239.
Guatemalans: divorce among, i, 239.
Guatos, i, 108, 109.
Guaycurûs, i, 158;
custom of avoidance among, 187.
Guinea: marriage customs in, i, 83 n. 4.
Gurukkal or Caiva Brahmans: wife-purchase among, i, 198 n. 4.
Gynocracy, i, 40-43;
distinguished from mother-right, 44-46;
Kautsky on, 57, 58.
Habicht, H.: on the mund, i, 260 n. 1, 261 n. 1;
bride-price, 265 n. 4;
betrothal, 274 n. 2;
Sohm's theory of betrothal, 275 n. 2.
Haldane, George: on the Hardwicke Act, i, 454-56.
Hallam, Henry: on abuses in ecclesiastical courts, i, 414 n. 1.
Hallowell, R. P.: on Quaker marriages, ii, 316, 318.
Halsall case, ii, 331 and n. 4, 334.
Hancock, John: church confessions at Braintree under, ii, 197.
Hand-fasting: i, 235 n. 1;
in place of arrha, 269;
Brand on the Danish, 276 n. 3;
used in self-betrothal, 278;
in New England, ii, 210.
Handschlag. (See Hand-fasting.)
Hanley Castle Missal, i, 311 n. 4.
Hardwicke Act: authorities on, i, 406, 407;
origin, 448;
popular interest in, 449;
debates on, 449-58;
provisions, 458, 459;
merits, 459, 460;
defects, 460-65.
Hartford: taxes lone men, ii, 153.
Harar, East African: effects of divorce in, i, 244 n. 2.
Hartmann, E. v.: on woman's mental capacity, iii, [240] n. 1.
Harwood, R.: his articles of courtship, ii, 245-47.
Hawaii: divorce in, iii, [144];
residence, [157];
legitimacy of children of divorced, [158];
courts silent as to common-law marriage, [182];
age of consent to carnal knowledge, [203];
license of clerical celebrant, [188].
Hawaiians: consanguine family of, i, 67, 68, 238.
Hawks, F. L.: quoted, ii, 250 and n. 1.
Head v. Head, ii, 375; iii, [46]-50.
Head-officer of town: celebrates marriages in Rhode Island colony, ii, 135 n. 1.
Hebraism: influence of, on New England Puritans, ii, 130, 131, 152 and nn. 1, 2, 162, 169, 179, 199, 200, 217, 352.
Hebrews: whether patria potestas among, i, 15, 16, 19;
whether "beena" marriage or marriage by service among, 16 and n. 3;
concubines among, 144;
authorities on matrimonial institutions of, 153;
wife-capture among, 161, 162;
wife-purchase, 196, 197;
divorce, 232;
divorce by Talmudic law, 240 n. 4;
divorce in general, ii, 3, 12-14, 20 nn. 2, 3, 21;
divorce a private transaction, 47.
(See Hebraism.)
Hedge parsons, i, 446.
Hell, X. H. de: quoted on Kalmucks, i, 168.
Hellenes: family of, i, 28, 29;
wife-capture among, 160 n. 4;
wife-purchase, 199;
symbol of rape, 171.
Hellwald, Friedrich v.: his use of menschliche Familie, i, 7, note;
on headship of woman in the family, 45 and n. 5;
evolution of forms of marriage and the family, 58-60;
differentiation of the sexes, 93;
origin of family among animals, 93, 94, 97, 98, 99;
origin of exogamy, 131 n. 1;
polyandry, 135, 148 n. 3;
the symbol of rape, 176 n. 1;
divorce in Islam, 233, 234.
Helms v. Franciscus, ii, 373, 374.
Henderson, C. R.: cited, iii, [164], [225] n. 1, [228] n. 1.
Henry VIII.: on registration, i, 362, 363;
clings to doctrine of clerical celibacy, 394;
his divorce, ii, 77 n. 1.
Hereford: marriage ritual of, i, 301, 303, 306 n. 2, 311 n. 4.
Hermas, Pastor of: on divorce, ii, 23, 24;
favors remarriage, 27, 28 and n. 1.
Herodotus: on sacred prostitution, i, 51 n. 1;
on wife-purchase, 199, 200.
Hertford, council of: on remarriage after divorce, ii, 40 and n. 1.
Herzegovina: divorce in, i, 244 n. 2.
Hetairism, i, 39;
legalized, 48 and n. 4, 49 n. 1;
as hetairistic monogamy, 56-58.
Heusler, Andreas: on family and Sippe, i, 102 n. 1;
wife-purchase, 179 n. 4;
wife-capture among Germans, 258 n. 1;
maintains existence of patria potestas among, 260, note;
wife-purchase, 260 n. 1;
Tacitus's account of betrothal, 262 n. 2;
morning-gift, 269 n. 2;
copula carnalis as the essential fact in marriage, 275 n. 2;
divorce among the early Teutons, ii, 34 n. 1.
High Commission Court: matrimonial jurisdiction of, i, 414.
Hieronymus: on divorce, ii, 24, 27.
Hildebrand, Richard: on the successive forms of marriage, i, 56;
criticised by Grosse, 61;
on rape and purchase, 184 n. 3.
Hillel: school of, ii, 13 and n. 2, 20 n. 2.
Hillsborough, Earl of: on the Hardwicke Act, i, 449, 451 n. 3.
Hincmar of Rheims: theory of, i, 335;
proves that adulterers were slain, ii, 44;
indissolubility enforced by, 44;
accepts decree of Council of Agde in divorce of Lothar and Teutberge, 49 n. 3;
mentioned, 51.
Hindus: works on matrimonial institutions among, i, 3, 4;
the family, 19-27;
wife-lending, 49;
joint undivided families, 129;
wife-capture, 160;
wife-purchase, 197, 198.
(See Aryans and Hindus, India.)
Hirschfeld, J.: cited, ii, 110 n. 4.
Hobart, Noah: on religious celebration of slave marriages, ii, 224.
Hodgetts, J. F.: on symbolism of the ring, i, 279, note.
Hofacker and Notter: quoted, i, 138 n. 1.
Hofmann, F.: on the wedding ring, i, 279 n. 1.
Holland: influence of, on rise of civil marriage in New England, ii, 128-30;
queesting in, 182;
bundling with public betrothals, 185 n. 4;
influences law of New Netherland, 268;
divorce rate, iii, [212].
Hollis v. Wells: regarding bundling, ii, 272.
Hollister, G. H.: on civil marriage under Andros, ii, 136 n. 1.
Honorius and Constantius: divorce law of, ii, 31.
Hooper, John: maintains woman's equal right of divorce, ii, 73, 74 nn. 1, 2.
Horde: discussion of, i, 33;
as unit of social evolution, 47 and n. 3;
according to Kautsky, 56;
according to Hellwald, 58;
Mucke's theory, 63-65;
McLennan's theory, 77-79.
Horse Indians of Patagonia, i, 158.
Hottentots: wife-capture among, i, 159;
divorce, 235;
remarriage of woman after divorce not allowed, 245.
Howard, Clifford: on survivals of phallicism, i, 51 n. 1.
Howitt, A. W.: writings of, i, 34, 35;
on elopement, 170;
wife-capture, 181.
Howland, Arthur: case of, ii, 163.
Howell the Good: laws of, on divorce, ii, 40, note, 41 n. 1.
Howsley, Bridget: case of, i, 424.
Hruza, Ernst: on wife-capture among ancient Hellenes, i, 160 n. 4;
unfavorable position of the Athenian woman, ii, 12 n. 3.
Huc, M: on bride-price in China, i, 195 n. 3.
Hubbard, Peter: prevented by magistrates from preaching at a wedding, ii, 127 and n. 1.
Hull, Charles H.: cited, i, 427 n. 1.
Hull, Hannah: her dowry, ii, 204.
Humboldt, W. v.: on divorce by mutual consent, iii, [251].
Hunters: the family among, according to Grosse, i, 60-63.
Hurd, J. C.: on slavery in the colonies, ii, 217 n. 1.
Hurons: position of women among, i, 45 n. 6.
Husband-purchase, i, 185.
Husband-beating: in Plymouth and Salem, ii, 161 and n. 3.
Hutchins v. Kimmel, iii, [177].
Hutchinson, Thomas: on rise of civil marriage in New England, ii, 128;
marriage under Andros, 136;
prevalence of the religious ceremony, 140 n. 1;
divorce, 330, 331.
Huth, A. H.: on incest, i, 123 n. 1.
Idaho: marriage celebration in, ii, 464, 465;
witnesses, 465;
marriage by declaration, 467;
unauthorized solemnization, 468;
requisites for legal marriage, 469;
definition, 471;
age of consent and of parental consent to marriage, 472, 473;
forbidden degrees, 473-75;
void and voidable marriages, 475-78;
miscegenation restrained, 479;
license, 488;
return, 489 and n. 3, 491;
marriage certificate and celebrant's record, 492;
legislative divorce, iii, [98];
judicial divorce, [139], [140];
remarriage, [148], [149];
residence, [157];
notice, [158];
intervention of prosecuting attorney in divorce suits, [159];
courts silent as to common-law marriage, [182];
age of consent to carnal knowledge, [201].
Ignatius: on form of marriage, i, 293, 294.
Illinois: marriage celebration in, ii, 460, 461;
age of consent and of parental consent to marriage, 472, 473;
forbidden degrees, 473-75;
void and voidable marriages, 475-78;
license, 487, 488;
return, 489 and n. 3, 491;
legislative divorce, iii, [96];
judicial divorce, [119], [120];
remarriage, [147];
residence, [155];
notice, [158];
soliciting divorce business forbidden, [160];
divorce statistics, [160];
common-law marriage, [177];
age of consent to carnal knowledge, [202];
divorce rate, [210].
Illpirra, i, 170, note.
Impediments to marriage, i, 351-54;
among the Chinese, 235.
(See Forbidden degrees.)
Incest: origin of the horror of, i, 121-32.
Indented servants: in Virginia colony, marriages of, ii, 235;
North Carolina, 253;
Pennsylvania, 320 n. 6;
Delaware, 473.
Inderwicke, F. A.: on surviving prejudice of Independents against divorce, i, 420, 421;
the punishment of fraudulent marriages of minors during the Commonwealth, 421-23.
India: phallic worship in, i, 52;
monogamy of Mohammedans in, 142, 145;
symbolical rape, 174;
free marriage, 215.
(See Aryans.)
Indian Archipelago: wife-capture in, i, 159;
mentioned, 215;
position of woman in, 238 n. 3;
divorce, 241 n. 6.
Indiana: marriage celebration in, ii, 460, 461;
unauthorized solemnization, 468;
informal celebration, 469;
definition, 470;
age of consent and of parental consent to marriage, 472, 473;
forbidden degrees, 473-75;
void and voidable marriages, 475-78;
miscegenation forbidden, 479;
license, 488;
return, 489 and n. 3, 491;
state registration, 495;
legislative divorce, iii, [96], [97];
judicial divorce, [115]-18;
remarriage, [147];
residence, [154];
intervention of prosecuting attorney in divorce suits, [159];
soliciting divorce business forbidden, [160];
divorce statistics, [160];
common-law marriage, [177];
age of consent to carnal knowledge, [202];
divorce rate, [211], 212.
Indian Territory: marriage celebration in, ii, 417, 418;
requisites for a legal marriage, 424;
a civil contract, 427;
age of consent and of parental consent, 428, 429;
forbidden degrees, 433;
void or voidable marriages, 437, 438;
miscegenation forbidden, 439;
license bond, 448;
return, 449 and n. 1;
divorce, iii, [72];
remarriage, [82];
residence, [87];
process, [89];
alimony, [91];
courts silent as to common-law marriage, [101];
age of consent to carnal knowledge, [199].
Individualism: does it threaten the family, iii, [225]-29.
Ine: laws of, on wife-purchase, i, 267.
Infanticide, i, 78, 79, 87.
Infecundity: caused by promiscuity, i, 102, 103.
Infibulation, i, 111.
Inglebye: Register Booke of, i, 429 n. 3.
Innocent I.: on divorce, ii, 27, 38.
Innocent III., i, 353;
requires banns, 314, 360.
Innuit, i, 104;
incest among, 126 n. 1;
monogamy, 143 n. 1.
Interlocutory decree of divorce: in New York, iii, [104];
California, [151], [152].
Iowa: marriage celebration in, ii, 464;
informal solemnization, 469;
definition, 470;
age of consent and of parental consent to marriage, 472, 473;
forbidden degrees, 473-75;

void and voidable marriages, 475-78;
license, 488;
return, 489 and n. 3, 491;
marriage certificate and celebrant's record, 492;
state registration, 495;
legislative divorce, iii, [98];
judicial divorce, [125]-27;
remarriage, [148];
residence, [156];
common-law marriage, [177];
age of consent to carnal knowledge, [202].
Ireland: symbolical capture in, i, 173;
wife-purchase, 200 and n. 2;
present marriage law, 473 n. 2;
divorce rate, iii, [211], note.
Iroquois: position of woman among, i, 45 n. 6;
syndiasmian family of, 69;
long houses of, 129;
divorce, 239.
Irving, W.: on bundling, ii, 182.
Islam: matrimonial institutions of, i, 34;
restricted polygyny among, 142:
divorce, 233, 234 and notes;
effects of divorce, 246.
(See Arabs.)
Jackson, H.: case of, ii, 159.
Jacob: marriage of, with Laban's daughters, i, 16 and n. 3, 115, 188.
Jacops, Geertruyt: marriage contract of, ii, 283, 284.
Jameson, Judge: favors constitutional amendment, iii, [222] n. 3.
Japan: divorce in, i, 237, 248;
present divorce rate, iii, [210], [211], note.
Jealousy, sexual: checks promiscuity, i, 103-7.
Jeaffreson, J. C.: on status of Anglo-Saxon woman, i, 263 n. 4;
on function of father or guardian in the marriage contract, 276 n. 3;
whether Anglo-Saxons married in their homes, 296, note;
on marriage at church door, 299 n. 4;
marriage celebration during the Commonwealth, i, 419 n. 2;
on irregular marriages, 435, 436, notes, 443 n. 3, 447 n. 1;
irregular royal marriage, 449 n. 3;
Henry Fox's opposition to Hardwicke Act, 450 n. 1;
clandestine marriages after Hardwicke Act, 459 n. 3;
divorce among Anglo-Saxons, ii, 34 n. 1, 39 n. 5;
number of irregular divorces in Middle Ages, 56 n. 2;
traffic in, 58 n. 3;
views or English reformers as to divorce, 72;
Reformatio legum, 77 n. 4;
Milton's low ideal of womanhood, 89, 91, 92;
voidable marriages, 95 n. 4.
Jerome: on Roman divorce, ii, 18, note;
indissolubility of marriage, 27;
excuses Fabiola's remarriage after divorce, 28.
Jewell v. Jewell, iii, [178].
Jewish law: influence of, on the Puritans, ii, 130, 131, 152 and nn. 1, 2, 162, 169, 179, 199, 200, 217, 352.
(See Hebrews, Hebraism.)
Jörs, P.: cited, ii, 16 n. 4.
Johnson, Samuel: on adultery, ii, 106 and n. 3.
Joint undivided families, i, 129.
Judicial separation under present English law, ii, 114, 115.
Judith: her marriage with Æthelwulf, i, 297 n. 1.
Julian: divorce law of, ii, 31.
Junius, F. A.: on the ring, i, 278 n. 3.
Juramentum de reconciliatione, ii, 51 n. 2.
Jury trial in divorce suits, iii, [28], [90], [158], [159].
Jus primae noctis: works on, i, 38;
as evidence of promiscuity, 51 and n. 2, 52.
Jurisdiction, matrimonial, of the ecclesiastical courts: abuses of, i, 351-59, 412-14; ii, 56-59;
rise of, in cases of divorce, 47-52.
(See Canon law.)
Justin II.: on divorce, ii, 30.
