Elementary Botany

by George Francis Atkinson

The gourd family (Cucurbitaceæ) includes the pumpkin, squash, melon, and a few feral species. Example, the star-cucumber (Sicyos angulatus), in moist places in eastern and middle United States.

The bell-flower family (Campanulaceæ) includes the hare-bells or bell-flowers (Campanula), the lobelias (example, Lobelia cardinalis, the cardinal-flower), etc.

The chicory family (Cichoriaceæ) includes the chicory or succory (Cichorium intybus, known also as blue-sailors), the oyster-plant or salsify (Tragopogon porrifolius), the dandelion (Taraxacum taraxacum = T. densleonis), the lettuce (Lactuca), the hawkweed (Hieraceum), and others.

The ragweed family (Ambrosiaceæ) includes the ragweeds (Ambrosia), the cockle-bur (Xanthium), and others.

The thistle family (Compositæ) includes the thistle (Carduus), asters (Aster), goldenrods (Solidago), sunflowers (Helianthus), eupatoriums or joepye-weeds, thoroughworts (Eupatorium), cone-flowers or black-eyed Susans (Rudbeckia), tickseed (Coreopsis), bur-marigold or beggar-ticks or devil’s-bootjack (Bidens), chrysanthemums, etc.

---

[INDEX.]

• Absorption, [13], [22-28]
• Aceraceæ, [497]
• Acorn, [451]
• Acorus, [493]
• Æcidiomycetes, [218]
• Æcidiospore, [189]
• Æsculus hippocastanum, [498]
• Agaricaceæ, [199], [219]
• Agaricus arvensis, [206]
• Agaricus campestris, [200-207]
• Akene, [451]
• Albumen, [98]
• Albuminous, [98], [108]
• Alder, [495]
• Algæ, [136-176]
• Algæ, absorption by, [22]
• Alismaceæ, [493]
• Alpine formation, [474]
• Alpine plant societies, [483]
• Amanita phalloides, [207], [208]
• Amaranth, [495]
• Amaryllidaceæ, [494]
• Aments, [429]
• American mistletoe, [495]
• Ampelopsis, [498]
• Ancylistales, [215]
• Andreales, [249]
• Andrœcium, [319], [419]
• Anemophilous, [435]
• Angiosperms, morphology of, [318-348];
• classification, [487]
• Antheridiophore, [227]
• Antheridium, [144], [149], [155], [176], [223], [228],
• [240], [245], [246], [266], [287], [433]
• Anthesis, [429]
• Anthoceros, [240], [241]
• Anthocerotales, [242]
• Anthocerotes, [242]
• Apogamy, [346]
• Apogeotropic (ap″o-ge″o-trop´ic), [126]
• Apogeotropism (ap″o-ge-ot′ro-pism), [126]
• Apple, [456], [497]
• Apple family, [497]
• Aquatic formations, [475]
• Aquatic plant societies, [486]
• Araceæ, [493]
• Archegonia (ar-che-go′ni-a), [223], [229], [233], [241], [244-246],
• [267], [288], [291], [307], [308]
• Archegoniophore, [229]
• Archegonium, [433]
• Archesporium (ar″che-spo´ri-um), [235]
• Archidiales, [249]
• Arctic formation, [481]
• Aril, [457]
• Arisæma, [493]
• Arisæma triphyllum, [442], [443]
• Aristolochiales, [495]
• Arrow leaf, [492]
• Arum family, [493]
• Asclepias, [500]
• Asclepias cornuti, [462]
• Ascomycetes (as-co-my-ce′tes), [195-198], [216-218]
• Ascus, [190], [213]
• Ash of plants, [79], [80]
• Ash tree, [500]
• Aspidium acrostichoides, [253], [257]
• Assimilation, [67], [109]
• Aster, [502]
• Atriplex, [495]
• Auriculariales, [218]
• Autotrophic plants, [85]
• Azalea, [499]
• Azolla, [296]
• Bacteria, [164], [165]
• Bacteria, nitrite and nitrate, [83]
• Bacteriales, [164], [165]
• Bacteroid, [93]
• Bangiales, [175]
• Basidiomycetes (ba-sid″i-o-my-ce′tes), [199-208], [218]
• Basidium, [201], [213]
• Bast, [50-52]
• Batrachospermum, [171-173], [175]
• Bazzania, [25]
• Beard-grasses, [480]
• Bedstraws, [501]
• Beechnut, [452]
• Beet, osmose in, [15], [16], [17], [18]
• Begonia, [407]
• Bellflower, [501]
• Berry, [454], [455], [456]
• Betulaceæ, [495]
• Bicuculla, [496]
• Bidens, [458]
• Bignonia, [501]
• Bilberries, [500]
• Biotic factors, [466]
