The other grounds of divorce allowed by the imperial statute are adultery, attempt on the life of either spouse by the other, malicious desertion, and insanity (Geisteskrankheit) of three years' standing. Divorce for malicious desertion is decreed only after a preliminary suit for the re-establishment of marital relations and a year's delay to allow the deserter to return to conjugal duty: Reichsgesetzbuch, Tit. 7, § 1567.
[780] The uniform divorce law for the Swiss cantons, which went into effect in 1876, has not tended to produce a uniform rate. In 1885, for instance, Appenzell, Outer Rhodes, "has forty-nine times as much divorce as Unterwalden o. d. W., while with all the divergences of law in this country the differences of rate are much less."—Willcox, The Divorce Problem, 59, giving a table of the decrees granted in the twenty-six cantons, 1876-85; compiled from Die Bewegung der Bevölkerung in der Schweiz im Jahre 1885 (Beilage I).
[781] Dike, "Uniform Marriage and Divorce Laws," Arena, II, 399-408, gives a valuable discussion of the two methods of procedure. See also Bennett, "National Divorce Legislation," Forum, II, 429-38; Stewart, "Our Mar. and Div. Laws," Pop. Sci. Monthly, XXIII, 232, 233; and Jameson, "Divorce," North Am. Rev., CXXXVI, 325, all favoring a constitutional amendment; also North, "Uniform Mar. and Div. Laws," ibid., CXLIV, 429-31; Lloyd, Law of Divorce, 269 ff.; Johnson, Remarks upon Uniformity of State Legislation; Snyder, Problem of Uniform Legislation, 3 ff., favoring state action. In his Geography of Marriage, 182 ff., Snyder favors concert of action among the states and a prohibitory amendment restricting or defining the maximum number of causes for divorce which a state might sanction. See also the articles by Stanwood and Stanton mentioned in the Bibliographical Index, IV; and consult the Reports of the Conferences of the State Boards of Commissioners for Promoting Uniformity of Legislation in the U. S.
[782] See Reports of the Nat. League for the Protection of the Family (1900), 7; (1901), 8.
[783] Peabody, "The Teaching of Jesus Concerning the Family," in his Jesus Christ and the Social Question, 129 ff.; Dike, "Problems of the Family," Century, XXXIX, 392, 393; idem, Some Aspects of the Divorce Question, 177 ff.; idem, Perils of the Family; Mulford, The Nation, 276-83; Bushnell, "The Organic Unity of the Family," in his Christian Nurture, 90-122; Henderson, Social Elements, 71 ff.; Allen, "Divorces in New England," North Am. Rev., CXXX, 559 ff.; Potter, "The Message of Christ to the Family," in his Message of Christ to Manhood; Salter, The Future of the Family; Mathews, "The Family," Am. Journal of Sociology, I, 457-72; Pearson, "The Decline of the Family," in his National Life and Character, 227 ff.; and the reply of Muirhead, "Is the Family Declining?" Int. Jour, of Ethics, Oct., 1896, 33 ff.; Ross, Social Control, 405, 433. The ablest appreciation of the value of individualism is that of Mill, On Liberty (2d ed.), 100 ff.
[784] Commons, "The Family," in his "Sociological View of Sovereignty," in Am. Jour. of Sociology, V, 683 ff., 688, 689. On the future of the family compare Spencer, Principles of Sociology, I, 737 ff., 788; Letourneau, L'évolution du mariage, 444 ff.; Pearson, "The Decline of the Family," in his National Life and Character, 255, 256; Muirhead, "Is the Family Declining?" Int. Jour. of Ethics, Oct., 1896, 53-55; Tillier, Le mariage, 283 ff., 316.
[785] Cf. Peabody, Jesus Christ and the Social Question, 162-79; Muirhead, Is the Family Declining? 35.
[786] In the great centers of Germany, we are assured, the family of the blood-kindred has yielded to the family composed of kindred and strangers. For lack of space in the closely packed districts people are forced to live almost in common: Göhre, Drei Monate Fabrikarbeiter, 12 ff., 37 ff. Cf. Bebel, Die Frau und der Sozialismus, 123, 124; and Rade, Die sittlich-religiöse Gedankenwelt unserer Industriearbeiter, 117 ff.; Stewart, Disintegration of the Families of the Workingmen; Henderson, Social Elements, 73.
[787] Peabody, op. cit., 140.
[788] See Engels, Der Ursprung der Familie, 4 ff.; and his follower, Bebel, Die Frau und der Sozialismus, 1 ff., 93 ff.