Justinian: on divorce, ii, 30, 33.
Justin Martyr: on second marriage, ii, 25 n. 2.
Justice of the peace: celebrates marriage under law of 1653, i, 418;
exercises matrimonial jurisdiction under, 420, 421-24.
—— marriage solemnized by, in New England colonies, ii, 127, 128;
Rhode Island, 135 n. 1;
Connecticut, 138 n. 3;
Maryland colony, 240, 241, 242;
North Carolina colony, 251, 252, 253, 255, 256;
South Carolina colony, 261;
Georgia, 262;
New York province, 285-87, 291, 294, 307;
New Jersey colony, 309-11;
Pennsylvania, 320.
—— marriage solemnized by, in Massachusetts, ii, 389, 390;
other New England states, 391;
southern and southwestern states, 412, 414, 415, 416, 417, 418, 421, 423;
middle and western states, 454, 456, 457, 459, 460, 461, 462, 463-65;
defects in the system of magisterial celebration, iii, [189], [190].
Juvenal: on divorce, ii, 18, note.
Kabinapek Indians: pairing season of, i, 99.
Kabyles: woman's right of "insurrection" among, i, 246 n. 1;
effects of wife-purchase on divorce, 249 n. 1.
Kafirs: avoid marriage with persons living closely together, i, 128;
Herero, polyandry among, i, 135 n. 2;
polygyny among, when more women, 145;
bride-price, 193;
whether free marriage, 214, 216;
free divorce, 227 and n. 2, 240;
remarriage of woman after divorce, 215.
Kalm, Peter: on governor's license fees in New York province, ii, 297.
Kalmucks: forbidden degrees among, i, 126;
symbol of rape, 168, 169 and n. 1, 172;
exchange of gifts, 219.
Kames, Lord: quoted, i, 136 n. 3.
Kamtchadales: symbolical rape among, i, 166.
Kandhs: avoid marriage with members of the tribe, i, 128.
Kansas: marriage celebration in, ii, 464;
definition, 470;
age of consent to marriage, 472;
forbidden degrees, 473-75;
void and voidable marriages, 475-78;
marriage of epileptic and imbecile restrained, 480;
license, 488;
return, 489 and n. 3, 491;
state registration, 495:
legislative divorce, iii, [98];
judicial divorce, [127]-29;
remarriage, [148];
residence, [156];
common-law marriage, [177];
age of consent to carnal knowledge, [201];
divorce rate, [210].
Karems: effects of divorce on property among, i, 248.
Karlowa, O.: on coemptio, i, 199 n. 5.
Karok: bride-price among, i, 192.
Karo-Karo, of Sumatra: divorce among, i, 229.
Kasaph: betrothal by, i, 197.
Kautsky, Carl: on headship of woman in the family, i, 45;
evolution of father-right and mother-right, 55;
successive forms of marriage, 56-58;
classificatory systems, 71.
Keith, Alexander: the marriage-broker, i, 443;
his Observations quoted, 443, 444;
his celebrations after passage of the marriage act, 459 n. 3.
Kemble, J. M.: on the penitentials, i, 326 n. 1.
Kent, James: on divorce in New York, ii, 383;
his decision in Fenton v. Reed, iii, [175] and nn. 2, 3, [185].
Kentucky: celebration of marriage in, ii, 414;
unauthorized celebration, 425;
age of consent and of parental consent, 428-30;
forbidden degrees, 433, 435;
void or voidable marriages, 435 n. 3, 436, 437, 438;
miscegenation forbidden, 439;
license system, 443, 447;
license bond, 448;
return, 449;
celebrant's record, 451;
state registration, 452;
legislative divorce, iii, [41], [42];
judicial divorce, [53]-55;
remarriage, [82];
residence, [85];
intervention by prosecuting attorney, [90];
rejects common-law marriage, [180];
age of consent to carnal knowledge, [200].
Kiss: at betrothal, i, 297, note, 294 n. 3.
Klein, A.: cited, i, 274 n. 1.
Kling, M.: on divorce, ii, 62.
Koch v. Cornelissen, ii, 281, 282.
Koehne, C.: on marriage of the unfree, i, 257, 276 n. 1.
Kohler, J.: works of, i, 3, 4;
on adoption, 26 n. 2;
headship of woman in the family, 45;
Gainaberg maiden-market, 50 n. 2, 200 and n. 1;
sequence of mother-right and father-right, 54;
forms of marriage, 55 and n. 6;
totemism in relation to group-marriage and mother-right, 73-75;
exogamy, 121 n. 3;
extent of monogamy, 142 n. 2;
wife-capture, 157 n. 3;
wife-purchase, 179, 260 n. 1;
bride-price in Ireland, 200 n. 2;
mund, 256, 276 n. 2.
Kovalevsky, M.: on ancestor-worship among Slavs, i, 26 n. 1;
promiscuity at Slavic festivals, 50 n. 2;
the law of Black George, and Nestor, 190 n. 1.
Krauss, F. S.: his Sitte und Brauch, i, 5;
cited, 242, 243 n. 6, 244 n. 2.
Krus, the African: divorce among, i, 226 n. 3.
Kuczynsky, R. R.: cited, ii, 125; iii, [243] n. 2.
Kulischer, M.: cited, i, 89;
regards wife-purchase as a universal stage, 179;
but now as very rare, 185;
on the origin of the marriage ring in wife-capture, 280 n. 3.
Kurnai: elopement among, i, 169, 170;
marriage by service, 187, 188.
Kunandaburi: form of marriage among, i, 72 n. 6.
Kwakiutl: wife-purchase among, i, 190, 191.
Lacondou Indians, i, 94 n. 1.
Laers: cases of, ii, 274, 275, 277, 377.
Lambert of Avignon: liberal views on divorce, ii, 65;
favors death for adultery, 66.
Lamprecht, Karl: on wife-capture among Germans, i, 259 n. 1;
wife-purchase, 260 n. 1.
Lanfranc: requires benediction, i, 313.
Lang, Andrew: on theories of Westermarck and McLennan, i, 132, note.
Lantsman's case, ii, 378-80.
Laud, Archbishop: puts an end to irregular marriages in the Tower, i, 443 n. 3;
scheme of, for a bishop in the colonies, ii, 132.
Lauderdale Peerage case, ii, 300-306; iii, [173].
Launichild, i, 266 n. 1.
Lavves Resolutions of Womens Rights. characterized, i, 406, 417 n. 2.
Lecky, W. E. H.: on restricted liberty of Greek wife as to divorce, i, 240 n. 1;
Fleet marriages, 437 n. 2, 440, 441;
freedom of divorce in Rome, ii, 17 and n. 4, 18, 19;
use of metaphor in history or the church, 52, note;
abuse of canon-law divorce jurisdiction, 57 n. 2;
on deceased wife's sister question, 98 and n. 2, 99 and n. 2, 100-102;
Maule's decision, 108, 109;
divorce law of 1857, 109 n. 3;
inadequacy of present English law, 111, 112.
Legality and validity: distinguished, i, 312, 314, 315; ii, 287;
in England after Reformation, i, 379.
Leges Henrici, i, 334.
Legislation: history of, as to marriage, ii, 388-497;
as to divorce, iii, [3]-160;
function of, [167]-223;
influence on divorce rate, [216]-20.
Legislative divorce: in England. (See Parliamentary divorce.)
—— in the American colonies: Massachusetts, ii, 337, 338;
discontinued after 1692, 340:
New England, 349 and n. 2;
Plymouth, 349-51;
Connecticut, 355-60;
Rhode Island, 360, 361-66;
whether in southern, 374-76;
whether in New York, 383, 384;
in Pennsylvania, 387.
—— in the states: New Hampshire, iii, [10], [11];
Connecticut, [13];
Rhode Island, [14];
southern and southwestern states, [31]-50;
middle and western states, [96]-101.
Lehmann, K.: on sale-marriage, i, 260 n. 1;
betrothal, 275 n. 2.
Leigh, Anne: married in the Fleet, i, 438, note.
Leist, B. W.: on maternal family, i, 20;
rita and dharma, 24 n. 2;
Aryan housewife, 27 n. 1;
denies that Roman agnation is based on patria potestas, 31 n. 5;
coemptio, 199 n. 5;
three parts of nuptial ceremony, 272 n. 3;
appointed daughter, 217 n. 2.
Leprosy: ground of divorce in China, i, 236;
and in Hawaii, iii, .
Letourneau, Charles: cited, i, 92;
on the extent of female kinship, 116 n. 2;
wife-capture, 158 n. 1, 163;
symbol of rape, 160, 161, 166, 176 n. 3;
original status of woman, 210, 211 n. 1.
Lex Burgundionum: on divorce, ii, 36.
Lex Grimoald.: on divorce, ii, 38 n. 2.
Lex Julia de adulteriis, ii, 16 and n. 3, 29.
Lex Julia et Papia Poppaea, ii, 16 and n. 4.
Lex romana Burgundionum: allows divorce by mutual consent, ii, 34.
Lex Saxonum: cited, i, 264 and n. 5.
Lex Visigothorum: on divorce, ii, 37 and n. 3.
Levirate, i, 84 and n. 2, 133, 134 n. 1.
Levitical law: prescribes death for striking parent, i, 17 n. 5;
followed in the New England colonies, ii, 152, 162.
(See Hebraism.)
Libellum or libellus repudii, ii, 35 n. 1, 47 n. 1, 48, notes.
License, marriage, in England: under Cromwell's act, i, 418;
Hardwicke Act, 458;
4 Geo. IV., c. 76, 466, 467;
present English civil law, 471.
—— in the American colonies: required by Andros, ii, 136 n. 2;
issued by governor in New Hampshire, 147;
Virginia, 229, 234;
taxed, 234;
Maryland, 239, 241, 244;
North Carolina, 251, 252, 255, 256, 258;
New York, 285, 294. 296 and n. 4;
form of license in that colony, 298;
John Rodgers's evidence, 307;
New Jersey, 313, 314;
Pennsylvania, 321 and n. 5.
—— in the states: 403-8, 446-52, 481-97.
Liebermann, F.: his text of the Anglo-Saxon laws quoted, i, 267, 268.
Lika: divorce in, i, 242, 243 n. 6.
Lingard, John: on the early rituals, i, 302, 303.
Lippert, Julius: his works, i, 33;
theory of gynocracy, 44;
on peoples having custom of temple prostitution, 51 n. 1;
stages in evolution of the family, 54, 55;
wife-capture, 157 n. 3;
the symbol of capture, 176 n. 1;
regards wife-purchase as a universal stage, 179.
Lithuania: wife-capture in, i, 159.
Liturgies: of Edward VI. and Elizabeth, i, 283, 301 n. 3;
of Durham, Sarum, and York, 284 and n. 1, 301 and n. 2, 302-8;
not adopted by early Christians, 294, 295, 308;
those published by Surtees Society, 298.
Livermore, Mary A.: on social value of coeducation, iii, [246] n. 1.
Living apart: cases of, in colonial Massachusetts, ii, 159-61.
Livonia: wife-capture in, i, 159.
Loanga: proof-marriages in, i, 49.
Locke, John: his Two Treatises on Government, i, 3, 16, 17.
Lohngeld, i, 266 n. 1.
Lombard, Peter: on marriage as one of the "seven sacraments," i, 332, 333;
his theory of the sponsalia, 336-39;
it was rejected at the Reformation, 373;
the "master" of the canon law, ii, 47, 52;
his special pleading on divorce, 51 n. 4;
Milton on, 52 n. 1.
Lombards: wife-purchase among, i, 265;
their quarta or dower, 269.
Lodge, H. C.: quoted, ii, 241, 242.
Long, Horod: case of, ii, 361-63.
Loening, E.: on wife-purchase, i, 260 n. 1;
Roman betrothal, 292 n. 2;
canon-law betrothal, 293 n. 1.
Louisiana: marriage celebration in, ii, 418-21;
witnesses, 423;
requisites of a legal marriage, 427, 428;
age of consent and of parental consent, 428, 429;
functions of family council, 431-33;
forbidden degrees, 433, 434;
void or voidable marriages, 435 n. 3, 436, 437;
miscegenation forbidden, 439;
license system, 445, 446;
return, 449;
legislative divorce, iii, [40], [41];
judicial divorce, [68]-71;
remarriage, [83], [84];
notice, [88];
arbitration of divorce suits, [90];
intervention of prosecuting attorney, [90];
alimony, property, and custody of children, [91], [92], [95];
common-law marriage, [176];
age of consent to carnal knowledge, [199].
Lourbet, J.: quoted, iii, [240].
Lovrec, Dalmatia: wedding custom in i, 220 n. 3.
Lubbock, Sir John: introduces term "communal marriage," i, 34, 47 n. 2;
cited, 36;
on expiation for marriage, 50;
nomenclatures, 72 n. 5;
symbol or rape, 119;
exogamy and wife-capture, 120;
origin of aversion to close intermarriage, 122.
Lucock, H. M.: on deceased wife's sister question, ii, 98 n. 2;
remarriage of divorced persons, 112 n. 2.
Ludlow, J. M.: on form of marriage, i, 294.
Luther, Martin: on parental consent, i, 338 and n. 4;
the sponsalia, 341 and n. 2;
difficulties caused by the theory of the sponsalia, 345, 346;
his doctrine of betrothal 371-73;
its influence in Germany, 374, 375;
drafts simple marriage ritual, 375 and n. 3;
development of his views as to nature of wedlock, 386-88;
sanctions double marriage of Philip of Hesse, 390;
admits temporary separation, ii, 61;
shapes the Protestant doctrine of divorce, 61;
leads conservative reformers, 62;
adopts broad meaning of desertion, 62, 63 and n. 1;
does not admit certain grounds of divorce, 64 n. 1;
favors death for adultery, 67;
divorce jurisdiction, 69-71;
inclined to favor concubinage rather than full divorce, 71.
Luxford's case, ii, 159, 332.
Luzon: divorce in, i, 232.
Lyndhurst's act, ii, 95, 96.
McGee, W. J.: cited, i, 37;
on subordinate wives of Sioux, 144;
denies wife-capture among them, 165 n. 4;
on the Seri, 187, 218 n. 4.
Macclesfield's case, ii, 104.
McLennan, Donald, i, 34.
McLennan, J. F.: criticises Maine, i, 15-17;
on adoption, 26 n. 2;
exogamy and patria potestas, 31;
his works, 34, 65 n. 4;
criticised by Morgan and others, 35, 36;
rejects theory of expiation, 50 n. 2;
phallic worship, 52;
nomenclatures, 71, 72;
his constructive theory analyzed, 77-88;
promiscuity, 77;
female infanticide, 78, 79;
totem gens, 79 and n. 2;
polyandry, 80-84;
wife-capture, 84, 85, 156, 157;
exogamy, 85, 117, 118;
criticises Müller on symbol of rape, 175 n. 3;
wife-capture in Australia, 182 n. 1.
Macqueen, John: on parliamentary divorce, ii, 102 n. 2, 103-6, notes.
McCreery v. Davis, iii, [78].
Magdalen College, pontifical of, i, 311 n. 4.
Madan, M.: his book described, i, 229 n. 2.
Maddox and Grimestone: their public betrothal, i, 381, 382.
Mæcenas: divorces his wives, ii, 17 n. 4.
Magalhães, Jose Vieira de: on sexual jealousy of Brazilian natives, i, 105;
the Cahyapós, 107, 108;
the Guatos and Chambioás, 108, 109.
Magister Vacarius: theory of, i, 337 n. 2.
Magisterial separation: in England, ii, 117.
Magistrate: as solemnizer of marriage, origin of, i, 282;
supersedes the priest at the nuptials in New England colonies, ii, 125.