• Birch, [495]
• Bird’s-nest fungi, [220]
• Blackberry, [454]
• Black fungi, [198]
• Bladderwort, [501]
• Blasia, [164], [236]
• Bloodroot, [496]
• Bluets, [436], [437], [501]
• Boletus, [209]
• Boletus edulis, [209]
• Boraginaceæ, [500]
• Botrychium, [295]
• Botrydiaceæ, [162]
• Botrydium granulatum, [146], [162]
• Broom-sedge, [480]
• Brown algæ, [167-170]
• Bryales, [349]
• Buckeye family, [498]
• Buckthorn, [498]
• Buckwheat, [495]
• Buds, winter condition of, [374-377]
• Buffalo-grass, [480]
• Bug seed, [495]
• Bulb, [372]
• Bunch-grasses, [480]
• Butternut, [452], [494]
• Buttonbush, [501]
• Buttonwood, [497]
• Cacti, [395], [498]
• Callithamnion, [173]
• Calyptrogen, [361]
• Cambium, [50], [52], [358], [363]
• Campanula rotundifolia, [442], [444], [510]
• Campanulales, [501]
• Canna, [445-449], [494]
• Capsella bursa-pastoris, [496]
• Capsule, [453]
• Carbohydrate, [71], [75], [80], [90]
• Carbon dioxide, [62-67], [110-113]
• Cardinal-flower, [501]
• Carpogonium, [172], [176]
• Carrot family, [499]
• Caryophyllaceæ, [496]
• Caryopsis, [451]
• Cassia marilandica, [402]
• Cassiope, [395]
• Castalia odorata, [496]
• Castor-oil plant, [497]
• Catalpa, [501]
• Catkin, [428]
• Cattail-flag, [492]
• Caulidium, [371]
• Cedar apples, [194]
• Cell, [3];
• artificial [20]
• Cell-sap, [3], [40]
• Ceratopteris thalictroides, [296]
• Chætophora, [151], [162]
• Chætophoraceæ, [162]
• Chara, [176]
• Charales, [176]
• Chemical condition of soil, [466]
• Chemosynthetic assimilation, [109]
• Chenopodiales, [495]
• Chenopods, [495]
• Chestnut, [452], [494]
• Chicory family, [502]
• Chlamydomonas, [159], [160]
• Chlamydospores, [180]
• Chloral hydrate, [65], [87]
• Chlorophyceæ, [158]
• Chlorophyll, [2], [67], [72]
• Chloroplast, [68], [69], [71]
• Christmas fern, [251-253]
• Chromoplast, [71]
• Chromosomes, [342-345]
• Chroococcaceæe, [163]
• Chrysanthemum, [502]
• Chytridiales, [215]
• Cichoriaceæ, [502]
• Cichorium intybus, [502]
• Clavaria botrytes, [212]
• Clavariaceæ, [210], [219]
• Claytonia virginica, [496]
• Cleistogamous, [435]
• Clematis virginiana, [462], [463], [496]
• Climatic factors, [466]
• Climatic formations, [470]
• Clostridium pasteurianum, [93]
• Clover, [497]
• Club mosses, [284], [289]
• Coccogonales, [163]
• Cocklebur, [502]
• Cold wastes, [474]
• Coleochætaceæ, [162]
• Coleochæte, [153-156], [226]
• Collenchyma, [356], [363]
• Comandra, [495]
• Compass plants, [409]
• Compositæ, [502]
• Comptonia asplenifolia, [494]
• Cone-fruit, [456]
• Confervoideæ, [162]
• Coniferæ, [316]
• Conjugation, [137], [141], [160], [162], [179]
• Convallariaceæ, [494]
• Cooperia, [494]
• Cordyceps, [218]
• Coreopsis, [502]
• Cork, [357], [363]
• Corm, [373]
• Cortex, [50]
• Corymb, [427]
• Cotyledon, [99-101]
• Cranberry, [500]
• Cratægus, [497]
• Crowfoot family, [496]
• Cruciferæ, [496]
• Cryptonemiales, [175]
• Cucurbitaceæ, [501]
• Culture formations, [470], [475]
• Cultures, water, [28], [29]
• Cup fungi, [199]
• Cupuliferæ, [495]
• Cuscuta, [83], [500]
• Cushion type of vegetation, [483]
• Cuticle, [43]
• Cyanophyceæ, [163]
• Cyatheaceæ, [295]
• Cycadales, [316]
• Cycas, [311], [312], [457]
• Cyclosis, [9], [10]
• Cyclosporales, [171]
• Cyme, [430], [432]
• Cyperaceæ, [493]
• Cypripedium, [443], [447], [494]
• Cystocarp, [174]
• Cystopteris bulbifera, [260]
• Cystopus, [215]
• Cytase, [92], [108]
• Cytisus, [445]
• Cytoplasm (cy′to-plasm), [5]
• Dacryomycetales, [219]
• Dahlia, [108]
• Dandelion, [502]
• Dasiphora fruticosa, [497]
• Daucus carota, [499]
• Dehiscence, [453]
• Dentaria, [322-324]
• Dentaria diphylla, [496]
