The Literature of the Old Testament

by George Foot Moore

Kent, C. F. The Student's Old Testament. 1904-1910.—I. Narratives of the Beginnings of Hebrew History, 1904; II. Israel's Historical and Biographical Narratives, 1905; III. The Sermons, Epistles, and Apocalypses of Israel's Prophets, 1910; IV. Israel's Law and Legal Precedents, 1907. (Two volumes on the Poetical Books will complete the series.) The sources of the Pentateuch and the Historical Books are separated, and where the narratives are parallel they are printed in parallel columns with headings indicating their origin. The analysis is also set out in tabular form, and maps and chronological charts are added. The oracles of the prophets are arranged, so far as possible, in chronological order, additions and interpolations being set in smaller type. The author is an experienced teacher and book-maker, and has a fine talent for exposition.

Carpenter, J. Estlin, and Harford-Battersby, G. The Hexateuch according to the Revised Version. 2 vols. 1900.—The first volume (separately reprinted, 1902) contains an excellent history of criticism, and develops fully and very clearly the evidence for the prevailing theory concerning the sources and composition of the Hexateuch. Tabular appendices exhibit the linguistic evidence in a form which makes it available, as far as possible, to the reader who does not know Hebrew; they also give a synopsis of the laws and institutions, and an analysis and conspectus of the several codes. The second volume presents in the text of the Revised Version the analysis of the Pentateuch and Joshua in an extremely ingenious typographical scheme.

The articles on the Books of the Old Testament, from Genesis to Judges inclusive, in the Encyclopaedia Biblica, by the author of the present volume, may be referred to for a fuller statement of the reasons for his views and a more detailed analysis. The article "Historical Literature" in the same Encyclopaedia gives a comprehensive survey of the Hebrew historiography from its beginnings down to the time of Josephus. The article on "Prophecy and Prophets" in Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible, by A. B. Davidson, though not dealing primarily with critical questions, may be strongly commended, and the article on "Psalms," by W. T. Davison, in the same volume, is good. An excellent article on "Proverbs" in the Encyclopaedia Biblica should also be mentioned.