Maine: celebration of marriage in, ii, 392, 393;
unauthorized celebration, 395;
age of parental consent to marriage, 396;
miscegenation forbidden, 398;
checks marriage of paupers, 400;
survival of optional system of banns or posting, 403 n. 1;
certificate and record, 404;
return, 405, 406;
collection and record of statistics, 407, 408;
divorce: jurisdiction, kinds, and causes, iii, [16]-18;
remarriage, [20], [21];
residence, [24], notes, [25];
as to common-law marriage, [179];
age of consent to carnal knowledge, [198];
license five days before celebration, [191];
divorce rate, [209], [212] n. 1,[218] n. 3;
bundling, ii, [184], [185].
Maine, Sir Henry: his patriarchal theory, i, 3;
on family as unit of social development, 10;
his patriarchal family, 10-13;
Spencer's criticism of, 14, 15;
McLennan's, 15-17;
on effect of promiscuity, 102;
aversion to close intermarriage, 122, 123.
Maintenance order: in England, ii, 116, 117.
Makassars: divorce among, i, 226, 241 n. 6.
Makower, F.: his Constitutional History, i, 290, 312 n. 1.
Malayan system of consanguinity, i, 67, 68, 71, 72.
Manipuris: effects of divorce among, i, 248.
Manu: editions of, i, 5;
wife-capture mentioned in, 160;
wife-purchase, 198 and nn. 4, 5.
Manuscripts: used for Massachusetts, ii, 121;
New York, 264, 329.
Maoris: have Malayan system of consanguinity, i, 68.
Marblehead: custom of bedding the bride and groom in, ii, 140.
March, Hugh and Dorcas: case of, ii, 335, 336.
Marea: divorce among, i, 245 n. 5.
Margaret of Scotland: her matrimonial adventures, ii, 57, 58.
Marianne Islands: effects of divorce in, i, 248.
Mark, St.: on divorce, ii, 20, 21.
Marriage: genesis of, i, 7;
product of social experience, 8;
origin of, according to Bachofen, 40, 41;
communal or group, 47 and n. 2, 54, 64;
rites of, alleged to arise in sexual taboo, 54;
forms of, 55-65: among lower animals, 96;
defined, 102 and n. 1;
rise of the contract of, 152-223;
by capture, so-called, 156-63;
symbolical capture in, 163-79;
by purchase, so called, 179-201;
rise of self-betrothal or free contract, 201-9;
free marriage coexisting with purchase, 209-23. (See Matriarchate, Mother-right, Family.)
—— under English, German, and canon law: old English wife-purchase, authorities, i, 253-58;
the beweddung, 258-72;
the gifta, 272-76;
rise of free marriage, 276-86;
lay contract and ceremonial accepted by the church, 287-320;
the primitive benediction and the bride-mass, 291-308;
the chosen guardian superseded by the priest, 309;
rise of ecclesiastical marriage, 309-20;
the church develops and administers matrimonial law, authorities, 321-24;
early Christian doctrine, 324;
a sacrament, i, 325;
compromise with lust, 325, 326;
declared a sacrament by the Council of Trent, 326 n. 2;
ecclesiastical authority over, 331, 334;
two degrees of, defined by Gratian, 335;
a simple consensual compact, 336;
sponsalia de praesenti, 337;
de futuro, 338;
validity and legality, 339;
clandestine, 340-49;
impediments, 351-54;
putative, 356;
child-marriages, 357-59;
banns and registration, 359-63;
Protestant conception of, authorities, 364-70;
the forms of wedlock, according to the continental reformers, 370-75;
according to the English, 376-86;
the nature of wedlock, according to the continental reformers, 386-92;
according to the English, 392-99;
child-marriages in the age of Elizabeth, 399-403;
civil, rise of, 404;
authorities on, 404-8;
origin of, in the Netherlands, 409 and n. 2;
controversy between Cartwright and Whitgift, 410-14;
the Millenary Petition, 414 n. 3, 415;
harsh law against the Catholics, 415-17;
Cromwell's ordinance, 1653, 418-35;
laws of William III. relating to license and celebration, 435-37;
in the Fleet, 437-46;
superstitions regarding marriage, 441 n. 3;
Hardwicke Act, 448-59;
merits of, 459, 460;
defects of, 460-65;
registration law of 1836, 465, 466;
celebration under 4 George IV., c. 76, 466;
license and banns under, 466, 467;
civil-marriage act of 1836, origin of, 469;
provisions as supplemented by later statutes, 470-73;
with deceased wife's sister, ii, 96-102.
—— obligatory civil, in the New England colonies, ii, 121;
authorities, 121-24;
origin of, 125-32;
first laws authorizing, 133-35;
rise of optional civil or ecclesiastical, 135-40;
no ritual prescribed, 140;
wedding customs, 140-43;
banns, parental consent, and registration, 143-51;
courtship, proposals, and government of single persons, 152-69;
adultery punished by death, 169-71;
by the scarlet letter, 171-75;
scarlet letter for incest, 177, 178;
pre-contract or betrothal, 179-81;
bundling, 181-85;
ante-nuptial incontinence, cases of sentence and confession in Suffolk and Middlesex counties, 186-99;
influence of Jewish law on pre-contract, 199, 200;
breach of promise suits, 200-203;
marriage portions, 203;
Samuel Sewall's matrimonial thrift, 204-9;
clandestine, 209-12;
slave, 215-26.
—— ecclesiastical, in the southern colonies, ii, 227;
authorities, 227, 228;
religious celebration in Virginia, 228-32;
dissenters marry contrary to law, 232;
local administration of matrimonial law, 232, 233;
license, 233, 234;
clandestine marriages, 235;
first wedding, 235, 236;
adultery, 236;
curious marriage agreement, 237-39;
optional civil, in Maryland colony, 239-41;
rise of obligatory ecclesiastical, for Anglicans, 241-44;
miscegenation, 244;
civil marriage abolished, 244, 245;
articles of courtship, 245-47;
struggle for free civil marriage in North Carolina, 247-59;
in South Carolina and Georgia, 260-63.
—— optional civil or ecclesiastical, in the middle colonies, ii, 264;
authorities, 264-66;
law and custom in New Netherland, 267-84;
under the Duke of York, 284-96;
in New York province, 296-308;
New Jersey, 308-15;
Pennsylvania, 315-27.
—— in the New England states: authorities, ii, 388;
solemnization, 389-95;
age of consent, 395, 396;
age of parental consent, 396, 397;
forbidden degrees, 397, 398;
void or voidable marriages, 398-401;
certificate and record, 401-8.
—— in the southern and southwestern states: solemnization, 409-27;
definition, 427, 428;
age of consent, 428, 429;
age of parental consent, 429-33;
forbidden degrees, 433-35;
void or voidable marriages, 435-38;
miscegenation forbidden, 438-40;
certificate and record, 441-52.
—— in the middle and western states: solemnization, ii, 452-65;
witnesses, 465, 466;
no fixed ceremony, 466;
contract marriage in California and other states, 467, 468;
unauthorized solemnization, 468, 469;
requisites for a legal marriage, 469, 470;
definitions, 470, 471;
age of consent and of parental consent to marriage, 471-73;
forbidden degrees, 473-75;
void and voidable marriages, 475-78;
miscegenation forbidden, 478, 479;
marriage of paupers, epileptics, and imbeciles restrained, 479, 480;
suspension of prosecution and penalty, 480, 481;
certificate and record, 481-97.
(See Family, Divorce.)
—— and the family, problems of: authorities, iii, [161]-67;
function of legislation, [167]-70;
common-law marriage, [170]-85;
resulting character of matrimonial legislation, [185]-203;
resulting character of divorce legislation, [203]-23;
the function of education, [223]-59.
—— ante ostium ecclesiae, i, 299-308.
—— certificate: to wedded pair, under Cromwell's act of 1653, i, 426, 431;
in colonial Rhode Island, ii, 149, 151 and n. 1;
Pennsylvania, 321, 322 and n. 1;
at present in the various states, 450, 451, 486, 492.
—— common-law: history of, in the various states, iii, [170]-85.
—— contract: rise of, i, 152-223.
—— contracts: in New Netherland, ii, 282-84.
—— form: by the Directory, i, 417;
under Cromwell's act, 419;
under present English law, 472, 473.
(See Marriage, in the three groups of states.)
—— gifts: significance of, i, 218, 219.
—— license system.
(See Certificate and record.)
—— license bonds: required by Andros, ii, 136 and n. 2: in Virginia colony, 233, 234;
Maryland colony, 239, 240;
New York province, 296 and n. 4;
in Alabama in case of persons under age, 430;
Arkansas, Indian Territory, Kentucky, Mississippi, Tennessee, 408;
Delaware, 482 and n. 1, 483;
recommended as a reform in the law, iii, [191].
—— legislation: resulting character of, iii, [185]-203.
—— portions: in early New England, ii, 203-9.
—— rate: lower in cities, iii, [211];
falls in hard times, [213]-15.
—— records: under law of 1653, i, 424-28;
under Hardwicke Act, 458.

(See Certificate and record.)
—— rituals: character of, after Reformation, i, 375.
(See Rituals.)
—— superstitions and popular errors regarding, i, 441 n. 3.
—— tax, i, 435-37.
—— by capture, so called, i, 55, 56, 57, 156-79;
existing with purchase, 179-84.
—— by exchange, i, 185, 186.
—— by purchase, i, 55, 56, 57, 58;
McLenan's theory, 85;
history of, 179-201;
surviving with free contract, 210-23;
by gifts, 218, 219.
—— by service, i, 186-89.
(See Family, Divorce.)
Married Women's Property Act, English, ii, 116.
Marsh, Mrs. Job: last bride stolen in Hadley, ii, 141.
Marshall, Stephen, i, 417.
Marshall, W. E.: on the Todas, i, 81-83.
Martene, E.: his De ritibus cited, i, 287, 293, 295 n. 5, 297 n. 1, 300 and n. 2, 301 n. 2, 307 and n. 1, 308.
Martial: on divorce, ii, 18, note.
Martins, C. F. Ph. v.: on marriage by service in Brazil, i, 186.
Maryland, the colony: slave baptisms in, ii, 221;
optional civil marriage and rise of obligatory religious marriage, 239-47;
separate alimony, not divorce, granted, 371-74;
question of common-law marriage, iii, [172].
—— the state: celebration of marriage in, ii, 414, 415;
witnesses, 423;
marriage of freedmen, 426;
age of parental consent, 429, 430;
forbidden degrees, 433-35;
void or voidable marriages, 435 n. 3, 436, 437;
miscegenation forbidden, 439;
has dual system of banns or license, 444;
license, by whom issued, 447;
certificate to married pair, 450;
return, 449;
Quakers keep records of their marriages, 451;
legislative divorce, iii, [31]-35;
judicial divorce, [55]-57;
remarriage, [80];
residence, [86];
process, [89];
rejects common-law marriage, [180];
age of consent to carnal knowledge, [199].
Maskell, W.: his Monumenta cited, 1, 284 n. 1, 297 n. 1, 288, 301 n. 2, 304, notes, 305 n. 2, 307, notes, 311 n. 4, 312 n. 1.
Mason, O. T.: quoted, i, 250.
Masson, D.: on Quaker marriages, ii, 316.
Massachusetts, the colony and province: county courts of, had equity jurisdiction, ii, 125 n. 1;
influence of theocracy in, 125;
first law regarding marriage celebration, 133;
commissioners to join in marriage, 133, 134, notes;
rise of religious marriage, 138 and n. 4, 195;
treatment of single persons, 154-57;
of married persons living apart, 158-61;
laws governing courtship, 164, 165;
these laws executed by the courts, 165, 166;
scarlet letter for adultery, 174-76;
for incest, 177, 178;
pre-contract, 179;
espoused wife may be punished for adultery, 180;
bundling, 183, 184;
cases of fornication before marriage, 186 n. 3;
breach of promise suits, 200-203;
clandestine marriages, 210, 211;
forbidden degrees, 212-15;
slave marriages, 216-26;
divorce during first charter, 330-39;
during second charter, 339-48;
question of common-law marriage, iii, [173].
—— the state: solemnization of marriage in, ii, 389, 390;
unauthorized celebration, 395;
age of parental consent to marriage, 396, 397;
law forbidding miscegenation repealed, 399;
survival of optional system of banns or posting, 402;
certificate and record, 403, 404;
return, 405, 406;
collection and record of statistics, 406, 407;
jurisdiction, kinds, and causes of divorce, iii, [4]-10;
remarriage, [18];
Putnam v. Putnam, [19], [20];
residence, [22], [23];
notice, [27];
alimony, [29], [30];
rejects common-law marriage, [178], [179];
age of consent to carnal knowledge, [198];
what justices may solemnize marriages, ii, 390;
iii, [190];
divorce rate, [209], [212] n. 1;
marriage rate, [215].
Maternal system of kinship: Westermarck on, i, 18;
later than paternal, according to Starcke, 18;
rejected for Indo-Germanic peoples by recent writers, 19, 20: Dargun on, 20-23;
whether among Bomans, 32 n. 1;
Bachofen's view, 40, 41;
as evidence of promiscuity, 48;
Morgan's theory, 66;
McLennan's theory, 77-79;
the problem of, 107-17.
Mather, Cotton: cited, ii, 170, 179 n. 2.
Mather, Increase: on Vanderbosk, ii, 137 n. 3;
against marriage with sister-in-law, 213.
Matriarchate: works on, i, 37, 38;
distinguished from mother-right, 44-46;
Hellwald on, 60;
Grosse on, 60, 61.
Matthew, St.: on divorce, ii, 19, 20, 21, 24.
Maule, Justice: on injustice of the system of parliamentary divorce, ii, 108, 109.
Mayas: marriage by service among, i, 186.
Mayfair: clandestine marriages in, i, 443.
Megapolensis, Dominie, ii, 291 n. 4, 378.
Meister v. Moore, iii, [178].
Mejer, O.: cited, ii, 65, notes, 171 n. 3.
Melanchthon, Philip: his liberal views on divorce, ii, 65;
favors death or exile for adultery, 66 and n. 5;
inclines to concubinage rather than allow full divorce, 71.
Melanesians: wife-capture among, i, 159;
free betrothal, 214.
Mentzer, B.: on divorce, ii, 68.
Mercatio: bride-price among West Goths, i, 265 n. 1.
Metellus; the Macedonian: sentiment of, regarding marriage, ii, 17.
Metrocracy, i, 44 n. 1.
Meurer, C.: on divorce jurisdiction, ii, 71 n. 1.
Mexico, ancient: only the rich in, had plurality of wives, i, 146 n. 1.
Meyrick, F.: on benediction, i, 293 n. 3, 295 n. 5, 296 n. 1, 294 n. 3;
marriage in church, 295 n. 6;
on sentiment of early theologians regarding marriage, 328, 329;
on forbidden degrees, 352, 353.
Michaelis, J. D.: on Hebrew parental authority, i, 17 n. 5.
Michigan: marriage celebration in, ii, 461, 462;
witnesses, 465;
unauthorized solemnization, 468;
definition, 471;
age of consent to marriage, 472;
forbidden degrees, 473-75;
void and voidable marriages, 475-78;
allows miscegenation, 479;
marriages of persons tainted by certain diseases restrained, 479;
license, 487, 488;
return, 489 and n. 3, 491;
marriage certificate and celebrant's record, 492;
state registration, 494;
legislative divorce, iii, [96];
judicial divorce, [120]-22;
remarriage, [147], [148];
residence, [154], [155];
intervention of prosecuting attorney in divorce suits, [159];
divorce statistics, [160];
common-law marriage, [177];
age of consent to carnal knowledge, [202];
divorce rate, [210], [211].
Micronesians: punishment of adultery among, i, 106 n. 4;
free courtship, 214.
Middlesex county, Mass.: cases of pre-nuptial incontinence, with confessions and penalties, ii, 189, 190, 193, 194.
Mielziner, M.: on Jewish marriage law, ii, 152 n. 2, 199 and n. 5;
the Jewish "Get," ii, 13 n. 4.