• Dermatogen, [359]
• Desert formation, [473]
• Desert societies, [480]
• Desmodium, [458]
• Desmodium gyrans, [399]
• Diadelphous (di″a-del′phous), [425]
• Diageotropism (di″a-ge-ot′ro-pism), [126]
• Diaheliotropic (di″a-he″li-o-trop′ic), [127]
• Diaheliotropism (di″a-he″li-ot′ro-pism), [127]
• Diastase, [77], [78], [108], [116]
• Diatoms, [166]
• Dichogamous (di-chog′a-mous), [437], [442]
• Dicentra, [496]
• Dicotyledons, [494]
• Dictyophora, [219]
• Diffusion, [13-20]
• Digestion, [107], [108], [109]
• Dimorphism of ferns, [273-280]
• Diœcious, [435]
• Dionæa muscipula, [133]
• Dipodascus, [216]
• Dipsacus, [501]
• Discomycetes, [217]
• Dodder, [83], [84], [500]
• Dogwood, [499]
• Dothidiales, [218]
• Downy mildews, [185]
• Drosera rotundifolia, [133], [496]
• Drupaceæ, [497]
• Drupe, [454]
• Duckweeds, [26], [28]
• Dudresnaya, [175]
• Dunes, [484]
• Ebenales, [500]
• Ecological factors, [464]
• Ecology (sometimes written œcology), [464]
• Ectocarpus, [167]
• Edaphic formations, [475]
• Elaphomyces, [217], [218]
• Elder, [501]
• Elm family, [495]
• Elodea, [61-63]
• Embryo of ferns, [269-272]
• Embryo sac, [326-328]
• Empusa, [215]
• Endocarp, [450]
• Endomyces, [216]
• Endosperm, [103], [105], [107], [306], [309];
• nucleus, [327], [329-334]
• Entomophthorales, [215]
• Enzyme, [92], [98], [116], [117]
• Epidermal system, [358]
• Epidermis, [358], [359], [363]
• Epigæa repens, [499]
• Epigynous, [425]
• Epilobium, [498]
• Epinastic (ep-i-nas′tic), [129]
• Epinasty (ep′i-nas-ty), [129]
• Epipactis, [444], [447]
• Epiphegus, [84]
• Epiphytes, [416]
• Equisetales, [296]
• Equisetineæ, [296]
• Equisetum, [280-283]
• Ericaceæ, [499]
• Ericales, [499]
• Erythronium, [493]
• Etiolated plants (e′ti-o-la″ted), [68]
• Euascomycetes, [217]
• Eubasidiomycetes, [219]
• Eupatorium, [403], [502]
• Euphorbiaceæ, [497]
• Eurotium oryzæ, [78]
• Evening primrose family, [498]
• Exalbuminous, [108]
• Exoascus, [217]
• Exobasidiales, [219]
• Exocarp, [450]
• Fagales, [494]
• Fehling’s solution, [75], [76]
• Ferment, [98], [108], [116]
• Ferns, [251-279], [292], [457];
• classification of, [295]
• Fertilization, [307], [308], [328], [329], [140], [145],
• [169], [172], [174], [197], [421]
• Fibrovascular bundles, [49-54]
• Figwort family, [501]
• Filicales, [295]
• Filicineæ, [295]
• Fittonia, [404]
• Flagellates, [83], [165]
• Flax, [497]
• Flower cluster, [419]
• Flower, form of, [422];
• parts of, [419];
• union of parts, [424]
• Flowers, arrangements of, [426];
• kinds of, [421]
• Follicle, [453]
• Forest, formations [471];
• societies, [477]
• Forests, relation to rainfall, [479]
• Fresh-water societies, [486]
• Frond, [352]
• Fruit, [450-457];
• parts of, [450]
• Frullania, [25], [236]
• Fucus, [168-170]
• Fungi, absorption by, [22];
• classification of, [213-222];
• nutrition of, [86-90];
• respiration in, [115]
• Gametangium (gam″et-an′gi-um), [140]
• Gamete (gam′ete), [138], [139]
• Gametophore (gam′et-o-phore), [230], [248]
• Gametophyte (gam′et-o-phyte), [225], [226], [244], [245], [250], [262], [270],
• [283], [292], [294], [305], [314], [317],
• [336-339], [340-348], [434]
• Gamopetalous (gam″o-pet′a-lous), [424]
• Gamosepalous (gam-o-sep′a-lous), [424]
• Gas in plants, [60-64]
• Gasteromycetes, [219]
• Gemmæ, [179], [235]
• General formations, [470]
• Gentian, [500]
• Geotropism (ge-ot′ro-pism), [125-127], [410]
• Geraniaceæ, [497]
• Geraniales, [497]
• Geranium family, [497]
• Germ, [459]
• Gigartinales, [175]
• Gingko, [313-315], [457]
• Gingkoales, [316]
• Ginseng, [499]
• Glasswort, [495]
• Gleicheniaceæ, [295]
• Glucose, [108]. See sugar.
