TABLE OF CONTENTS.

PART I. PHYSIOLOGY.
CHAPTER I.
PAGE
Protoplasm.[ 1]
CHAPTER II.
Absorption, Diffusion, Osmose.[13]
CHAPTER III.
How Plants Obtain Water.[22]
CHAPTER IV.
Transpiration, or the Loss of Water by Plants.[35]
CHAPTER V.
Path of Movement of Water in Plants.[48]
CHAPTER VI.
Mechanical Uses of Water.[56]
CHAPTER VII.
Starch and Sugar Formation.[60]
1. The Gases Concerned.[60]
2. Where Starch is Formed.[64]
3. Chlorophyll and the Formation of Starch.[67]
CHAPTER VIII.
Starch and Sugar Concluded; Analysis of Plant Substance.[73]
1. Translocation of Starch.[73]
2. Sugar, and Digestion of Starch.[75]
3. Rough Analysis of Plant Substance.[79]
CHAPTER IX.
How Plants Obtain their Food, I.[81]
1. Sources of Plant Food.[81]
2. Parasites and Saprophytes.[83]
3. How Fungi Obtain their Food.[86]
4. Mycorhiza.[91]
5. Nitrogen gatherers.[92]
6. Lichens.[93]
CHAPTER X.
How Plants Obtain their Food, II.[97]
 Seedlings,[97]
 Digestion,[107]
 Assimilation[109]
CHAPTER XI.
Respiration.[110]
CHAPTER XII.
Growth.[118]
CHAPTER XIII.
Irritability.[125]
PART II. MORPHOLOGY AND LIFE HISTORY
OF REPRESENTATIVE PLANTS.
CHAPTER XIV.
Spirogyra.[136]
CHAPTER XV.
Vaucheria.[142]
CHAPTER XVI.
Œdogonium.[147]
CHAPTER XVII.
Coleochæte.[153]
CHAPTER XVIII.
Classification and Additional Studies of the Algæ.[158]
CHAPTER XIX.
Fungi: Mucor and Saprolegnia.[177]
CHAPTER XX.
Fungi Continued (“Rusts” Uredineæ).[187]
CHAPTER XXI.
The Higher Fungi.[195]
CHAPTER XXII.
Classification of the Fungi.[213]
CHAPTER XXIII.
Liverworts (Hepaticæ).[222]
Riccia,[222]
Marchantia.[226]
CHAPTER XXIV.
Liverworts Continued.[231]
Sporogonium of Marchantia.[231]
Leafy-stemmed Liverworts.[236]
The Horned Liverworts.[240]
Classification of the Liverworts.[242]
CHAPTER XXV.
Mosses (Musci).[243]
Classification of Mosses.[248]
CHAPTER XXVI.
Ferns.[251]
CHAPTER XXVII.
Ferns Continued.[262]
Gametophyte of Ferns.[262]
Sporophyte.[268]
CHAPTER XXVIII.
Dimorphism of Ferns.[273]
CHAPTER XXIX.
Horsetails.[280]
CHAPTER XXX.
Club mosses.[284]
CHAPTER XXXI.
Quillworts (Isoetes).[289]
CHAPTER XXXII.
Comparison of Ferns and their Relatives.[292]
Classification of the Pteridophytes.[295]
CHAPTER XXXIII.
Gymnosperms.[297]
CHAPTER XXXIV.
Further Studies on Gymnosperms.[311]
CHAPTER XXXV.
Morphology of the Angiosperms: Trillium; Dentaria.[318]
CHAPTER XXXVI.
Gametophyte and Sporophyte of Angiosperms.[325]
CHAPTER XXXVII.
Morphology of the Nucleus and Significance of
Gametophyteand Sporophyte.[340]
PART III. PLANT MEMBERS IN RELATION
TO ENVIRONMENT.
CHAPTER XXXVIII.
The Organization of the Plant.[349]
I.Organization of Plant Members.[349]
II.Organization of Plant Tissues.[356]
CHAPTER XXXIX.
The Different Types of Stems.[365]
I.Erect Stems.[365]
II.Creeping, Climbing, and Floating Stems.[369]
III.Specialized Shoots and Shoots for Storage of Food.[372]
IV.Annual Growth and Winter Protection of Shoots and Buds.[374]
CHAPTER XL.
Foliage Leaves.[383]
I.General Form and Arrangement of Leaves.[383]
II.Protective Modifications of Leaves.[392]
III.Protective Positions.[395]
IV.Relation of Leaves to Light.[397]
V.Leaf Patterns.[404]
CHAPTER XLI.
The Root.[410]
I.Function of Roots.[410]
II.Kinds of Roots.[415]
CHAPTER XLII.
The Floral Shoot.[419]
I.The Parts of the Flower.[419]
II.Kinds of Flowers.[421]
III.Arrangement of Flowers, or Mode of Inflorescence.[426]
CHAPTER XLIII.
Pollination.[433]
CHAPTER XLIV.
The Fruit.[450]
I.Parts of the Fruit.[450]
II.Indehiscent Fruits.[451]
III.Dehiscent Fruits.[452]
IV.Fleshy and Juicy Fruits.[454]
V.Reinforced, or Accessory, Fruits.[455]
VI.Fruits of Gymnosperms.[456]
VII.“Fruit” of Ferns, Mosses, etc.[457]
CHAPTER XLV.
Seed Dispersal.[458]
CHAPTER XLVI.
Vegetation in Relation to Environment.[464]
CHAPTER XLVII.
Classification of Angiosperms.[487]

Index.		[503]

PART I.
PHYSIOLOGY.

[CHAPTER I.]
PROTOPLASM. [1]