Migration for divorce, iii, [205], [206].
Milford v. Worcester, iii, [178], [179].
Mill, J. S.: on marriage rate, iii, [213], [214];
cited on individualism, [225] n. 1;
on woman's callings, [241];
effects of her subjection, [245] n. 2.
Mill, Mrs. J. S.: cited, iii, [239], note, [245], [247] n. 2.
Millenary Petition, i, 398, 414 n. 3, 415.
Milton, John: on Bucer, i, 411 n. 2;
the corruption of the ecclesiastical courts, 414 n. 1;
civil marriage, 433, 434;
porneia, ii, 20 n. 1;
characterizes Gratian and Peter Lombard, 52 n. 1;
rejects divorce a mensa, 61 n. 2;
use of allegorical method, 61 n. 3;
analysis of his views on divorce, 85-92;
his conception of wedlock realized in New England colonies, 127;
divorce by mutual consent, iii, [251].
Minahassers of Celebes: free courtship among, i, 215.
Minnesota: marriage celebration in, ii, 462, 463, 465;
witnesses, 265;
unauthorized solemnization, 468;
definition, 471;
age of consent and of parental consent to marriage, 472, 473;
forbidden degrees, 473-75;
void or voidable marriages, 475-78;
marriage of epileptic and imbecile restrained, 480;
license, 486, 487;
return, 489 and n. 3, 491;
marriage certificate, 492;
state registration, 495;
legislative divorce, iii, [97];
judicial divorce, [124], [125];
remarriage, [148];
residence, [155];
soliciting divorce business forbidden, [160];
common-law marriage, [177];
age of consent to carnal knowledge, [201].
Ministers as celebrants of marriage: defects in the present laws regarding, iii, [186]-89.
Miscegenation: forbidden in Maine and formerly in Rhode Island and Massachusetts, ii, 398, 399;
in the southern and southwestern states, 438-40;
middle and western states, 478, 479;
law of Massachusetts colony on, 218;
of Maryland colony, 244;
North Carolina colony, 253.
Mishnah: on divorce, ii, 13 n. 4, 14.
Mississippi: marriage celebration in, ii, 417, 418;
requisites for a legal marriage, 424;
license essential to valid marriage, 425;
marriage a civil contract, 427;
age of parental consent, 429;
forbidden degrees, 433, 434;
void or voidable marriages, 435 n. 3, 436, 437;
miscegenation forbidden, 438, 440;
license system, 447;
license bond, 448;
return 449, 450;
legislative divorce, iii, [38], [39];
judicial divorce, [64]-66;
remarriage, [83];
residence, [85], [86];
process, [89];
rejects common-law marriage, [180], [181]
age of consent to carnal knowledge, [200].
Missouri: marriage celebration in, ii, 417, 418;
a civil contract, 427;
age of parental consent, 429, 430;
forbidden degrees, 433;
void or voidable marriages, 435, 437;
miscegenation forbidden, 438, 440;
original triple system of banns, notice, or license, 443;
present system, 447;
certificate to married pair, 450;
return, 449, 450;
celebrant's record, 451;
legislative divorce, iii, [38];
judicial divorce, [66]-68;
remarriage, [82];
residence, [87];
process, [89];
guilty wife forfeits dower, [94]4, [95];
common-law marriage, [176];
age of consent to carnal knowledge, [198].
Mohammedans.
(See Islam, Arabs.)
Möllendorff, P. J. v.: on divorce in China, i, 236 and n. 1.
Moloch, the Carthaginian, i, 51.
Monogamic family: according to Morgan, i, 70;
among animals, 96, 97;
always the typical form, 150, 222, 223; iii, [224].
Monogamy: hetairistic, i, 56-58;
among lower animals, 96, 97;
the rule among Veddahs and American aborigines, 142, 143 and n. 1;
among Mohammedans, 142;
monogamy the typical form of sexual life, 150;
iii, [224], [225].
Montana: marriage celebration in, ii, 464;
witnesses, 465;
marriage by declaration, 467;
unauthorized solemnization, 468;
requisites for legal marriage, 469;
definition 471;
age of consent and of parental consent to marriage, 472, 473;
forbidden degrees, 473-75;
void and voidable marriages, 475-78;
license, 487, 488;
return, 489 and n. 3, 491;
marriage certificate, 492;
legislative divorce, iii, [98];
judicial divorce, [138], [139];
remarriage, [149];
residence, [156];
notice, [158];
soliciting divorce business forbidden, [160];
courts silent as to common-law marriage, [182];
age of consent to carnal knowledge, [202].
Moore, G. H.: on slavery in Massachusetts, ii, 217, 221, 222, 223, 224-26.
Morgan, H. D.: on porneia, ii, 20 n. 1.
Morgan, Lewis H.: his works, i, 34, 65 n. 4;
works on, 36, 76 n. 3;
his constructive theory analyzed, 65-70;
criticism of his theory, 70-76;
his Systems of Consanguinity, 66, 67;
his five stages in evolution of the family and marriage, 67-70;
on origin of aversion to close intermarriage, 122;
on polygyny, 150.
Morganatic or "left-hand" marriages, i, 255, 256.
Morning-gift, i, 269 and n. 2.
Morocco: divorce in, i, 241, 243 n. 3, 244 n. 2.
Morong, i, 36.
Morris, W., and Bax, E. B.: their views on the family, iii, [230], [231].
Morton, Charles: solemnizes first religious marriage in Charlestown, ii, 138 n. 1.
Mosquito Indians: symbolical rape among, i, 166, 167.
Mother-group, of Hellwald, i, 58-60, 102 n. 1.
Mother-right: discussion of, i, 33-89;
authorities on, 33-38;
Bachofen's view, 40-43;
distinguished from gynocracy, 44-46;
definition, 44 n. 1;
according to Hellwald, 60, 61;
according to Grosse, 60-63;
relation of totemism to, 74;
the problem of, 110-17.
Moxos: divorce among, i, 239.
Mucke, J. R.: his Horde und Familie, i, 37, 63-65, 71;
on alleged advantages of close intermarriage, 130 n. 2.
Muirhead, J. H.: quoted, iii, [230];
on educated women and maternity, [244], [245].
Müller, Max: his Sacred Books of the East, i, 4, 5;
on maternal family, 20 and n. 2.
Mulford, E.: cited, iii, [225] n. 1.
Mund: Kohler and others on, i, 256;
its relation to betrothal, 260 and n. 1, 261.
Mundingos, the African: divorce among, i, 226 n. 3.
Muntschatz, or bride-price, i, 259 n. 3.
Murdoch, John: on Point Barrow natives, i, 143 n. 1, 187 n. 3, 212 n. 3;
free divorce among, 227, 228 and n. 1.
Muscovy: wife-capture in, i, 159.
Muskogees: divorce rare among, i, 247 n. 6.
Mylitta, i, 51.
Nairs: polyandry among, i, 80, 81.
Nantes, Council of: enforces doctrine of indissolubility, ii, 39.
Naquet, A.: quoted, iii, [168] n. 2; cited, [216] n. 4.
Natchez: effects of divorce among, i, 242;
divorce rare, 247 n. 6.
Natural selection: produces exogamy, i, 131;
also polyandry, 136;
and sex of offspring, 138, 139;
its relation to sexual selection, 202, 206.
Naumann, F.: on religious duty of child-bearing, iii, [255] n. 1.
Navajo: bride-price among, i, 193;
divorce, 239.
Nebraska: marriage celebration in, ii, 464;
witnesses, 265;
unauthorized solemnization, 468;
definition, 470;
age of consent and of parental consent to marriage, 472, 473;
forbidden degrees, 473-75;
void and voidable marriages, 475-78;
miscegenation forbidden, 479;
license, 488;
return, 489 and n. 3, 491;
marriage certificate, 492;
legislative divorce, iii, [97];
judicial divorce, [129];
remarriage, [148];
residence, [157];
notice, [158];
common-law marriage, [177];
age of consent to carnal knowledge, [201].
Nevada: marriage celebration in, ii, 463, 464, 465;
witnesses, 465;
definition, 471;
age of consent and of parental consent to marriage, 472, 473;
forbidden degrees, 473-75;
void and voidable marriages, 475-78;
miscegenation restrained, 479;
license, 487, 488;
return, 489 and n. 3, 491;
marriage certificate and celebrant's record, 492;
divorce, iii, [142], [143];
remarriage, [148];
residence, [157];
common-law marriage, [177];
age of consent to carnal knowledge, [202].
New Britain aborigines, i, 94 n. 1;
liberty of female choice among, 214, 215.
New Caledonia: free courtship in, i, 214.
New Guinea: wife-capture in, i, 159;
wife on credit for service, 188 n. 2;
no divorce among Papuas, 228, 229 n. 1.
New Hampshire, the province: civil marriage in, ii, 134;
scarlet letter for adultery, 172;
for incest, 178;
pre-contract, 179;
espoused wife treated as married woman, 180 n. 3;
clandestine marriages, 211 n. 4;
divorce, 348, 349.
—— the state: celebration of marriages in, ii, 391, 392;
reputed marriages, 394;
unauthorized solemnization, 395;
age of consent to marriage, 395, 396;
first cousins may not marry, 397;
former system of banns, 402;
certificate, 404;
return, 406;
collection and record of statistics, 407 and n. 6;
jurisdiction, kinds, and causes of divorce, iii, [10]-13;
remarriage, [21];
residence, [23];
as to common-law marriage, [179];
age of consent to carnal knowledge, [198];
divorce rate, [210], [212] n. 1;
license five days before celebration, [191].
Newhall, J. R.: on divorce in Massachusetts colony, ii, 332.
New Haven, the colony: influence of the theocracy in, ii, 125;
obligatory civil marriage, 135;
marriage administration, 148;
treatment of single persons, 153;
regulates courtship, 164;
espoused wife may be punished for adultery, 180;
divorce, 352, 353.
New Jersey, the colony: optional civil or ecclesiastical marriage in, ii, 308;
act of 1668, 309;
law of the twenty-four proprietors, 309-11;
act of 1682, 311;
Church of England set up, 312;
instructions of bishop of London, 312;
act of 1719, 312, 313;
attempt of clergy to force religious marriage, 314, 315;
divorce, 385.
—— the state: celebration of marriages in, ii, 455, 456;
witnesses 466;
age of parental consent to marriage, 472, 473;
forbidden degrees, 473-75;
void and voidable marriages, 475-78;
license for non-residents, 485;
return, 491;
celebrant's record 492;
state registration, 493;
divorce, iii, [105]-7;
remarriage, [146];
residence, [153];
common-law marriage, [177];
license for non-residents five days before celebration, ii, 485;
iii, [192];
age of consent to carnal knowledge, [202].
New London, Conn.: wedding-feast at, ii, 142.
New Mexico: marriage celebration in, ii, 417 n. 4;
marriage a civil contract, 427;
age of consent and of parental consent, 428, 429;
void or voidable marriages, 435 n. 3, 437, 438;
favors marriage, 441;
return, 449, 450;
celebrant's record, 451;
judicial divorce, iii, [74]-76;
remarriage, [82];
residence, [87];
notice, [88];
courts silent as to common-law marriage, [181];
age of consent to carnal knowledge, [200].
New Netherland: marriage laws of, influenced by those of Guelderland, ii, 268;
civil matrimonial administration with religious celebration, 268, 269;
Stuyvesant's letter on notice of intentions, 269;
the first ordinance, 270;
half-marriage after banns, 271;
bundling, 271, 272;
form of notice on the Delaware, 273;
civil courts have jurisdiction, 273;
case of Beeck and Verleth, 274-77;
informal marriage de praesenti not valid, 277;
case of Laers, 277, 278;
cases of Fabricius and Doxy, 278, 279;
adultery, 280;
breach of promise, 281, 282;
wills and contracts at second marriage, 282-84;
divorce and arbitration, 376-82.
New York, the colony: bundling in, ii, 181;
marriage law and custom in New Netherland, 267-84;
under the Duke of York, 284;
optional civil marriage, 285-87;
registration, 288;
wife-harboring punished, 288;
remarriage after long absence, 289;
case of self-marriage, 289, 290;
Avery's offenses, 290, 291;
complaints of marriages by justices, 291;
Quaker marriages, 291-94;
Dongan Act, 294-96;
law and custom in the royal province, 296-300;
question of law after 1691, 300, 301;
Lauderdale Peerage case, 301-6;
evidence of John Rodgers, 306-8;
divorce in New Netherland, 376-82;
divorce in royal province, 382-85.
—— the state: slave baptism and slave marriage, ii, 453;
solemnization, 453;
common-law marriage abolished, 454, 455;
Indian marriages, 455;
witnesses, 465;
unauthorized solemnization, 468;
definition, 471;
age of consent to marriage, 472;
forbidden degrees, 473-75;
void and voidable marriages, 475-78;
substitute for license system, 484, 485;
return, 490, 491;
marriage certificate and celebrant's record, 492;
state registration, 495-97;
divorce, iii, [101]-5;
remarriage, [102], [103], [104], [145];
Van Voorhis v. Brintnall, [145];
Smith v. Woodworth, [146];
residence, [152], [153];
notice, [158] n. 3;
soliciting divorce business forbidden, [160];
common-law marriage, [175];
age of consent to carnal knowledge, [201];
divorce rate, [216], [217].
New Zealand: wife-capture in, i, 159.
—— and Tasmania: divorce rate, iii, [211], note.
Nez-Percés: runaway bride among, regarded as a prostitute, i, 184 n. 2.
Niassers of Batu: no divorce among, i, 229.
Niblack, A. P.: quoted, i, 143 n. 1.
Nicaragua aborigines: divorce rare among, i, 247 n. 6.
Nicholas, Pope: his letter to the Bulgarians on marriage in church, i, 295 n. 6.
Nikâh al-mot'a marriage, i, 227 n. 1.
Nisbet, Judge: his decision in Head v. Head, ii, 375, 376; iii, [46]-50.
Nisi: the decree in England, ii, 113, 114.
(See Decree nisi.)
Niyoga, i, 84 and n. 2, 133.
Noble, John: his edition of assistants' records, ii, 332.
Nomenclatures: as basis of so-called systems of consanguinity, i, 70-73.
Norfolk's case, ii, 104, 105.
Northampton's case, ii, 80 and n. 4, 103.
North Carolina, the colony: struggle for free civil marriage in, ii, 247;
first marriage law, 249, 250;
liberty of Quakers, 250;
vestries act, establishing ecclesiastical rites, 252;
governor's license, 252;
act of 1741, 252-54;
law of 1766, 254-59;
question or common-law marriage, iii, [172].
—— the state: celebration of marriage in, ii, 415;
requisites for a legal marriage, 424;
age of consent, 428, 429;
age of parental consent, 429;
forbidden degrees, 433, 434;
void or voidable marriages, 435 n. 3, 437, 438;
miscegenation forbidden, 439;
survival of dual system of banns and license, 443;
present license system, 447;
return, 449;
legislative divorce, iii, [36]-38;
judicial divorce, [57], [58];
remarriage, [80], [81];
residence, [86], [87];
notice, [88];
trial by jury, [90];
alimony, property, and care or children, [91], [92]-94;
rejects common-law marriage, [180];
age of consent to carnal knowledge, [200].
North Dakota: marriage celebration, ii, 463, 464;
witnesses, 465;
unauthorized solemnization, 468;
definition, 471;
age of consent and of parental consent to marriage, 472, 473;
forbidden degrees, 473-75;
void and voidable marriages, 475-78;
license, 488;
return, 489 and n. 3, 491;
divorce, iii, [142];
remarriage, [149];
residence, [156], [157];
courts silent as to common-law marriage, [182];
age of consent to carnal knowledge, [201].
Northwest Territory: marriage laws of, ii, 458, 459;
divorce laws, iii, [113].
"Northumbrian Priests, Law of": denies remarriage after divorce, ii, 40.