• Gnetales, [316]
• Gonidia, [118], [143], [172], [174], [178-184]
• Gonidiangium (go″nid-an′gi-um), [178]
• Gonidium, [213]
• Gooseberry, [496]
• Goosefoot family, [495]
• Gracilaria, [173], [174], [175]
• Graminales, [492]
• Gramineæ, [492]
• Grape, [498]
• Grass family, [492]
• Grassland formation, [471]
• Green algæ, [158]
• Growth, [118-124], [380]
• Gulfweed, [170]
• Gymnosperms, [311], [456]
• Gymnosporangium, [194]
• Gynœcium, [320], [419], [451], [452]
• Gyrocephalus, [219]
• Halophytes, [468]
• Harpochytrium, [214], [215]
• Haustorium, [87], [88]
• Hawkweed, [502]
• Hawthorn, [497]
• Hazelnut, [452], [495]
• Head, [428]
• Heart-leaf, [495]
• Heath family, [499]
• Heliotrope, [500]
• Heliotropism (he-li-ot′ro-pism), [127-131], [133], [397]
• Helvellales, [217]
• Hemiascomycetes, [216]
• Hemibasidiomycetes, [218]
• Hepaticæ, [242]
• Heterospory (het″er-os′po-ry), [434]
• Heterothallic, [180]
• Heterotrophic plants, [85]
• Hickory, [494]
• Hickory-nut, [452]
• Hilum, [101], [102]
• Hippocastanaceæ, [498]
• Holdfasts, [418]
• Hollyhock, [498]
• Homothallic, [180]
• Honeysuckle, [501]
• Hormogonales, [163]
• Horse-chestnut, [498]
• Horsetails, [280-283]
• Houstonia cœrulea, [437]
• Huckleberry, [499]
• Humus saprophytes, [85], [91]
• Hybridization, [338]
• Hydnaceæ, [210], [219]
• Hydnum coralloides, [210]
• Hydnum repandum, [211]
• Hydrocarbon, [75]
• Hydrodictyaceæ, [161]
• Hydrophytes, [468]
• Hydropterales, [295]
• Hydrotropism (hy-drot′ro′pism), [133], [134], [412]
• Hygrophytes, [468]
• Hymeniales, [219]
• Hymenogastrales, [219]
• Hymenomycetes, [219]
• Hymenomycetineæ, [219]
• Hymenophyllaceæ, [295]
• Hypericum, [498]
• Hypocotyl (hy′po-co″tyl), [101]
• Hypocreales, [217]
• Hypogenous, [425]
• Hyponastic (hy-po-nas′tic), [129]
• Hyponasty (hy′po-nas-ty), [129]
• Hysteriales, [217]
• Impatiens, [498]
• Impatiens fulva, [460]
• Indian-pipe, [499]
• Indian turnip, [493]
• Indusium, [252]
• Inflorescence, [426]
• Insectivorous plants, [133], [496]
• Integument, [304]
• Intramolecular respiration, [113], [114]
• Inulase, [108]
• Inulin, [108], [417]
• Iodine, [65]
• Ipomœa, [500]
• Iridaceæ, [493]
• Iris, [493]
• Irritability, [125-135]
• Isoetales, [296]
• Isoetes, [289-291], [292]
• Isoetineæ, [296]
• Ivy, [498]
• Jack-in-the-pulpit, [373]
• Jewelweed, [498]
• Juglandales, [494]
• June-berry, [497]
• Jungermanniales, [242]
• Kalmia latifolia, [444]
• Karyokinesis, [341-344]
• Kelps, [168]
• Kingdom, [492]
• Labiatæ, [423], [501]
• Laboulbeniales, [218]
• Labrador tea, [499]
• Lactuca canadensis, [460]
• Lactuca scariola, [409], [460], [461]
• Lagenidium, [214], [215]
• Laminaria, [168], [169]
• Lamium, [424], [501]
• Larch, [367]
• Laurel, [499]
• Leaf patterns, [404]
• Leathesia difformis, [168]
• Leaves, form and arrangement, [383-391];
• function of, [387];
• protective modifications of, [392];
• protective positions, [395];
• reduction of surface, [394];
• relation to light, [397];
• structure of, [40-43], [131], [391], [393]
• Legumes, [92], [93], [453]
• Leguminosæ (= Papilionaceæ), [396], [399]
• Leitneria floridana, [494]
• Leitneriales, [494]
• Lemanea, [171], [173], [175], [492]
• Lemna, [418]