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INDEX

Abomination, Dan. 8, [186]
Acrostics, [229] f.
Alexander and successors in Dan., [185] f.
Allegory, in Song of Songs, [247]
Amos, Book, [196] ff.
Annals, royal and temple, [100]
Antiochus Epiphanes, [186], [187] f.
Apocalypses, character of, [188]
—age, how determined, [188]
Apocrypha, older use of the name, [18]
—Jerome, [17] f.
—Luther, [21] f.
—See Canon
Aramaic, in Ezra, [130]
—in Daniel, [189] f.
Asa, king, [123]
Assyria, Greek kingdom (Syria), [155], [215]
Astruc, analysis of Genesis, [32]
Athanasius, [16]
Augustine, [19] f.
Baal, Tyrian, [111]
Baals and Astartes, [83], [192]
Babylon, destruction, prophesied, [152]
—taken by Cyrus, [153]
Babylonian myths in Genesis, [43] f.
Baruch, scribe of Jeremiah, [166] f., [168]
Bible, Jewish, see Old Testament
Calvin, on Maccabæan Psalms, [226]
Canaan, conquest, in Jos., [77] f., [88] f.
Canon, Jewish, formation of, [11]
—of Greek-speaking Jews, [13]
—Jewish, in Church Fathers, [14] ff.
—of Greek Church, [13] ff.
—Latin Church, [17] ff.
—Syrian churches, [20]
—in the Middle Ages, [20]
—the Reformation, [21]
—Reformed churches, [22]
—Council of Trent, [23]
—See also Apocrypha
Chaldæans, in Hab., [205]
—in Dan., [189]
Cherubim car, [178]
Chron.—Ezra—Neh., one book, [118]
Chronicles, Book, [118] ff.
—sources, [124] f.
—genealogies, [119]
—historical value, [124]
Chronology in Judg., [82]
—in Kings, [101]
Commandments, Ten, [49] f.
Criticism, historical, [25] f.
—of Pentateuch, [31] ff.
Cyrus, edict of, [128]
—deliverer, messiah, [160]
Daniel, Book, [180] ff.
—two languages in, [189]
—Nebuchadnezzar's dream, [183] f.
—the four beasts, c. 7, [184] f.
—ram and he-goat, c. 8, [185]
—Seleucids and Ptolemies, c. 11, [187] f.
—age of the book, [188]
Darius Hystaspis, [209] f.
David, history, [96] f., [109]
—Psalms of, [223]
Day of the Lord, in Zeph., [207]
—in Joel, [195]
—in Mal., [217] f.
Deborah, Song of, [89]
Decalogue, [49] f.
Deluge, Babylonian myth, [43] f.
Deuterocanonic Books, [24]
D (Deuteronomy, Deuteronomist), [35], [84]
Deuteronomists, historians, [84]
—See also Jos., Judg., Kings
Deuteronomy, [58] ff.
—programme of a reform, [62]
—age of the book, [64] f.
Dragon of the sea, [156]
E (Elohist), [35]
—characteristics, [39] ff.
—origin, [41]
—age, [67] f.
—Horeb constitution in, [50]
—in Jos. 1-12, [75] ff.
—in Judg., [86]
Ecclesiastes, Book, [243] ff.
Ecclesiastes, interpolations, [246] f.
—age, [246]
—inspiration, [8] ff., [245]
Ecclesiastical Books, [17], [24]
Ecclesiasticus, in the Church, [15] f.
Eden, Garden in, [43]
Eden, Prince of Tyre in, [177]
Edom, prophecies against, [158] f., [177], [197], [199]
—Obad., [200]
Egypt, Ezekiel's prophecy, [177]
Eli, a judge, [90]
Elihu, in Job, [240] f.
Elijah, [110] f., [145]
Elisha, [112] f.
Esther, Book, [135] ff.
—mythical interpretation, [137]
—age, [138], [139] f.
—inspiration, [8], [138]
—additions in Greek, [138]
Exile, theory of the return, [122]
Exodus, Book, [47] f.
Ezekiel, Book, [174] ff.
—against foreign nations (cc. 25-32), [176] f.
—state of the text, [180]
Ezra, [129] ff.
—Priests' Code, [56] f.
—two languages in, [130]
Ezra and Neh., sequel of Chron., [118]
—contents, [128] ff.
—sources, [131] f.
—historical value, [133]
—derangement, [132] (cf. 128-131)
Fast, the true, [212]
Feasts, agricultural, [69]
Fool, in Proverbs, [232] f.
Foreign nations, oracles against, [142], [152] ff., [158] f., [171] f., [176] ff., [195], [197], [200], [204] f., [206], [214] f.
Genesis, Book, [33] ff.
Gerizim, temple on, [121]
God, national idea, [146]
—moral idea, [145]
—in J, [37] f.
—in E, [39] f.
—in P, [47]
—in Amos, [198] f.
—in Hosea, [193], [199]
—in Deuteronomy, [59] f.
—in Isaiah 40-66, [161]
Gog and his hordes, [178], [200]
—echo in Zech., [214]