Notice to defendant in divorce suits: in New England, iii. [25]-27;
southern and southwestern states, [88], [89];
middle and western states, [158].
Nugent, Mr.: on the Hardwicke Act, i, 449, 452 n. 1, 453, 454 n. 1, 455 n. 1, 458.
Nullity: decree of, equivalent to divorce under the canon law, ii, 56-59.
Oens, of Patagonia, i, 158.
Oettingen, Alexander v.: on the marriage rate, iii, [214];
restrictions on remarriage and the divorce rate, [219] n. 1;
the numerical disparity of the sexes, i, 137.
Ogle, W.: on the marriage rate, iii, [214].
Ohio: marriage celebration in, ii, 458-60;
irregular marriage, 470;
definition, 471;
age of consent and of parental consent to marriage, 472, 473;
forbidden degrees, 473-75;
void and voidable marriages, 475-78;
optional system of banns and license, 483, 484;
return, 490, note, 491;
divorce, iii, [113]-15;
remarriage, [147];
residence, [155];
soliciting divorce business forbidden, [160];
divorce statistics, [160];
common-law marriage, [177];
age of consent to carnal knowledge, [202];
divorce rate, [209], [211].
Oklahoma: marriage celebration in, ii, 417, 418;
witnesses, 423;
requisites for a legal marriage, 424;
a civil contract, 427;
age of consent and of parental consent, 428, 429;
forbidden degrees, 433;
void and voidable marriages, 437, 438;
miscegenation forbidden, 439;
license system, 447;
return, 449;
divorce, iii, [72];
remarriage, [83];
residence, [87];
separate alimony, [92];
courts silent as to common-law marriage, [181];
age of consent to carnal knowledge, [199].
Olaus, Magnus: cited, i, 159.
Old bachelors: not favored in early New England, ii, 152-57.
Old English Homilies: cited, i, 300 n. 1.
Old maids in early New England, ii, 157, 158, 167.
Oleepa Indians: symbolical rape among, i, 167.
Omahas, i, 144 n. 3;
elopement among, i, 167, 168;
free courtship, 212 n. 4;
effects of divorce, 242 n. 1.
Opet, O.: on legal condition of early German woman, i, 257, 263 and n. 4;
wife-capture among Germans, 258 n. 1.
Oppenheim, O. G.: cited, i, 458 n. 2, 461 n. 2, 462, 469 nn. 2, 3, 470 nn. 1, 2.
Orator: in the nuptial ceremony, i, 281, 282 n. 2, 309.
Oregon: marriage celebration in, ii, 463;
witnesses, 465;
unauthorized solemnization, 468;
definition, 470;
age of consent and of parental consent to marriage, 472, 473;
forbidden degrees, 473-75;
void and voidable marriages, 475-78;
miscegenation forbidden, 479;
license, 487;
return, 489 and n. 3, 491;
marriage certificate, 492;
legislative divorce, iii, [98];
judicial divorce, [133]-35;
remarriage, [148];
residence, [156];
notice, [158];
intervention of district attorney in divorce suits, [159];
rejects common-law marriage, [181];
age of consent to carnal knowledge, [202].
Oregon Indians: wedding gifts among, i, 220, 221.
Origen, ii, 28 n. 4.
Orleans, councils of: enforce doctrine of indissolubility, ii, 39.
Ormulum: cited, i, 300 n. 1.
Otomis, i, 238 n. 1.
Owen, Hana: her marriage annulled, ii, 215.
Owen, Robert: his views as to marriage and the family, iii, [232]-34.
Owen, Robert Dale: his views on marriage, iii, [234].
Pádams, i, 217, 218.
Pairing family, i, 89-151.
Pairing season among primitive men, i, 99, notes.
Palan Islanders: certainty of fatherhood among, i, 111.
Palfrey, J. G.: on slavery in New England, ii, 216.
Palmer, W.: on espousals, i, 283 n. 4.
Panches of Bogota: intermarriages among, i, 128.
Papuas of New Guinea: no divorce among, i, 228.
Paraguay aborigines: divorce rare among, i, 247 n. 6.
Paradox, the: regarding marriage, i, 325, 326, 329 n. 2.
Pardessus: on the betrothal, i, 274 n. 2.
Parental consent to courtship: regulated in early New England, ii, 161-66.
—— to marriage: not required for valid contract by the canonists, i, 338;
demanded by the German Reformers, 371, 372 and n. 1;
required by Cromwell's Act of 1653, 418;
marriage by license void without, under Hardwicke Act, 459;
hardships caused by this provision, 463 and n. 4, 464.
—— to marriage in American colonies, ii, 143;
Plymouth, 144;
Rhode Island, 148-51;
New Netherland, 268, 269;
New York, 286, 287;
New Jersey, 309, 310, 313;
Pennsylvania, 318, 319.
—— to marriage in the states.
(See Age of parental consent to marriage.)
Parish registers: local officers elected under the law of 1653, i, 418, 426;
duties of, well performed, 426-31.
Parish registers: the records kept during the Commonwealth, i, 404, 405, 426 and n. 3, 427-31.
Parliamentary divorce: in England, ii, 102-9.
(See Divorce, parliamentary.)
Parsons, Chief Justice: his decision in Milford v. Worcester, iii, [178], [179], [185].
Parthians: temporary marriages among, i, 49.
Parton v. Hervey, ii, 462 n. 7; iii, [179] n. 1, [191] n. 2.
Patagonians: free marriage among, i, 212 and n. 4.
Patriarchal family: Maine's theory of, i, 409-13;
rejected as social unit by Morgan and McLennan, 65;
place of, in evolution, according to Morgan, 69, 70.
(See Agnation, Patriarchal theory, Patria potestas.)
Patriarchal theory: works on, i, 3-7;
discussed, 7-32;
of Maine, 9-13;
criticised by Spencer, 14, 15;
by McLennan, 15-17;
rejected for Aryans by Leist, 23 and n. 3;
does not hold for Aryans, 18-28.
Patria potestas, i, 11 and n. 2;
alleged relation of Roman, to agnation, 12, 30-32;
Spencer's criticism of Maine's theory, 15;
McLennan's, 15-17;
among Peruvians and Mexicans, 19 n. 1;
only elements of, among early Aryans, 27, 28;
not among Hellenes, Celts, Slavonians, and Germans, 28-30;
whether among early Germans, 259 n. 4, 260 n. 1.
Paulus: on consensus, i, 292 n. 4;
on divorce, ii, 29.
Paulus Aemilius: puts away his wife, ii, 17 n. 4.
Paul, St.: on divorce, ii, 21, 22, 23.
Pawnees: free divorce among, i, 228 n. 2.
Peabody, F. G.: cited, iii, [225] n. 1, [227];
quoted, [229].
Peel, Sir Robert: his civil-marriage bill, i, 469 and n. 2, 470.
Penitentials: evidence of, as to divorce, ii, 44-46.
Penn, William: on Quaker marriages, ii, 316, 317.
Pennant: on Fleet marriages, i, 439, 440.
Pennsylvania, the colony: marriage law and custom in, ii, 315;
Quaker views of marriage, 315-18;
legislation, 318-20;
functions of council, 321;
forbidden degrees, 322;
courtship, 323, 324;
wedding customs, 324-27;
legislative divorce, 385-87.
—— the state: marriage celebration in, ii, 456, 457;
witnesses, 466;
age of parental consent to marriage, 473;
forbidden degrees, 473-75;
void and voidable marriages, 475-78;
encourages marriage, 481;
license system, 485, 486;
self-gifta, 486;
return, 489 and n. 3, 491;
marriage certificate, 492;
state registration, 495;
legislative divorce, iii, [99], [100];
judicial divorce, [107]-11;
remarriage, [146];
residence, [155];
notice, [158] n. 3;
common-law marriage, [177];
age of consent to carnal knowledge, [202];
divorce rate, [217].
Persia: marriage with a sister allowed in, i, 125.
Peschel, Oscar: on headship of woman in the family, i, 45;
horror of incest, 122.
Peters, Samuel: on tarrying, ii, 183, 184.
Peulhs of Futa-Jallon: remarriage of divorced couple among, i, 247 n. 2.
Phallicism, i, 38, 51 n. 1, 54, note.
Phelps, E. S.: on evils of present marriage system, iii, [254].
Philip of Hesse: his double marriage, i, 390; ii, 75 n. 1.
Phillips, Samuel: prepares a special ritual for slave marriages, ii, 225, 226.
Pickering, Jane: abduction of, i, 422, 423.
Piedrahita: quoted, i, 128.
Pipiles: forbidden degrees among, i, 126.
Piraungaru marriage custom, i, 72 n. 6.
Pirauru marriage, i, 72 n. 6.
Plato: on the family as the social unit, i, 10 nn. 2, 3.
Ploss, H.: cited, i, 111, 139; on racial ideas of beauty, 207 n. 5.
Plyer or tout for Fleet marriages, i, 442.
Plymouth: origin of civil marriage in, ii, 128-30;
first marriage law of, 132, 133;
commissioners to join persons in marriage, 133 and n. 2;
treatment of single persons, 153, 154;
regulates courtship and proposals, 162, 163;
scarlet letter, 171, 172;
pre-contract, 179, 180, 181;
cases of fornication before marriage, 186;
breach of promise suits, 201;
divorce, 349-51;
self-marriage, iii, [173].
Pœnitentiale Theodori, ii, 44 and n. 3, 45, 46.
Pollock, Sir F.: on the case of Beamish v. Beamish, i, 319, 320.
—— and Maitland, F. W.: on early German bride-sale, i, 260 n. 1;
betrothal, 275, 276;
rise of ecclesiastical marriage, 312 n. 1;
Lanfranc's canon, 314 n. 5;
marriage as a remedy, i, 325, 326;
sponsalia, 343;
canon law favors marriages, 334;
copula carnalis, 336;
forbidden degrees, 353;
de facto marriage, 354, 355;
valid marriage, 355 and n. 1, 356;
inheritance, 356 and n. 5;
age of consent to marriage, 358 and n. 4;
dower as affected by divorce, ii, 93 and n. 3;
voidable marriages, 94.
Polyandry: as evidence of promiscuity, i, 48, 103;
place of, in forms of the family, 57, 58, 60, 65;
McLennan on, 77 n. 2, 80-84, 133, 156;
problem of the origin of, 132-41;
the custom of, is comparatively rare, 133, 134;
confined to small part of population, 135;
views of Spencer, Hellwald, Smith, and Wake, 135, 136;
of Marshall, 136 n. 2;
Westermarck's theory, 136-41.
Polygyny: place of, in the forms of marriage and the family, i, 57, 58, 60, 63;
relation to wife-stealing, 87;
favors female system of kinship, 112;
problem of the origin and spread of, 141-49;
favored by the patriarchal system, 141;
not found among many barbarous peoples, 141, 142;
how restricted, 142-45;
rise of, 145-48;
not favorable to women, 148, 149.
Polynesians: have Malayan system of consanguinity, i, 68;
punishment for adultery among, 106;
divorce, 230 n. 1.
Pomeranians: wife-purchase among, i, 199 n. 8.
Popular education recognized as the proper function of local government in early New England, ii, 126 and n. 1.
Porneia, ii, 20 n. 1.
Porter's case, ii, 85 and n. 2.
Porto Rico: marriage celebration in, ii, 418;
marriage a civil institution, 428;
age of consent and of parental consent, 428, 429, 431;
forbidden degrees, 433;
license system, 447, 448;
certificate to married pair, 450;
return, 449;
divorce, iii. [76];
remarriage, [84];
residence, [88];
only statutory marriage valid, [181];
age of consent to carnal knowledge, [203];
notice of marriage, [191];
ten days' notice before license, [192] n. 2.
Posada, Adolpho: his Théories modernes, i, 7, 38;
his use of symbiose, 101 n. 2.
Post, A. H.: on hasty generalizations, i, 9 n. 4;
his works, 33;
exogamy, 121 n. 3;
alleges universality of wife-stealing, 157;
and of wife-purchase, 179;
original free betrothal, 202;
assent to marriage, 208, 209;
divorce, 224, 225 and n. 2;
among Karo-Karo, 229, and the Galela and Tobelorese, 233 and n. 2;
effects of divorce, 244 n. 2;
remarriage of widow or divorced woman, 246 n. 4;
marriage ring among the Slavs, 278 n. 3.
Potter, H. C.: cited, iii, [225] n. 1.
Poulton, E. B.: on sexual selection, i, 205 n. 4.
Powell, Aaron: quoted, iii, [195]-97.
Powell, J. W.: on the Wyandottes, i, 143 n. 1.
Powers, Stephen: on pairing season among California Indians, i, 99 and n. 3;
jealousy among California Indians, 104;
the Karok, 192.
Pray, Richard and Mary: separation of, ii, 363, 364 n. 1.
Pre-contracts: abolished by Hardwicke Act, i, 459;
and in South Carolina colony, ii, 261.
(See Betrothal.)
Presbyterians: restricted right to celebrate wedlock in North Carolina colony, ii, 254-59.
Pretium: bride-price among the West Goths, i, 265 n. 1.
Privilegium Paulinum, ii, 24;
historical importance of, 54, 55;
at the Reformation, 62.
Probeehen or Probenächte.
(See Proof-marriages.)
Problems of marriage and the family, iii, [161]-259.
Process in divorce and matrimonial suits: origin of, after the Reformation, ii, 68-71.
Promiscuity: works on. i, 38; Bachofen's theory, 40, 41;
examples of, not found, 47 and n. 1;
alleged survivals, 48-52;
no absolute, 58;
Morgan's theory of, 66-68, 70;
McLennan's theory, 77, 78;
the problem of, three arguments against, 90-110.
Proof-marriages, i, 49 and n. 2, 235 n. 1.
Proposals of marriage: regulated in early New England, ii, 162-66.
Prosecuting attorney: intervention of, in divorce suits in England, ii, 113, 114;
in the states, iii, [90], [159].
Prostitution: legalized, i, 48 and n. 4, 49 n. 1;
temple, or sacred, 51, 52, 54.
Protection order: under English law, ii, 115, 116.
Protestant doctrine of marriage, i, 364-403;
of divorce, ii, 60-85.
Ptolemies: marriage with sister among, i, 125.
Pueblos, i, 129, 213.
Punaluan family, i, 68, 69.
Punjab: symbolical capture in, i, 174;
wife-purchase, 217.
Purcell v. Purcell, ii, 368, 369.
Putative wedlock, ii, 94.
Putnam v. Putnam, iii, [19].
Quadrumana: family among, i, 97 and n. 4.
Quakers: their marriages declared valid, ii, 293 n. 3;
character of their marriage celebration, 315-18;
form of celebration, 319, 322 n. 1;
enjoy their own marriage customs in Rhode Island colony, ii, 134;
North Carolina colony, 248, 250, 251, 254;
Maryland colony, 245;
persecuted in New Netherland and in New York province, 291-93;
get relief under the Dongan law, 295;
their position in New Jersey, 308-11.
Quasi-desertion, ii, 63 and n. 2.
Queen v. Millis, i, 316-18; iii, [178].
Queen's proctor: his intervention in divorce suits, ii, 113 and n. 5, 114.
Queesting, ii, 182 and n. 2, 271, 272.
Radcliffe, Mary Anne: on intrusion of men-traders, iii, [248].
Rāksasa: marriage form of, i, 160.
Rape or capture: symbol of, 119, 163-80.
—— and fraudulent marriage: punishment for, under the Tudors, i, 421 n. 5;
under Cromwell, 423.
Rawas: divorce among, i, 242 n. 4.
Reade, W.: on free marriage in Africa, i, 214.
Real contract of sale, i, 258, 259 n. 2, 260 n. 1.
Rede Boke of Darbye, i, 298.
Reformatio legum ecclesiasticarum: origin of, ii, 77 and n. 4;
provisions, 78, 79;
high authority of, 79, 80;
principles of, adopted in New England, ii, 330.