• Lemna trisulca, [26], [27]
• Lenticel, [357], [358]
• Lepiota naucina, [208]
• Lettuce, [502]
• Leucoplast, [71]
• Lichens, [86], [93-95], [220], [221]
• Light, [465]
• Liliaceæ, [490], [493]
• Liliales, [490], [493]
• Lilium, [489-493]
• Linaria vulgaris, [501]
• Linden, [498]
• Linum vulgaris, [497]
• Lipase, [108]
• Liquidambar, [496]
• Liriodendron, [496]
• Live-forever, [394]
• Liverworts, [222-239];
• absorption by, [23-25];
• classification of, [242]
• Lobelia, [501]
• Lupinus perennis, [353]
• Lycoperdales, [220]
• Lycopodiaceæ, [296]
• Lycopodiales, [296]
• Lycopodiineæ, [296]
• Lycopodium, [284-286]
• Macrosporangium, [94], [302], [304], [311], [312], [321]
• Macrospore, [287], [290], [326-328], [434]
• Magnolia, [496]
• Mallow family, [498]
• Malvales, [498]
• Maple family, [497]
• Marchantia, [24], [226-236]
• Marchantiales, [242]
• Marine plant societies, [486]
• Marratiales, [295]
• Marsilia, [370]
• Marsiliaceæ, [296]
• Matoniaceæ, [295]
• Medicago denticulata, [92]
• Medulla, [50]
• Members of the flower, [335]
• Members of the plant, [349-353]
• Meristem, [359]
• Mesocarp, [450]
• Mesophytes, [467]
• Microsporangia, [294], [299]
• Microspore, [287], [290], [299], [312], [435]
• Microsporophylls, [299], [320], [420]
• Milkweed family, [500]
• Mimosa, [132], [396]
• Mimulus, [501]
• Mint family, [501]
• Mistletoe, [84], [495]
• Mitchella, [501]
• Mixotrophic plants, [85]
• Mnium, [243-246]
• Molds, nutrition of, [86-90]
• Molds, water, [181]
• Monadelphous, [424]
• Monoblepharidales, [215]
• Monoblepharis, [215]
• Monocotyledons, [490], [492]
• Monœcious, [435]
• Monotropa uniflora, [499]
• Morchella, [198], [199]
• Morel, [198], [199]
• Morning-glories, [500]
• Mosaics, [405]
• Mosses, [243-248], [457];
• absorption by, [25];
• classification of, [248]
• Mucor, [6], [7], [15], [118], [119], [177-180], [215]
• Mucorales, [215]
• Mulberry, [495]
• Mullein, [366], [394], [501]
• Mushrooms, [199-208]
• Mustard family, [496]
• Mutation, [338]
• Mutualism, [95]
• Mycelium, [6], [86-90]
• Mycetozoa, [213], [214]
• Mycorhiza, [86], [91], [92], [217]
• Myosotis, [500]
• Myrica cerifera, [494]
• Myrica gale, [494]
• Myricales, [494]
• Myriophyllum, [403]
• Myrtales, [498]
• Myxobacteriales, [165]
• Myxomycetes, [83], [213], [214]
• Naiadaceæ, [492]
• Naiadales, [492]
• Naias, [492]
• Nemalion, [171], [172], [175]
• Nemalionales, [175]
• Nettle, [495]
• Nicotiana, [501]
• Nidulariales, [220]
• Nitella, [8], [9], [176]
• Nitrobacter, [83]
• Nitrogen, [92], [93]
• Nitromonas, [83]
• Nostocaceæ, [164]
• Nucellus, [304]
• Nucleus, [3], [4];
• morphology of, [340-345]
• Nuphar advena, [496]
• Nutation, [123], [124]
• Nymphæa odorata, [496]
• Oak, [495]
• Oak family, [495]
• Œdogoniaceæ, [162]
• Œdogonium, [147-151], [350]
• Œnothera biennis, [498]
• Œnothera gigas, [338]
• Œnothera lamarkiana, [338]
• Olpidium, [214], [215]
• Onagar biennis, [498]
• Onagraceæ, [498]
• Onoclea sensibilis, [254], [273-278]
• Oogonium, [144], [150], [155]
• Oomycetes, [214], [215]
• Ophioglossales, [295]
• Ophioglossum, [295]
• Opuntiales, [498]
• Orchidaceæ, [494]
• Orchidales, [494]
• Orchids, [442]
• Oscillatoriaceæ, [163]
• Osmosis, [13-20]