Golden age, prophecies of, [151], [157], [158], [169] ff., [176], [179], [193], [198] f., [213] f.
Golden calves, [104]
Gospels, inspiration of, [10]
Greek versions of O. T., [11]
Greeks, kingdom doomed, [215]
Habakkuk, Book, [205] ff.
Hadrach, [215]
Haggai, Book, [209]
Heavenly bodies, judgment on, [156]
Hezekiah, king, [114] f.
High places, [65] f., [95], [103], [117]
—untouched by good kings, [107]
—Hezekiah's measures, [114] f.
—Josiah, [61] f., [116]
Historical literature, [98] ff.
—oldest, [99] cf. 96 f.
History, religious lessons, [104]
Holiness, Law of, Lev. 17-26, [54] f.
Horeb, Mount of God, [48]
Hosea, Book, [190] ff.
Idolatry, satire on, [161]
Idols, see Golden Calves, Serpent
Immortality, denied in Eccles., [244]
Inspiration, cessation of, [10]
—of Eccles. and Cant., [8] ff.
—of Gospels, [10]
Isaiah, prophet, [115], [147]
—genius of, [150]
—earlier utterances, [150]
—rejection of sacrifice, [151]
Isaiah, Book, [147] ff.
—main divisions, [147] f.
—cc. 1-12, [149] f.
—cc. 13-23, [152] ff.
—cc. 24-27, [156] f.
—cc. 28-33, [157] f.
—cc. 34-35, [158] f.
—cc. 36-39, [147]
—cc. 40-66, [159] ff.
J and E, characteristics of, [35] ff.
—in Gen., common tradition, [40] f.
—diversity of tradition, [70]
—combined in one book (J E), [71]
—in Jos., [78]
—in Judg., [85]
J (Jahvist), [35]
J, literary quality, [36]
—in Gen. 1-11, two strands, [41] f.
—anthropomorphism, [37] f., [42]
—religious element, [37] ff.
—origin, [41]
—age, [67] f.
—fundamental law in, [50] f.
—in Jos., [74] ff.
—in Judg., [86]
—in Sam., [99]
Jehoash, king of Israel, [113]
Jehoiakim, king, [165]
Jehu, king, [112], [118]
Jeremiah, prophet, [164]
—his hard lot, [171] f.
—"confessions," [172]
—not author of Lam., [230]
Jeremiah, Book, [164] ff.
—later additions, [168] f., [171], [173]
—Hebrew and Greek texts, [172] f.
Jericho, taking of, [75] f.
Jeroboam I., [104], [108]
Jeroboam II., [114]
Jerome, [17], [18]
Jerusalem, two sieges, [117] f., [174]
—in Chron., [121]
Joash, king of Judah, [113]
Job, mention of in Ezek., [241]
Job, Book, [235] ff.
—prologue and epilogue, [241]
—structure of the poem, [236] f.
—purpose of author, [239] f.
—age, [242] f.
—later additions, [240] ff.
Joel, Book, [194] ff.
Jonah, Book, [140] ff.
Joshua, Book, [73] ff.
Josiah, king, [116]
—his reforms, [62]
—reaction, [103] f.
Judas Maccabæus, [187]
Judges, Book, [81] ff.
—stories of deliverance, [84] ff.
—interpretation of history, [81], [83]
—original close of the Book, [91]
Judgment, last, in Isa. 24-27, [156] f.
Julius Africanus, [15]
Kadesh, [70]
Kingdom, founding, two accounts, [92]
—division of, [108]
Kings, Books, [100] ff.
—2 Kings 18-20 = Isa. 36-39, [114]
Koheleth, the name, [243]
Lamentations, Book, [229] ff.
Latin Bible, [17]
Laws, given at Sinai, [49]
—Ezra's, ratification of, [130]
Legends, rise of, [98]
Leviathan, [156]
Levites, choice of, in Num., [55] f.
—in Chron., [123]
Leviticus, Book, [52] ff.
Little Horn, Dan. 8, [185]
Love, principle of religion in Hos., [192] f.
Malachi, Book, [215] f.
Manasseh, king, his sins, [104]
Medes, [152]
Merodach Baladan, [116], [153]
Messianic prophecy, see Golden Age
Micah, Book, [201] ff.
Micaiah ben Imlah, [112], [145]
Midrash, of Kings, [124], [127]
Minor Prophets, [190] ff.
Mixed marriages, [129], [130], [217]
Myths, Babylonian, in Gen., [177] f.
Moloch, [104]
Monotheism, in Deut., [59]
—in Isa. 40-66, [161]
Naboth's vineyard, [111]
Nahum, Book, [204] f.
Nehemiah, mission to Jerusalem, [129] f.
—Memoirs, [129], [131], [183]
—Book, [118], [128] ff.
New Year, [48]
Nineveh, prophecy against, Zeph., [208]
—Nah., [204] f.
Numbers, Book, [55] ff.
Obadiah, Book, [200]
Old Testament, the name, [7]
—Jewish, divisions, [8]
—order of books, [8]
—sacred scriptures, [25]
—a national literature, [26] ff.