Regino of Prüm, ii, 49 n. 3, 51 nn. 1, 2.
Registers, parish: origin of, in England, i, 358-63;
during the Commonwealth, 424-31;
of the Fleet, 445.
—— marriage, in the American colonies, ii, 143;
Plymouth, 144;
Massachusetts, 145, 146;
Rhode Island, 148-51;
Virginia, 232, 233;
North Carolina, 249, 251, 252;
South Carolina, 260;
New York, 288, 296 and n. 3, 297;
Pennsylvania, 323.
—— in the states.
(See Certificate and record.)
Remancipatio, ii, 15 n. 1.
Remarriage after divorce: views of early Fathers, ii, 26-28;
allowed to innocent party by Reformers, 65;
but they differ as to the adulterer, 66, 67;
clergy of English church not compelled to solemnize, 112 and n. 2.
—— in New England states, iii, [18]-22;
southern and southwestern states, [79]-84;
middle and western states, [145]-52;
restrictions on, as affecting the divorce rate, [218], [219].
Rennes: marriage ritual of, i, 288, 301 n. 2.
Reno, Nev.: clandestine divorces in, iii, [150], [205].
Residence, to entitle to divorce petition: in New England, iii, [22]-25;
southern and southwestern states, [84]-88;
middle and western states, [152]-57.
Return of marriage celebration: in New England, ii, 405, 406;
southern and southwestern states, 449, 450;
middle and western states, 489-92;
defects in the system, iii, [192], [193].
Rhode Island, the colony: civil marriage in, ii, 134;
ecclesiastical, 138;
treatment of single persons, 153;
did not punish adultery with death or scarlet letter, 172, 173;
clandestine marriages, 211, 212;
divorce statutes, 360, 361;
legislative divorce, cases of, discussed, 361-66;
question of common-law marriage, iii, [174].
—— the state: celebration of marriage in, ii, 391, 892, 394, 395;
witnesses, 394;
unauthorized celebration, 395;
age of parental consent to marriage, 396;
former law against miscegenation, 398;
void or voidable marriages, 398;
survival of optional system of banns or posting, 403 n. 1;
certificate and record, 404;
return, 405;
collection and record of statistics, 407;
jurisdiction, kinds, and causes of divorce, iii, [14], [15];
remarriage, [22];
residence, [23];
notice, [27] n. 3;
alimony, care and custody of children, [30] n. 1;
courts of, silent as to common-law marriage, [181];
age of consent to carnal knowledge, [197];
divorce rate, [209], [212] n. 1.
Richberg, J. C.: quoted, iii, [73]; cited, [195].
Richard, Archbishop: his canon on clandestine marriage, i, 313, 314.
Richter, A. L. v.: on views of Reformers as to divorce, ii, 62 n. 2, 64 and n. 2. 65, notes, 68 n. 2;
influence of Roman law on Protestant theologians, 62 n. 2;
church ordinances, 67.
Ring: the betrothal and marriage, i, 278 n. 3, 279 n. 1;
280, 294 and n. 3, 306.
—— the marriage: Cartwright on, i, 410;
Whitgift's reply, 411, 412 and n. 2;
rejected by the Puritans under Cromwell, 419 and n. 1.
Rings: exchange of, i, 375 n. 3;
Swinburne on, 384, 385;
archæology of, 385 n. 2.
Rita stage among Aryans, i, 24, 25.
Rituals, marriage: the two parts, i, 283, 284 and n. 1;
authorities on, 287, 288;
none adopted by early Christians, 294, 295;
on second marriage, 297 n. 1;
the English, published by Surtees Society, 298;
others, 300-308;
by the later, marriage is to be celebrated by and not before the priest, 310 n. 1.
Rive, F.: on betrothal, i, 274 n. 2.
Rodgers, John: on the marriage law of New York province, ii, 307;
iii, [173].
Roeder, J.: on Old English wife-purchase, i, 263 n. 4;
the betrothal ceremonial, 272 n. 2;
freedom of English widow, 277 n. 5.
Rogers, Elizabeth: her divorce for free-thinking, ii, 356, 357.
Romans: works on their matrimonial institutions, i, 5, 6;
their patriarchal family, 10-13, 29-32, 69;
wife-lending among, 49;
whether wife-capture among, 160;
wife-purchase, 199 and n. 5;
symbolical rape, 171, 172;
their marriage forms accepted by the church, i, 291 n. 2;
had no fixed ceremony, 294;
divorce among, 232, ii, 3, 4, 14-19;
divorce a private transaction, 47.
Roos's case, ii, 103.
Rosenthal, E.: on adultery among early Teutons, ii, 36 n. 1;
the penitentials, 44 n. 3.
Ross, E. A.: cited, iii, [225] n. 1.
Rossbach, A.: on symbol of rape, i, 175 n. 3;
coemptio, 199 n. 5.
Rouen: its marriage ritual, i, 310 and n. 1.
Ruga, Sp. Carvilius: his divorce, ii, 15 n. 4.
Russians: wife-purchase among, i, 199 n. 8.
Russell, Lord John: proposes a civil-marriage law, i, 469.
Ryder, Attorney-General: on the Hardwicke Act, i, 449, 450, 451, 452.
Sack-posset: at weddings, ii, 141 and n. 5.
Sacra: the Roman, i, 13;
Aryan, 27.
Sacrament of marriage, i, 310, 324-26 and n. 2,
332, 333;
abandoned by Protestants, 386;
development of Luther's views on, 386-88.
Sacramental theory of marriage: rejected at the Reformation, i, 386-88;
ii, 60, 68;
in England, i, 393, 394.
Sacramentaria, i, 296 n. 2, 297, 298 n. 1, 302.
St. Joseph, Mich.: a "Gretna Green," iii, [192] n. 4, [253] n. 2.
Samoa: wife-capture in, i, 159;
status of divorced woman, 245.
Sandwich Islands: marriage with a sister sanctioned in, i, 125;
status of woman in, 238 n. 3.
(See Hawaii.)
Sarae, the African: divorced woman must wait two months before remarriage, i, 245 n. 5.
Sarasin, Paul and Fritz: on the Veddahs, i, 141 n. 2.
Sarum: marriage ritual of, i, 284, 297 n. 1, 301 and n. 2, 304, 306 n. 2, 307, notes, 311 n. 4.
Satirists, the Roman: on divorce, ii, 18 n. 1.
Saunders, W. L.: quoted, ii, 256, 258, 259.
Savoy: clandestine marriages at, i, 459 n. 3.
Sayce, A. H.: on the Babylonian family, i, 221 n. 3.
Sayer, Joseph: his Vindication cited, i, 459 n. 1.
Scandinavians: wife-capture among, i, 159.
"Scarlet Letter": for adultery, ii, 171-76;
for incest, 177, 178, 214 n. 2;
long survival of, in Connecticut, Massachusetts, and New Hampshire, 398.
Schaffle, G. T.: cited, i, 98 n. 3.
Schaets, Anneke: case of, ii, 381, 382.
Scheurl, Adolf v.: on Sohm's theory of betrothal, i, 275 n. 2;
works of, 290;
consensus, 292 n. 3;
canon-law betrothal, 293 n. 1;
rise of ecclesiastical marriage, 310 n. 1;
sponsalia, 340 n. 1;
magisterial intervention as mark of Reformation, ii, 90 n. 1.
Schmid, Reinhold: on foster-laen, i, 270 n. 1;
date of betrothal ritual, 270 n. 1.
Schmidt, Karl: on jus primae noctis, i, 51 n. 2.
Schneider, Wilhelm: cited, i, 36.
Schneidewin, J.: on divorce, ii, 62.
Schopenhauer, A.: on woman's mental capacity, iii, [240] n. 1.
Schrader, O.: on the maternal family, i, 20.
Schreiner, Olive: on sex-parasitism, iii, [247] n. 1.
Schroeder, Richard: on Muntschatz, i, 259 n. 3;
bride-purchase, 260 n. 1;
Tacitus's account of betrothal, 262 n. 2;
denies traces of wife-purchase in northern law, 265 n. 3;
on violation of mund, 265 n. 4;
arrha, 266 n. 2;
foster-laen, 270 n. 1;
the Old English betrothal ritual, 271 n. 2.
Schubert, H. v.: on Sohm's theory of betrothal, i, 275 n. 2;
cited, 290;
consensus, 292 n. 3;
canon-law betrothal, 293 n. 1.
Scudmore: on secret marriage, i, 350.
Schulenburg, Emil: on wife-capture among the Germans, i, 258 n. 1.
Schulte, J. F. v.: on canon-law betrothal, i, 293 n. 1.
Schurman, J. G.: cited, i, 38, 88 n. 4.
Scotland: present marriage law of, i, 473 n. 2.
Second marriage: among low races, i, 246 and nn. 4, 5;
among early Germans, 273 n. 1, 277, notes;
benediction omitted by the ancient church, 297 n. 1;
the early Fathers on, ii, 24-26;
councils on, 39, 40;
synods of Verberie and Compiègne on, 42-44;
the penitentials on, 44-46.
Secondary wives, i, 143, 144, notes.
Seger v. Slingerland: concerning bundling, ii, 272.
Sehling, E.: on wife-capture among Germans, i, 258 n. 1;
wife-purchase, 260 n. 1;
betrothal, 275 n. 2;
consensus, 292 n. 3;
canon-law betrothal, 293 n. 1.
Selden, J.: on the benediction, i, 293 n. 3, 294, 297 n. 1;
dower at church door, 300 n. 1.
Self-betrothal, i, 201-23: and self-gifta, 276-86;
still exists in Eastern church.
(See Self-gifta.)
Self-beweddung.
(See Self-betrothal, Self-gifta.)
Self-gifta: in New England colonies, ii, 209-12;
in Pennsylvania, ii, 486.
(See Self-betrothal.)
Semites: marriage institutions of, i, 17;
patriarchal family, 69, 70;
wife-capture, 161, 162;
wife-purchase, 195-97.
(See Hebrews.)
Seneca: denounces free divorce, ii, 18.
Separate alimony without divorce: in Virginia, Florida, Georgia, and Oklahoma, iii, [92];
Indiana, [118];
Iowa, [127];
Ohio, [114], [115];
Montana, [138];
Utah, [133];
Wisconsin, [124];
Wyoming, [131];
the southern, colonies, ii, 368-74.
Separation from bed and board: whether according to scriptural teaching, ii, 21, 22;
origin of the distinction, 52, 53 n. 1;
rejected at Reformation, 61;
by English Reformers, 73;
not recognized by the Reformatio legum, 78;
judicial separation equivalent to, under present English law, 114, 115.
—— in the American colonies: not favored by the New England Puritans, ii, 330;
not granted in early Massachusetts, 331, 339 and n. 3;
but in that colony granted in the eighteenth century, 345;
rejected in Connecticut, 353;
and practically in Rhode Island, 363;
granted in New Netherland, 377, 378.
—— in the states: Alabama, iii, [64];
Arkansas, [71], [72];
Delaware, [113];
District of Columbia, [79];
Georgia, [62];
Hawaii, [144];
Indiana, [118];
Indian Territory, [71], [72];
Kentucky, [55];
Louisiana, [70];
Maryland, [56];
Michigan, [122];
Minnesota, [125];
Nebraska, [129];
New Jersey, [107];
New York, [105];
North Carolina, [58];
Pennsylvania, [110];
Rhode Island, [15];
Tennessee, [61];

Vermont, [16];
Virginia, [51];
West Virginia, [52], [53];
Wisconsin, [123], [124].
Separation order: the English, ii, 117.
Seranglao and Gorong: divorce in, i, 241 n. 6.
Seri: marriage by service among, i, 187 and n. 3;
meaning of their probational marriage, 218 n. 4.
Servia: wife-capture in, i, 159, 160;
bride-price, 190 n. 1.
Seven months' rule: in New England churches, ii, 196 and n. 2, 197, 198 n. 2.
Sewall, Samuel: importance of his writings for the history of social customs, ii, 133 n. 1;
on marriages celebrated by Vanderbosk, 137;
by justices and ministers, 138 n. 4;
"bedded" at second marriage, 140;
wedding celebrations, 142, 143;
would keep house with Widow Denison, 157 n. 2;
provides his daughters with wooers, 167-69;
with dowries, 203, 204;
his marriages and thrifty courtships, 204-9;
on marriage of first cousins, 213 n. 2;
law against incestuous unions, 213 n. 7;
Hana Owen's marriage, 215;
miscegenation, 218;
slave baptism, 222, 223;
slave marriages, his Selling of Joseph, 223, 224.
Sewell, William: quoted, ii, 293 n. 3;
on Quaker marriages, 317.
Sexes: differentiation of, i, 93, 94;
numerical disparity of, 136, 137;
causes which determine, 138 and n. 1;
influence of disparity of, on rise of polyandry, 138-41.
Sex-parasitism, iii, [247] n. 1.
Sexual selection: woman's function in, i, 202;
secondary sexual characters in, 203-6;
and the economic dependence of woman, iii, [249] n. 1.
Shame: origin of, i, 206 n. 2.
Shammai: school of, ii, 13 n. 2.
Shans: divorce among, i, 239.
Sharon v. Sharon, ii, 467 and n. 1;
iii, [158] n. 1.
Shastikas: bride-price among, i, 190, 191.
Shekiani: easy divorce among, i, 226.
Shirley, J. M.: on pre-contract, ii, 180;
bundling, 185 n. 2.
Sia: alleged communism of, i, 108 n. 2.
Siamese: four classes of wives among, i, 144 n. 5.
Siegel, H.: on wife-capture among Germans, i, 258 n. 1;
wife-purchase, 260 n. 1;
exchange of rings, 281 n. 1.
Simcox, Edith: on family life of Babylonians and Egyptians, i, 221 n. 1.
Similarity: biological law of, i, 130, 131.
Single persons: laws regarding, ii, 152-58.
Sioux: position of woman among, i, 45;
plurality of wives, 143 n. 1, 144;
symbolical capture, 165, 168;
custom of avoidance, 187 n. 2;
divorce, 239.
Sioux Falls, S.D.: alleged divorce colony of, iii, [205] and n. 3.
Sippe, or clan-group, i, 259.
Siricius: on the benediction, i, 296 n. 1.
Slave marriages: among early Germans, i, 257, 276 n. 1;
in New England, ii, 216-26.
Slaves: status of, in New England colonies, ii, 215, 216;
the problem of baptizing, 220-23;
marriages of, 216-26.
Slavs: works on matrimonial institutions of, i, 5;
house communities among, 30 n. 1, 129;
conspicuous for wife-capture, i, 160;
symbol of rape, 174;
wife-purchase, 199 and n. 8.
Smith, Henry: his Preparation to Marriage, ii, 73.
Smith, Mary Roberts: cited, iii, [167], [244] n. 2.
Smith, Robertson: on Arabian marriage customs, i, 17 and n. 3;
polyandry, 135;
wife-capture among Arabs, 161;
Arabian divorce, 246 n. 1.
Smith v. Woodworth, iii, [146].
Smock marriages, i, 441 n. 3;
in New England, ii, 141.
Snyder, W. L.: on uniform divorce law, iii, [222] n. 3.
Socialists: views as to monogamic family, iii, [229];
theory of Engels, [229], [230];
of Carpenter, [230];
of Morris and Bax, [230], [231];
of Gronlund, [231], [232];
of Robert Owen, [232]-34;
of Robert Dale Owen, [234];
of Bebel, [234], [235];
results of socialist thought, [235].