• Osmundaceæ, [295]
• Ostrich fern, [279]
• Ovule, [302], [321], [334], [421]
• Oxalis, [497]
• Oxycoccus, [500]
• Oxydendrum arboreum, [501]
• Oxygen, [63], [110-113]
• Palisade cells, [41], [43]
• Palmaceæ, [493]
• Palmales, [493]
• Palms, [408]
• Pandanales, [492]
• Pandanus, [492]
• Pandorina, [160], [350]
• Panicle, [427]
• Papaverales, [496]
• Papilionaceæ, [423], [497]
• Parasites, [83], [84], [86]
• Parasitic fungi, nutrition of, [86-90]
• Parenchyma, [50], [356], [363]
• Parietales, [498]
• Parkeriaceæ, [296]
• Parmelia, [96]
• Parthenogenesis, [184]
• Partridge-berry, [501]
• Pea, [497]
• Pea family, [497]
• Pear, [456]
• Pediastrum, [161]
• Pellia, [164]
• Pellonia, [405]
• Peltigera, [94], [95]
• Pepo, [456]
• Pericycle, [360]
• Peridineæ, [166]
• Perigynous, [425]
• Perisperm, [331], [332]
• Perisporiales, [217]
• Peronospora, [183], [215]
• Peronosporales, [215]
• Persimmon, [500]
• Pezizales, [217]
• Phacidiales, [217]
• Phæophyceæ, [167]
• Phæosporales, [171]
• Phallales, [219]
• Phloem, [50-52], [360], [361], [363]
• Phlox family, [500]
• Phoradendron flavescens, [495]
• Photosynthesis, [67], [68], [70], [117]
• Phycomycetes (Phy″co-my-ce′tes), [214], [215]
• Phyllidium, [371]
• Phylloclades, [373], [395]
• Phyllotaxy, [375], [384]
• Physical condition of soil, [465]
• Physical factors, [465]
• Phytolaccaceæ, [495]
• Phytomyxa leguminosarum, [92]
• Phytophthora, [182], [184], [215]
• Pickerel-weed, [493]
• Pilularia, [296]
• Pinales, [216]
• Pine, white, [297-310]
• Piperales, [494]
• Pitcher-plant, [496]
• Pith, [50]
• Plant food, sources of, [81]
• Plant formations, [496]
• Plant substance, analysis of, [79], [80]
• Plantaginales, [501]
• Plantago, [501]
• Plasmolysis (plas-mol′y-sis), [19]
• Plasmopara, [183], [215]
• Plectascales, [217]
• Plectobasidiales, [220]
• Pleurococcaceæ, [161]
• Pleurococcus, [161]
• Plum family, [497]
• Plumule, [99]
• Podostemon, [496]
• Poison-hemlock, [499]
• Poison-ivy, [497]
• Poison-oak, [497]
• Poisonous mushrooms, [207], [208]
• Poison-sumac, [497]
• Pokeweed, [495]
• Polemoneales, [500]
• Pollen grain, [299], [305]
• Pollination, [303], [304], [420], [430], [433-449]
• Pollinium, [420]
• Polygonales, [495]
• Polygonum, [495]
• Polypodiaceæ, [296]
• Polyporaceæ, [209], [219]
• Polyporus, [209], [210]
• Polyporus mollis, [92]
• Polyporus sulphureus, [209]
• Pomaceæ, [497]
• Pondweeds, [492]
• Poppy, [496]
• Porella, [237]
• Portulaca, [495]
• Potamogeton, [492]
• Potato, [501]
• Powdery mildews, [195-198], [217]
• Primrose, [498], [500]
• Primula, [438]
• Primulales, [500]
• Procarp, [172], [174], [175]
• Progeotropism (pro″ge-ot′ro-pism), [126]
• Promycelium (pro″my-ce′li-um), [192]
• Proterandrous, [441], [442]
• Proterandry, [444]
• Proterogenous, [441], [442]
• Proterogeny, [440]
• Prothallium, [265], [287], [288], [291], [292], [304], [305],
• [311], [325], [328], [335], [433], [434]
• Protoascales, [216]
• Protoascomycetes, [216]
• Protobasidiomycetes, [218]
• Protococcoideæ, [158], [162]
• Protodiscales, [217]
• Protomyces, [216]
• Protonema (pro″to-ne′ma), [248], [264]
• Protoplasm, [1-12], [42-43], [342];
• movement of, [7-11]
• Psilotaceæ, [296]