—literary quality, [28] f.
Omri, king, [109] f.
Origen, [16]
P (Priestly authors), [35] f.
—Origins of Religious Institutions, [44] f.
—in Gen., contents, [45] ff.
—diction and style, [46]
—conception of God, [47]
—the revelation at Sinai, [51]
—age of the laws in, [66] f.
—age and origin of P, [56] f., [65] f.
—united with J E D, [72]
—in Jos., [78]
Passover, [48]
Patriarchs, in J and E, [35] ff.
Pentateuch, [29] ff.
—the law of Moses, [31]
—names of the books, [29]
—contents, [29]-31
—beginnings of criticism, [32] ff.
—main sources, [33] ff.
—method of the author, [72] f.
—composition, [65] ff.
—age of, as a whole, [72] f.
—See under the several Books, also, J, E, D, P.
Peoples of the land, [122]
Porphyry, [187]
Priesthood, in Chron., [121], [122] f.
Priests' Code, [56] f., [130], [134]
Priests and levites, cities, in Jos., [78]
Priests, invective in Mal., [216]
Primeval History, sources, [41]
—ultimate sources, [42] f.
Prophets, Former and Latter, [8]
—in old Israel, [144] f.
—societies, or orders of, [145] f.
—popular, [202] f.
—bad repute of, [196], [214]
—ninth century, [110] ff.
—eighth century, [146] f., [190], [199]
Proverbs, Book, [231] ff.
Providence, scepticism in Eccles., [243], [244]
Psalms, Book, [218] ff.
—older hymn books, [220]
—liturgical and devotional use, [218] f.
—titles, [219]
—Elohistic book (Ps. 42-82), [220], [224]
—Davidic, [223], [224], [225], [226]
—Asaphite and Korahite, [221], [224]
—Songs of Ascents, Hallels, [222]
—Maccabæan, [226] f.
—age of the Book, [223] ff.
—religious conceptions, [227] f.
Purim, [139]
Religion, idea of, in Hos., [191] f.
—in Deut., [59]
—in Mic., [203]
—in Isa. 40-66, [161] f.
—in Proverbs, [232]
—true, among the heathen, [216]
Restoration, in Ezek., [179]
—in Isa., [148] ff.
—See Golden Age
Retribution, orthodoxy of Job's friends, [237]
Ruth, Book, [139] ff.
Sacrifice, patriarchal, [51] f.
—ritual laws, in Lev. 1-7, [52]
—prophetic rejection, [151] f., [198]
Samaria, Omri's new capital, [110]
—fall of, [114]
Samaritan sect, in Jewish eyes, [122]
Samuel, last of the judges, [90] f.
Samuel, Books, [91] ff.
Sanballat, [130]
"Scriptures," class of sacred books, [8]
—disputed, [9]
Scythians, [170] f., [207]
Seers, [144]
Sennacherib, siege of Jerusalem, [115]
Septuagint, see Greek Version
Serpent, idol, in temple, [114] f.
Servant of Jehovah, in Isa., 40 ff., [164]
Sheol, imagery, [152], [156], [177] f.
Shishak, invasion by, [109]
Siloam tunnel, [116]
Sinai, [48]
Sirach, Book, see Ecclesiasticus
Scepticism, [217]
Solomon, [97]
—character of his reign, [100]
—his wealth and wisdom, [105]
—reputation for wisdom, [234]
—Proverbs ascribed to, [234] f.
—Eccles. ascribed to, [243]
—Psalms ascribed to, [223] f.
Song of Deborah, [89]
Song of Songs, [246] ff.
—allegorized, [247]
—age, [249]
—inspiration, [8], [247]
Story books, Jewish, [134] ff.
Suffering of the good, in Job, [237] ff.
Susanna and the Elders, [15], [189].
Symbolical actions in Ezek., [178]
Syria ("Assyria"), [155], [215]
Syriac Bible, contents of O. T., [20]
Syrian wars, [110]
Tabernacle, in P, [51]
Temple, dedication of, [106]
—abode of Jehovah, [103]
—no protection to the city, [166]
—rebuilding of, [209]
Theodicy, in Job, [237] ff., [242]
Tyre, prophecy against, Ezek., [176]
Uncanonical books, Hebrew and Greek, [12]
—See also Apocrypha
Valley of dry bones, [179]
Visions, in prophets, [149], [178], [183] ff., [197], [211]
Wedding songs, [248]
Wisdom, in Proverbs, [232]
—personified, [233]
—divine, in Job 28, [241] f.
Worship, prophetic attitude, [151] f.
—See Sacrifice
Zechariah, Book, [211] ff.
Zech., 9-11, 12-14, age, [214], [215]
Zedekiah, king, [175] f.
Zephaniah, Book, [207] ff.
Zerubbabel, Messianic hopes, [210] f.

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