Sohm, Rudolph: on real-contract, i, 259 n. 1;
Witthum as price of mund, 260 n. 1;
fixed-price of mund, 265 n. 4;
arrha, 266 n. 2;
evolution of beweddung, 266-72, 276-86;
foster-laen, 270 n. 1;
the old English betrothal ritual, 271 n. 2;
time of gifta, 272 n. 1;
derivation of Gemahl, 273 n. 1;
his theory of betrothal, 273-76;
self-betrothal and self-gifta, 276-86;
chosen guardian and Fürsprecher, 281, 282;
his works mentioned 288-90;
consensus, 292 n. 3;
origin of canon-law betrothal, 293 n. 1;
benediction at nuptials, 296 n. 1;
validity of unblessed marriages, 297;
function of priest in the old English ritual, 302;
the rise of ecclesiastical marriage, 309, 310 and n. 1;
the decree of the Council of Trent, 316 n. 1;
sponsalia, 337, note, 340 n. 1;
rise of spiritual jurisdiction, ii, 50 n. 1.
Soissons, Synod of: on divorce, ii, 41, 42.
Solemnization of marriage: in the New England states, ii, 389-95;
southern and southwestern states, 409-27;
middle and western states, 452-70;
defects of the present dual system, iii, [186]-90;
reforms needed, [193], [194].
Somali: divorce among, i, 241.
Sonderfamilie: of Grosse, i, 61.
Sophia: on woman's equality with man, iii, [237].
Soulimana: divorce in, i, 226 n. 3.
South Carolina, the colony: slave baptism in, ii, 221;
marriage, 260, 261;
optional civil or religious ceremony in back country, 261;
question of divorce, 375;
common-law marriage, iii, [172].
—— the state: marriage celebration in, ii, 416 and n. 2;
pre-contracts, 425, 426;
marriages of freedmen, 426;
age of parental consent, 429, 430;
forbidden degrees, 433, 435;
void or voidable marriages, 435 n. 3, 437, 438;
miscegenation forbidden, 439;
legislative divorce, iii, [38];
judicial divorce, [76], [77];
common-law marriage, [176];
age of consent to carnal knowledge, [200].
South Dakota: marriage celebration in, ii, 464;
witnesses, 465;
marriage by declaration, 467;
requisites for legal marriage, 469;
definition, 471;
age of consent and of parental consent to marriage, 472, 473;
forbidden degrees, 473-75;
void and voidable marriages, 475-78;
license, 488;
return, 489 and n. 3, 490, 491;
marriage certificate and celebrant's record, 492;
divorce, iii, [142];
remarriage, [149];
residence, [157];
courts silent as to common-law marriage, [182];
age of consent to carnal knowledge, [202].
South Slavonians: wife-capture among, i, 159;
divorce, 242, 244 n. 2.
Space-relationships, of Mucke, i, 63-65, 71.
Spartans: wife-lending among, i, 49;
symbol of capture, 171.
Souza, G. S. de: on sexual jealousy among Brazilian natives, i, 105, 106;
polygyny of Tupinambás, 144.
Spencer, Baldwin, and Gillen, F. J.: their Native Tribes, i, 35;
on evidences of former promiscuity in Australia, 53 and n. 3;
their view rejected by Crawley, 54;
on class systems, 75, 76;
methods of getting wives in Australia, 170, note;
wife-capture, 181, 182.
Spencer, Herbert: his criticism of Maine's patriarchal theory, i, 14, 15;
of McLennan, 35, 86, 87;
on female kinship, 111;
wife-capture and exogamy, 117-20;
origin of forbidden degrees, 122;
secondary wives, 144 n. 5;
polygyny, 146-48;
wife-purchase, 179, 180;
on significance of marriage by service, 188, 189, 212 n. 1;
original status of woman, 210 and n. 4;
it was relatively high among American aborigines, 213 n. 5;
woman's mental capacity, iii, [240].
Spirgatis, E.: on the betrothal, i, 275 n. 2.
Spiritual affinity, i, 353 n. 5.
Spiritual jurisdiction: evils of, i, 351-59;
rise of, after Reformation, 392.
(See Canon law, Jurisdiction.)
Sponsalia per verba de praesenti vel futuro, i, 305, 315, 316;
literature of, 322;
classification, 336-38, 340;
Luther quoted on, 341-43;
law decisions, 443, 444;
mentioned, 351 n. 3;
in England, 376-80.
Stara Pazva: effects of divorce in, i, 243 n. 6.
Starcke, C. N.: on paternal system of kinship, i, 18;
Bachofen, 39 n. 2;
status of African women, 46;
juridical fatherhood, 53 n. 2;
nomenclatures, 72;
criticises McLennan, 87, 88;
rejects theory of uniform primitive state, 91;
origin of the family among lower animals, 92;
the sexual instinct, 100, 101, notes;
origin of system of female kinship, 113, 114;
symbols of wife-capture, 119;
origin of exogamy, 123-25;
polygyny, 146 n. 2;
ceremonial capture, 176;
value of female labor in early marriage, 211 n. 4.
Statistics: divorce, iii, [209]-19.
Stead, W. T. exposes traffic in young girls, iii, [195], [196].
Stiel, Dr.: enforces his betrothal, i, 373 n. 1.
Stetson, Charlotte Perkins: on socialization of female sex, iii, [247];
sexual selection and economic subjection, [249] n. 1.
Stiles, H. R.: on bundling, ii, 181, 183, notes, 184 nn. 1, 2, 4, 185 and n. 1;
quoted, 282.
Stoddart, Sir John: on divorce, 1550-1602, ii, 79 n. 5.
Stölzel, A.: on self-divorce and origin of process after Reformation, ii, 69, 70;
origin of consistorial courts, 70 n. 4, 71 n. 1.
Strabo: on sacred prostitution in Armenia, i, 51 n. 1.
Strahan, S. A. K.: cited, iii, [240] n. 4;
on evil effects of early marriages, [243], [244].
Streitwolf v. Streitwolf, iii, [207].
Strong, Justice: his opinion in Meister v. Moore, iii, [178].
Stuyvesant, Peter: his letter on publication of marriage, ii, 269, 270.
Subarrare: in ritual of Greek church, i, 266 n. 1.
Suffolk county, Mass.: cases of pre-nuptial incontinence, with penalties and confessions, ii, 188, 192, 196.
Sumner, Charles: on slavery in Massachusetts, ii, 216.
Sumatra: abduction and purchase in, i, 183, 215;
wives by exchange, 185;
betrothals, 209 and n. 6;
divorce among Karo-Karo, 229.
Superintendent registrar: celebration by his certificate, i, 470, 471.
Surtees Society: Publications of, cited, i, 284 n. 1, 288, 297 n. 1, 298, 303-8, 311 n. 1.
Sutro Library; seventeenth-century pamphlets in, i, 418 n. 2, 432 n. 1.
Sutton, Dan: his tongue bored with hot iron for bigamy and perjury, ii, 286 n. 1.
Swabian marriage ritual of twelfth century, i, 253, 284, 285.
Sweden: divorce rate of, iii, [212].
Swendsen, Haagen: case of, i, 447.
Swinburne, Henry: on the marriage ring, i, 297, note;
Sponsalia, 341-43;
pre-contracts, 377, 378;
spousals, 378, 379;
evils of secret spousals, 379, 380;
public spousals, 380;
form of betrothal and the ring, 383-85.
Switzerland: divorce rate of, iii, [211], note;
how the rate is affected by the uniform law, [222] n. 2.
Symbiose, i, 101 n. 2.
Symson, Peter, the Fleet parson, i, 438 n. 2.
Sympathy: has widened the sphere of sexual relations, i, 132.
Syndiasmian family, i, 69, 70.
Tables; statistical: of cases of ante-nuptial fornication, with penalties and confessions, ii, 188-96;
of Massachusetts divorces in seventeenth century, 333;
and in eighteenth century, 341-44.
Taboo, sexual: Crawley's theory of, i, 54, 131, note.
Tacitus: his description of a German betrothal, i, 262 and nn. 1, 2, 285 n. 4;
on second marriages, 273 n. 1, 277.
Tahiti, i, 245 n. 2.
Talmud: on divorce, i, 240 n. 4; ii, 13.
Tamils, i, 69.
Tancred: the decretalist, ii, 51 and n. 3.
Tarrying, ii, 183 and n. 5, 184.
Tartars: wife-capture among, i, 159;
wife-purchase, 194, 195.
Tasmanians, i, 99: wife-capture in, 159;
elopement, 169;
divorce, 232 and n. 5.
Tatooing, i, 206 n. 2.
Tegg, W.: on the marriage ring, i, 279, note.
Tennessee: celebration of marriage in, ii, 415, 416;
essentials for a legal marriage, 424, 425;
marriages of freedmen, 426;
license to persons under sixteen without parental consent forbidden, 430, 431;
forbidden degrees, 433-35;
void or voidable marriages, 437, 438 n. 3;
miscegenation forbidden, 438;
survival of dual system of banns or license, 443;
present license system, 447;
license bond, 448;
judicial divorce, iii, [58]-61;
remarriage, [82];
residence, [86];
process, [88];
guilty wife forfeits dower, [95];
favors common-law marriage, [176];
age of consent to carnal knowledge, [199].
Tertullian: on the betrothal kiss, i, 279, note;
parental consent, 292 n. 4;
form of marriage, 294;
heathen forms of espousal, 295;
divorce, ii, 24;
second marriage, 25 and n. 2.
Texas: marriage celebration in, ii, 421-23;
marriages of freedman, 426;
age of consent and of parental consent, 429;
forbidden degrees, 433, 435;
void or voidable marriages, 437, 438;
miscegenation forbidden, 438, 439;
license system, 447;
return, 449;
judicial divorce, iii, [71];
remarriage, [82];
residence, [87];
trial by jury, [90];
common-law marriage, [176], [177];
age of consent to carnal knowledge, [199].
Themis, i, 24.
Theocracy of Massachusetts and New Haven: sway of, tends to separate church and state, ii, 125.
Theodore of Tarsus: his rules for marriage celebration, i, 313;
regulates marriage and divorce, 333, 334.
Theodosian code: on betrothal with the kiss, i, 424 and n. 2.
Theodosius II.: his divorce law, ii, 31, 32.
Thlinkets, i, 143 n. 1, 213 n. 5.
Thompson, Hannah: on New York wedding customs, ii, 299.
Thompson and Geddes: on sexual selection, i, 205 n. 4.
Thornback, ii, 158.
Thorpe, B.: on foster-laen, i, 270 n. 1;
date of the old English betrothal ritual, 271 n. 1.
Thracians: wife-purchase among, i, 199.
Thwaites, R. G.: on the Winnebagoes, i, 235 n. 1.
Thwing, C. F.: on abuse of divorce jurisdiction under canon law, ii, 57;
Margaret Tudor's divorces and marriages, 58 n. 2.
Tibet: prostitution in, i, 49 n. 1;
polyandry, 81, 83, 140;
inbreeding, 140;
but one husband usually at home, 103 n. 4.
Tillier, L.: cited, i, 37.
Tilly, Widow: marries Sewall, ii, 206, 207.
Timor: betrothals in, i, 209.
Timorlaut, i, 210.
Titsingh: cited, i, 154.
Tocqueville; A. de: on marriage in America, iii, [252].
Todas: proof-marriages among, i, 49 n. 2;
polyandry, 81-83, 140, 141;
marriage with half-sister, 125 n. 5;
numerical disparity of sexes, 137;
inbreeding, 140;
exchange of dowers, 219.
Toleramus: the permission to rewed after divorce, ii, 65 n. 6.
Tonga: husband's sole right of divorce in, i, 231.
Totem gens, i, 79.
Totemism: Kohler on, i, 73-75;
McLennan on, 79 and n. 2.
Tower: clandestine marriages in, i, 443.
Town magistrate: grants divorces in Rhode Island colony, ii, 361, 364.
Townshend, Charles: on the Hardwicke Act, i, 449, 451 n. 2, 452, 453, 455 n. 3, 456, 457.
Trent, Council of: declares marriage a sacrament, i. 326 n. 2, 329 n. 1, 333;
against secret marriage, 339;
decree of, 346 n. 2;
on publicity, 359, 360;
its decree not accepted in England, 376;
makes no essential change in the canon law of divorce, ii, 59, 60.
Treugelöbniss, i, 268.
Trumbull, B.: on divorces in Connecticut, ii, 358 n. 4.
Tryon, Governor: on the North Carolina marriage laws, ii, 256-59.
Tscheng-Ki-Tong: on divorce in China, i, 236 n. 4.
Tscherkese: betrothals among, i, 209.
Tualcha mura custom, i, 181 n. 3.
Tudor, Margaret: her matrimonial adventures, ii, 57, 58, notes.
Tupinambás, i, 105, 106, 144.
Turanian system of consanguinity, i, 68, 69.
Turner, L. M.: on the Innuit, i, 126 n. 1. 143 n. 1;
natives of Ungava District, 165 and n. 2.
Turner, Paul: on Nestor and on the law of Black George, i, 190 n. 1;
denies wife-purchase among the Slavs, 199 n. 8.
Tutelage of women among the Germans, i, 259 and n. 4;
weakened in the evolution of free marriage, 276-86.
Tyburn: clandestine marriages in, i, 443.
Tylor, E. B.: his On a Method, i, 6, 8 n. 2;
his Matriarchal Family, 37;
on headship of woman in the family, 45;
exogamy and the class-systems, 72 n. 5, 129;
Couvade, 112 n. 4;
exogamy, 121 and n. 3.
Tyndale, W.: on marriage of priests, i, 388 n. 4;
nature of matrimony, 393;
his casuistry regarding desertion, ii, 74.
Uaupés: intermarry with persons of other tribes, i, 128.
Uganda: bride-price in, i, 194.
Ulpian: on consensus, i, 292 n. 4.
Unfree: marriage of, i, 257, 276 n. 1.
(See Slave marriages.)
Ungava District, i, 105, 165 and n. 2.
Unger, J.: his Ehe characterized, i, 33;
his theory of gynocracy, 44;
on the bridal ring, 280 n. 3.
Uniform social progress: theories of, i, 8, 9.
Unitarian marriage bill, i, 461, 462.
Unyoros: divorce by symbolical act among, i, 241;
remarriage of divorced couple, 247 n. 2.
Urabunna: their form of marriage, i, 72 n. 6.
Urfamilie, of Hellwald, i, 58, 59.
Usher v. Troop (Throop), ii, 151 n. 3.
Usus, marriage by: how dissolved, ii, 15 n. 1;
weakened by senatus consultum, 15 n. 2.
Utah: marriage celebration in, ii, 464;
unauthorized solemnization, 468;
age of consent and of parental consent to marriage, 472, 473;
forbidden degrees, 473-75;
void and voidable marriages, 475-78;
miscegenation forbidden, 479;
polygamous marriages regulated, 476, 477;
license, 487, 488;
return, 489 and n. 3, 491;
divorce, iii, [131]-33;
remarriage, [148];
residence, [156];
notice, [158];
rejects common-law marriage, [181];
age of consent to carnal knowledge, [201];
divorce rate, [218] n. 3.
Vaîgneur v. Kirk, ii, 263, note, 416 n. 2;
iii, [77], [176] n. 1.
Valentine: on bundling, ii, 271, 272.
Vanderbosk, L.: solemnizes marriages in Boston, ii, 137 and n. 3.
Vannes, Council of: allows remarriage after divorce, ii, 39.
Van Voorhis v. Brintnall, iii, [145].
Veddahs, the Dravidian of Ceylon: monogamy among, i, 142 and n. 2;
no wife-purchase, 218;
no divorce, 228;
love checks divorce, 248.
Veil, the bridal, i, 295 and n. 3.
Vein to the heart, i, 306 and n. 2.
Venus, the Italian, i, 51.
Verberie, Synod of: on divorce, ii, 42-44.