• Pteridophytes, [295], [434]
• Pteris cretica, [346]
• Puccinia, [187]
• Puff-balls, [220]
• Pumpkin, [501]
• Purslane, [495]
• Pyrenoid, [2], [3]
• Pyrenomycetes, [217]
• Pyrola, [499]
• Pyxidium, [453]
• Quercus, [495]
• Quillworts, [289-291]
• Quince, [456]
• Raceme, [427]
• Radicle, [99]
• Ragweed, [502]
• Rainy-season flora, [481]
• Ranales, [496]
• Ranunculaceæ, [496]
• Raspberry, [454], [455]
• Red algæ, [171], [174];
• uses of, [175]
• Reproduction, [137], [143], [149], [154], [155], [179], [185], [186]
• Respiration, [110-116], [117]
• Rhamnales, [498]
• Rhizoids, [24-26]
• Rhizome, [354]
• Rhizomorph (rhi′zo-morph), [89]
• Rhizophidium, [214], [215]
• Rhizopus, [177-180], [215]
• Rhododendron, [499]
• Rhodomeniales, [175]
• Rhodophyceæ, [171]
• Rhus radicans, [416], [497]
• Riccia, [23], [164], [222-226]
• Ricinus, [497]
• Riverweed, [496]
• Root, function of, [410-418]
• Root hairs, absorption by, [19], [30], [32]
• Root hairs, action on soil, [82]
• Root pressure, [33], [34], [45]
• Root, structure of, [30], [361], [362]
• Root-tubercles, [92]
• Roots, kinds of, [415]
• Rosaceæ, [497]
• Rosales, [496]
• Rose family, [497]
• Rosette, [405]
• Rosette plants, [483]
• Rubiales, [501]
• Rudbeckia, [502]
• Rusts, [187-194]
• Salicaceæ, [494]
• Salix, [494]
• Salsify, [502]
• Salviniaceæ, [296]
• Samara, [451]
• Sandalwood, [495]
• Sanguinaria, [496]
• Santalales, [495]
• Sap, rise of, [53], [54]
• Sapindales, [497]
• Saprolegnia, [181-184]
• Saprolegniales, [215]
• Saprophytes, [83-85]
• Sargassum, [170]
• Sarraceniales, [496]
• Sarsaparilla, [499]
• Saxifrage, [496]
• Schizæaceæ, [295]
• Schizocarp, [451]
• Schizomycetes, [164]
• Schizophyceæ, [163]
• Sclerenchyma, [356-357], [361], [363]
• Scouring rush, [282]
• Screw-pine, [409], [492]
• Scrophulariaceæ, [501]
• Sedge family, [492]
• Seed, dispersal of, [458-463]
• Seed plants, [338]
• Seed, structure of, [98], [102]
• Seedlings, [97-107]
• Seeds, [330-334]
• Selaginella, [286-288], [292]
• Selaginellaceæ, [296]
• Sensitive fern, [273]
• Sensitive plants, [132], [396], [399]
• Sexual organs, [144], [147]
• Shadbush, [497]
• Shepherd’s-purse, [496]
• Shoot, floral, [419], [432]
• Shoots, [353-355];
• types of, [361-373];
• winter condition of, [374-377]
• Sieve tissue, [358], [363]
• Sieve tubes, [52], [53]
• Silique, [453]
• Silk-cotton tree, [417]
• Silver bell, [500]
• Siphoneæ, [146], [162]
• Skunk’s cabbage, [439-442]
• Slime molds, [83]
• Smoke-tree, [497]
• Societies, [475]
• Solanum, [501]
• Solidago, [502]
• Sourwood, [499]
• Spadix, [428]
• Spartium, [446]
• Spathyema fœtida, [438], [493]
• Spermagonia, [190]
• Spermatophytes, [338]
• Sphacelaria, [168]
• Sphærella lacustris, [158], [159]
• Sphærella nivalis, [158], [350]
• Sphæriales, [218]
• Sphagnales, [248]
• Sphagnum, [164]
• Spiderwort, [11], [493]
• Spike, [428]
• Spirodela polyrhiza, [27]
• Spirogyra, [1-5], [13], [14], [60], [72], [136-140], [350]
• Sporangia, [178-182]
• Sporangium, [253-258], [281], [290]
• Spores, [225], [256-258], [263], [264], [281]
• Sporocarp, [173]
• Sporogonium (spo″ro-go′ni-um), [224], [231], [233], [234], [237], [238],
• [239], [241], [246], [247], [248]
• Sporophyll, [274], [281], [292]
• Sporophyte (spo′ro-phyte), [225], [226], [232], [234], [237-239], [241], [242],
• [250], [261], [268], [270], [283], [292], [294], [314],
• [315], [317], [336-339], [340-348] [434]
• Spurge family, [497]
• Squash, [501]
• Staminodium, [446]
• Starch, formation of, [68], [70-74];
• changed to sugar, [77], [78];
• translocation of, [73];
• digestion of, [75]
• Stems, types of, [365-373]
• Stems, woody, structure of, [381-382]
• Stoma (pl. stomata) (sto′ma-ta), [42-44], [46]
• Strawberry, [455], [497]
• Sugar, test for, [75], [76]
• Sumac, [497]
• Sundew, [133], [496]
• Sunflower, [399-401], [502]
• Sweet gum, [496]
• Symbiosis, [85], [86], [92-95]
• Synergids (syn´er-gids), [327], [330]
• Syngenœsious, [424]
• Synthetic assimilation, [67]
• Tape-grass, [493]
• Taraxacum densleonis, [502]
• Teasel, [501]
• Telegraph-plant, [399]
• Teleutospore, [188]
• Temperature, [134], [135], [465]
• Tetrasporaceæ, [161]
• Tetraspores, [173], [174]
• Thallophytes, [352]
• Thallus, [352]
• Thelephoraceæ, [219]
• Thistle family, [502]
• Thunderwood, [497]
• Thyrsus, [427]
• Tilia, [498]
• Tillandsia, [493]
• Tissue, tensions of, [57-59]
• Tissues, classification of, [363], [364];
• kinds of, [356-359];
• organization of, [356-362]
• Toad-flax, [501]
• Tomato, [501]
• Tradescantia, [493]
• Tragopogon, [502]
• Trailing arbutus, [499]
• Trametes pini, [90]
• Transpiration, [35-46]
• Tremellales, [218], [219]
• Triadelphous, [425]
• Trillium, [318-322], [494]
• Trumpet-creeper, [501]
• Tuberales, [217]
• Tubers, [373]
• Tundra, [481]
• Turgescence, [14], [15]
• Turgor, [20];
• restoration of, [56], [57]
• Typha, [493]
• Ulmaceæ, [495]
• Ulmus americana, [495]
• Ulothrix, [162]
• Ulotrichaceæ, [162]
• Ulvaceæ, [162]
• Umbel, [428]
• Umbellales, [498]
• Uredinales, [218]
• Uredineæ, [187-194], [218]
• Uredospore, [189]
• Uromyces caryophyllinus, [87]
• Urticales, [495]
• Ustilaginales, [218]
• Ustilagineæ, [218]
• Utricularia, [501]
• Vaccinium, [499]
• Vacuoles, [7], [8]
• Valerianales, [501]
• Vallisneria spiralis, [493]
• Variation, [338]
• Vascular tissue, [358], [363]
• Vaucheria, [142-146]
• Vaucheriaceæ, [162]
• Vegetation types, [464]
• Venus fly-trap, [133]
• Verbascum, [501]
• Verbena, [501]
• Vessels, [52], [53]
• Vetch, [92], [497]
• Viburnum, [501]
• Vicia sativa, [459]
• Viola cucullata, [436]
• Violaceæ, [498]
• Virgin’s bower, [462], [463]
• Viscum album, [84]
• Vitaceæ, [498]
• Volvocaceæ, [158]
• Walnut, [452], [494]
• Water, [465];
• flow of, in plants, [53], [54]
• Water-lilies, [496]
• Water-plantain, [493]
• White pine, [396]
• Wild carrot, [499]
• Willow family, [494]
• Wind, [471]
• Wintergreen, [499];
• leaf of, [43]
• Witch-hazel, [496]
• Wolffia, [28]
• Woodland formation, [470]
• Xerophytes, [467]
• Xylem, [50], [52], [360], [361], [363]
• Xylogen, [92]
• Xyridales, [493]
• Yeast, [216];
• fermentation of, [115], [116]
• Yucca, [480], [493]
• Zamia, [313], [316], [457]
• Zoogonidia, [143], [149], [178-184]
• Zoospore, [149], [154]
• Zygomycetes, [215]
• Zygospore, [2], [138-140], [157], [160], [179], [180]
• Zygote (zy′gote), [138], [179]

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