Vermont: celebration of marriages in, ii, 393;
unauthorized celebration, 395;
age of parental consent to marriage, 396;
checks marriage of paupers, 400 and n. 7;
survival of optional system of banns or posting, 403 n. 1;
certificate and record, 404;
return, 405, 406;
collection and record of statistics, 408;
jurisdiction, kinds, and causes of divorce, iii, [15], [16];
remarriage, [21];
residence, [23], [24];
notice, [26], [27];
alimony, [29], [30];
rejects common-law marriage, [179];
age of consent to carnal knowledge, [198];
divorce rate, [209], [212] n. 1.
Vignoli, Tito: quoted, i, 99, 100.
Virginia, the colony: slave baptism in, ii, 221;
ecclesiastical marriage and lay administration, 228-34;
license, 234;
secret marriages, 235;
first wedding, 235, 236;
fornication, courtship, 236, 237;
marriage agreement, 237-39;
separate alimony, not divorce, granted, 368-71;
question of common-law marriage, iii, [171], [172].
—— the state: solemnization of marriage in, ii, 409-13;
unauthorized celebration, 425;
marriages of freedmen, 426;
age of consent and of parental consent, 428-30;
forbidden degrees, 433, 435;
void or voidable marriages, 435 n. 3, 436, 437, 438;
miscegenation forbidden, 439;
optional system of banns or license, 442, 443;
license, by whom issued, 446, 447;
return, 449, 450;
state registration, 452;
legislative divorce, iii, [35], [36];
judicial divorce, [50]-52;
remarriage, [79], [80];
residence, [84], [85];
process, [89];
alimony, [90], [92], [93];
courts silent as to common-law marriage, [181], 182;
age of consent to carnal knowledge, [200].
Void or voidable marriages: in England, ii, 92-102;
New England, 397-401;
southern and southwestern states, 435-41;
middle and western states, 475-79;
reform needed, iii, [194].
Wadium, i, 268.
Waitz, Georg: on mund, i, 260 n. 1.
Waitz, Theodor: on adultery among Micronesians, i, 106 and n. 4;
incest among New England Indians, 126 n. 1.
Wake, C. S.: on polyandry, i, 135;
subordinate wives, 144 n. 5;
causes of polygyny, 136 n. 3, 146 n. 6, 148 n. 3;
wife-purchase, 216 n. 2.
Wales: trevs or clan-households in, i, 129;
symbolical capture, 173.
Wallace, A. R.: on sexual selection, i, 204, 205.
Walpole, Horace: quoted, i, 448 n. 3;
on the Hardwicke Act, 449 n. 2, 457.
Walter, Archbishop: his canon against clandestine marriages, i, 314;
enforcement of banns, 360.
Walter, F.: on marriage, i, 265 nn. 1, 2;
nuptial ceremonies, 285 n. 4;
canon-law betrothal, 293 n. 1.
Wanton, William: marriage of, ii, 134 n. 5.
Ward, L. F.: cited, iii, [240] n. 4;
on woman's sexual subjection, [241], [242];
influence of higher ideal of love on marriage, [245] n. 1.
Washington: marriage celebration in, ii, 463, 464;
witnesses, 265;
unauthorized solemnization, 468;
definition, 470;
age of consent and of parental consent to marriage, 471-73;
forbidden degrees, 473-75;
void and voidable marriages, 475-78;
license, 488;
return, 489 and n. 3, 491;
marriage certificate, 492;
legislative divorce, iii, [98], [99];
judicial divorce, [135], [136];
remarriage, [148];
Willey v. Willey, [151];
residence, [156];
notice, [158];
intervention of prosecuting attorney, [159];
soliciting divorce business forbidden, [160];
rejects common-law marriage, [181];
age of consent to carnal knowledge, [201].
Watch-an-dies, Australian, i, 99.
Waters, R. E.: on parish records during the Commonwealth, i, 426;
marriage of Frances Cromwell, 429-31.
Wazaramo, African: their divorce by symbolical act, i, 240, 241.
Weeden, W. B.: on civil-marriage contract, ii, 132 n. 4;
quoted, 152, 153;
cited, 157 n. 2;
status of slaves in New England colonies, 215.
Weeks, S. B.: quoted, ii, 252, 254, 256 n. 1, 257, 259 n. 2.
Weinhold, Karl: cited, i, 258 n. 2;
on early German nuptials, 272 nn. 2, 4;
marriage of widows, 273 n. 1;
adultery among early Teutons, ii, 36 n. 1.
Weotuma, or bride-price, i, 259 and n. 3;
whether price of the mund, 260 and n. 1;
other terms for, 262, 263;
as provision for widow, 266, 267;
when paid, 273.
Wergeld: its relation to mund, i, 265.
West-Cambridge v. Lexington, iii, [18] and n. 1.
Westermarck, Edward: his use of "human marriage," i, 7, note;
accents psychological causes, 9 n. 3;
on peoples with descent in male line, 18;
paternal power among Greeks, Germans, and Celts, 28 n. 2;
use of term "matriarchate," 44 n. 1;
evidence of alleged promiscuity, 47, 48;
nomenclatures, 72;
origin of the family among lower animals, 92, 98, 99;
sexual instinct, 101;
defines marriage, 102;
female kinship, 111-13;
"beena" marriage, 115;
incest, forbidden degrees, and exogamy, 125-32;
origin of polyandry, 136-41;
causes determining sex of offspring, 138, 139;
methods of wife-purchase, 185;
marriage by service, 186 n. 3;
primitive liberty of sexual choice, 202;
sexual attraction, 203-7;
standards of beauty, 207 n. 5;
on the Padams, 217, 218;
wooing gifts, 221;
effects of property on divorce, 248;
conservative influence of wife-purchase, 249 n. 1.
West Goths: wife-purchase among, i, 264.
West Victoria: divorce in, i, 229, 230.
West Virginia: solemnization of marriage in, ii, 413;
unauthorized celebration, 425;
marriages of freedmen, 426;
age of consent and of parental consent, 428-30;
forbidden degrees, 433, 435;
void or voidable marriages, 435 n. 3, 436, 437, 438;
miscegenation forbidden, 439;
favors marriage, 441;
license system, 447;
return, 449, 450;
state registration, 452;
divorce, iii, [52], [53];
remarriage, [82];
residence, [85];
process, [89];
alimony, [93];
rejects common-law marriage, [180];
age of consent to carnal knowledge, [200].
Wette or wed: the formal contract, i, 268, 271;
derivation, and of kindred terms, 274 n. 4;
in self-betrothal, 278.
Wharton, W.: self-marriage of, ii, 289, 290.
Wheaton, Christopher and Martha: case of, ii, 190, 191.

Whitforde, Richard: on secret contracts, i, 350.
Whitefield, George: and the "great awakening," ii, 197.
Whitgift, Archbishop: defends English marriage ritual, i, 301 n. 3;
his controversy with Cartwright, 410-12;
defends the divorce jurisdiction of the spiritual courts, ii, 81;
presides in the council at Lambeth, 82 and n. 2.
Whitney, H. C.: cited, iii, [208] n. 2.
Whitmore, H. J.: quoted, iii, [146].
Whitmore, W. H.: on divorce in Massachusetts colony, ii, 331 and n. 4, 332;
on the Freeman case, 338 n. 4.
Widow-men: among the Chambioás, i, 109 and n. 1.
Widow-sacrifice: i, 107 n. 1.
Widows: their nuptials among early Germans, i, 273 n. 1;
first to be emancipated from tutor's control, 277;
hand covered at second nuptials, 305 and n. 3.
Wife-capture, 1, 55, 56-58;
origin according to Morgan, 69;
McLennan's theory, 84, 85, 87 and n. 2, 117;
Spencer on, 117-20, 176 n. 1;
Lubbock on, 120;
and the symbol of rape, 156-79;
existing with wife-purchase, 179-84;
its significance exaggerated, 158, 162, 163, 184;
examples of actual, 158-62;
the symbol of rape, 163-80;
its coexistence with wife-purchase, 180-84;
implies economic progress, 201;
among the Germans, 258.
Wife-lending, i, 49, 50 n. 1, 52;
regulated in Australia, 53 n. 3, 71.
Wife-pawning and mortgaging, i, 194 and n. 3.
Wife-purchase, i, 55, 56-58;
its origin according to Morgan, 69;
place in the evolution of forms of marriage and the family, 55-65, 179;
at dawn of Teutonic history, 156;
place of, in the rise of the marriage contract, 179-201;
whether a universal phase of evolution, 179, 180;
coexistence with wife-capture, 180-84;
extent of the custom, 184, 185;
by exchange, 185, 186;
by service, 186-89;
for a price, 189-201;
implies economic advancement, 201, 202;
coexistent with free marriage, 210-20;
not found among some low tribes, 217, 218;
significance of gifts, 218, 219;
checks divorce, 249 and n. 1;
its existence among the Old English and early Germans, 253-86.
Wilda, W. E.: on adultery among early Germans, ii, 35.
Wilken, G. A.: on Arabian marriages, i, 17 and n. 3.
Willard, Frances E.: leader of crusade against age-of-consent laws, iii, [196].
Willcox, Walter F.: cited, iii, [206] n. 2;
on the divorce rate in United States and Europe, [210] and n. 5, [211];
marriage and divorce rates fall in hard times, [215];
influence of legislation on the divorce rate, [216]-18;
uniform laws of Switzerland, [222] n. 3.
Willey v. Willey, iii, [151].
William the Conqueror: his separation of lay and ecclesiastical jurisdictions, Cartwright on, i, 411, 412.
Willis and Bowne: their petition, ii, 292, 293.
Windsor: regulates single men, ii, 152, 153.
Winslow, Edward: imprisoned in the Fleet for solemnizing marriage, ii, 131, 132.
Winsor, Justin: cited, i, 9 n. 1.
Winthrop, Governor John: his testimony as to civil marriage, ii, 127;
reason for not at first requiring it by statute, 132 n. 5;
on the law of adultery, 170 n. 1;
pre-contract, 179 n. 2;
Bellingham's marriage, 210, 211.
Winthrop, Widow: courted by Sewall, ii, 205, 207, 208.
Wintun, i, 146 n. 1, 217.
Wisconsin: marriage celebration in, ii, 462, 463, 265;
witnesses, 265;
unauthorized solemnization, 468;
definition, 471;
age of consent and of parental consent to marriage, 472, 473;
forbidden degrees, 473-75;
void and voidable marriages, 475-78;
license, 487, 488;
return, 489 and n. 3, 492;
celebrant's record and marriage certificate, 492;
state registration, 494, 495;
divorce, iii, [122]-24;
remarriage, [149];
residence, [155];
notice, [158];
common-law marriage, [177];
age of consent to carnal knowledge, [203];
divorce rate, [210].
Withington, C. F.: on consanguine marriages, i, 130 n. 2.
Witnesses at marriage celebration: under law of 1653, i, 426;
required by the Hardwicke Act, 458;
under present English law, 471, 473.
—— in the American colonies: Maryland, ii, 241;
South Carolina, 260;
New Jersey, 310;
Pennsylvania, 318.
—— in the states, Rhode Island, ii, 394;
southern and southwestern, 423;
middle and western, 465, 466;
summary of laws, iii, [190].
Wittenberg consistory: as a model, ii, 70 n. 4.
Witthum, or bride-price, i, 259.
Wives by exchange, i, 185, 186;
by service, 186-89.
Wollstonecraft, Mary: her writings, iii, [237], [238].
Woman: her alleged status under mother-right or matriarchy, i, 40-46;
raised by a share in economic functions, 63;
functions of, in sexual selection, 202, 206, 207;
her liberty of choice in marriage, 208, 210;
effect of a share in labor, 211 and n. 4;
tutelage of, among early Germans, 259 n. 4.
—— her treatment as to divorce, at Athens, ii, 12 and n. 3;
among Hebrews, 12, 13, 20 n. 3;
by the Roman law, 14-19, 32;
according to scriptural teaching, 20;
views of the early Fathers, 24-26;
Augustine's view, 27;
that of Basil and others, 28;
Constantine's legislation, 30;
that of Theodosius II., 31, 32;
under early German law, 34-37;
her equality according to Christian principle, 37;
under Æthelberht, 39;
Council of Soissons, 42;
synods of Verberie and Compiègne, 42-44;
penitentials, 45, 46;
mature canon law, 53;
at the Reformation, 62, 65, 66;
English Reformers, 73;
Hooper, 74;
Bucer, 75, 76;
Reformatio legum, 79;
Milton, 86, 88-92;
under parliamentary divorce, 105, 106;
present English law, 110, 111, 114-17.
—— her liberation involves the destiny of the family, iii, [235];
early literature regarding, [236] and nn. 1, 2, 3, [237]-39, notes;
effect of her new activities, [239]-41;
of higher education, [242];
does educated woman shun maternity, [243]-45;
effects of coeducation, [246];
of political and economic equality, [246]-50;
how involved in the divorce problem, [250]-53.
Women: may celebrate marriages in Maine, ii, 393.
Wood's case, ii, 384 and n. 2, 385.
Wood, Thomas D.: on the family life of the future, iii, [258], [259].
Wooer: the male as, i, 202-7;
opportunity for free wooing under wife-purchase, 212.
Wooing gifts, i, 218, 219.
Woolsey, T. D.: on attempted divorce of Hipparete, ii, 12 n. 3;
porneia, 20 n. 1;
Jewish law of divorce, 20 n. 3;
Paul's teaching regarding divorce, 21 n. 2;
Hermas's views on divorce, 28 and n. 1;
divorce by mutual consent under Christian emperors, 29, 30;
Constantine's divorce law, 31;
that of Theodosius II., 31, 32;
adultery under Christian emperors, 32 n. 4;
Luther's use of "desertion," 63 n. 1;
Zurich ordinance of 1525, 64, 65;
Luther's penalty for adultery, 67;
Foljambe's case, 82 n. 2;
voidable marriages, 94, 95;
legislative divorce in the New England colonies, ii, 349 n. 2.
Wotjäken: proof-marriages among, i, 49 and n. 2;
wife-lending among, 49, 50;
prostitution of girls, 49 n. 1.
Wren, Bishop: his orders regarding the marriage celebration, i, 417 and n. 3.
Wright, Carroll D.: his report on marriage and divorce, iii, [205], [209], [210];
quoted on migration for divorce, [206];
judicial administration of divorce laws, [207];
influence of legislation, [218];
late marriages, [243];
moral character of divorce, [252], [253].
Wright's case, ii, 191 n. 2.
Wundt, W.: cited, i, 98.
Würtemberg: ordinance of, ii, 68.
Wyandots: position of woman among, i, 45;
polyandry prohibited among, 143 n. 1.
Wyatt, Walter: the Fleet parson, i, 442 n. 1.
Wyoming: marriage celebration in, ii, 464;
witnesses, 465;
unauthorized solemnization, 468;
definition, 470;
age of consent and of parental consent to marriage, 472, 473;
forbidden degrees, 473-75;
void and voidable marriages, 475-78;
license, 487, 488;
return, 489 and n. 3, 491;
marriage certificate, 492;
divorce, iii, [130], [131];
remarriage, [148];
residence, [157];
notice, [158];
courts silent as to common-law marriage, [182];
age of consent to carnal knowledge, [201].
Yaméos: avoid marriage with persons of same community, i, 128.
Young, Ernest: denies patria potestas, among Germans, i, 260, note.
York: its marriage ritual, i, 284, 301, 303-8, 311.
Yucatan: pueblos in, i, 129;
marriage by service, 186;
husband's sole right of divorce, 231.
Yurok, of California: husband's sole right of divorce among, i, 231.
Zara: effects of divorce in, i, 242.
Zeitehen, i, 49 and n. 3, 235 n. 1.
Zimmer, H.: on Hindu wife-purchase, i, 197, 198 n. 1.
Zoepfl, H.: on Tacitus's account of the betrothal, 262 n. 2;
canon-law betrothal, 293 n. 1;
divorce among the early Germans, ii, 34 n. 1.
Zulus: bride-price among, i, 193, 194;
love a check to divorce, 248.
Zwingli, Ulrich: his liberal views on divorce, ii, 64.

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