The Science of Brickmaking

by George Frederick Harris

[15] The mode of preparation of thin rock sections for examination by the microscope is described in much detail in the works of Mr. Rutley and Professor Cole previously alluded to; also in “Outlines of Field Geology,” by Sir Archibald Geikie, 1882, p. 202 et seq.

[16] 16th Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. (1894–95), pt. IV., p. 532.

[17] 16th Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. (1894–95), pt. IV., p. 539.

[18] “Testing of Materials of Construction,” 1888, p. 438.

[19] British Clayworker, April, 1896, Supplement, p. iv.

[20] Op. cit. p. iv.

[21] 16th Ann. Rep. U.S. Geol. Surv. Pt. IV., 1895, p. 532.

[22] Engineering News (U.S.), Dec. 13th, 1894.

INDEX, &c.

• Abrasion tests, [146]
• Absorption of bricks, [132]
• Acids defined, [76]
• Actinolite, [69]
• Air, chemical composition of, [105]
• Albite felspar, chemical composition, [34]
• Almandite, [68]
• Aluminium, under blowpipe, [73]
• Anorthite felspar, chemical composition, [34]
• Aragonite, [49]
• Bases defined, [76]
• Basic bricks, [90]
• dolomite for, [55]
• magnesite for, [56]
• Biotite mica, [43]
• under blowpipe, [73]
• Black bricks, [101]
• Blowpipe, [58]
• Blue bricks, [101]
• Bluish-black brick-earths, [27]
• Boulder clay, [50]
• Bourges, Oxford clay of, [24]
• Bovey Heathfield clays, [20]
• Bracknell bricks, [135]
• Brick earths, artificial mixing, [42]
• artificial mixtures, [94], [95]
• bluish-black, [27]
• boulder clay, [50]
• brown, [27]
• chalk pebbles in, [50]
• changes in character on being dug into, [2], [5], [10]
• chemical composition of, [23], [52], [83], [84], [85]
• chemistry of, [58], [75]
• chert in, [41], [42]
• coprolites found in, [51]
• Cornwall, [35]
• Crayford, [1]
• Devon, [35]
• Erith, [1]
• estuarine, [21]
• fluviatile—[Chapter I.], [1–16]
• fossil shells in, [50]
• Ilford, [1]
• Kimeridge clay, [26]
• lacustrine—[Chapter II.], [17–21]
• Lincolnshire, [21]
• London clay, [33]
• marine, [22]
• mineral constitution, [28]
• minerals found in (see [Kaolin], [Felspar], [Quartz], [Flint], [Mica], [Iron], [Calcite], [Aragonite], [Selenite], [Dolomite], [Salt], etc.).
• Northamptonshire, [21]
• North-Eastern France, [20]
• Oxford clay, [33]
• Reading mottled clay, [19]
• of river terraces, [12]
• salt in, [25]
• sea-shore, [25]
• section of fluviatile brick-earths, [10]
• several kinds of fluviatile, discussed, [14], [15]
• Switzerland, [89]
• Thames Valley, [1], [2], [3], [4], [5]
• value of chemical analyses of, [28], [29]
• Brickmaking: earths suitable for (see [Brick-earths])
• Bricks, abrasion tests, [146]
• absorption of, [132]
• basic, [90]
• Bracknell, [135]
• colour of, [100]
• Dinas, [81]
• discolouration of, [114]
• durability of, [103]
• effect of conflagrations on, [117]
• efflorescence on, [110]
• London stock, [97]
• micro-structure of, [29], [118], [128]
• rubber, [29]
• specific gravity, [146], [149]
• Staffordshire blue, [99]
• Stourbridge, [82]
• strength of, [136]
• vegetable growth on, [113]
• weathering of, [105], [113]
• British Museum, fossils in, from brick-earths, [3], [26]
• Bronzite, [69]
• Brown brick-earths, [27]
• Burning bricks, [94]
• changes produced by, [98]
• temperature, [89]
• Calc spar, [49]
• Calcite, [39], [49]
• behaviour in kiln, [39]
• micro-structure of, [131]
• under blow-pipe, [74]
• Californian magnesite, [56]
• Carbon dioxide in quartz, [41]
• Carbonate of lime (see [Calcite], [Aragonite])
• Chalk in brick-earths, [1]
• mixed with brick-earths, [53]
• pebbles in brick-earths, [50]
• Chateauroux, Oxford clay of, [24]
• Chemical affinity, [76]
• analyses of brick-earths, [28]
• analysis, [77]
• composition of air, [106]
• composition of brick-earths, Dinas, [52]
• composition, china clays, [78]
• composition of fire-clays, [80]
• composition of Kieselguhr, [92]
• composition of magnesian limestones, [90]
• composition, pottery clays, [82]
• composition of slates, [87]
• disintegration of rocks, [20]
• re-agents, [60], [63], [71]
• Chemistry of brick-earths, [58], [75]
• Chert, [41]
• Cheshire, salt in clays in, [25]
• China-clays, behaviour in the kiln, [36]
• chemical composition, [78]
• Cornwall, [35], [36], [37]
• Devon, [35]
• China-clay (see [Kaolin] and [Felspar])
• thickness of, [38]
• China-stone, decomposed, [37]
• Colour in the kiln, [98], [99]
• Colouring matter of bricks, [45]
• of bricks, [53]
• Colour of bricks (see [Blue], [Black], etc.).
• Coprolites: impure varieties of phosphate of lime
• found in brick-earths, [51]
• Cornish granite, [35]
• Cornwall, china-clays, [35], [36], [37]
• Cracks formed in bricks, [52]
• Crayford, brick-earth at, [1]
• Dartmoor granite, [55]
• Denudation, agents of, described, [6], [7]
• of sea-cliffs, [22]
• Devon, china-clays, [35]
• Diatomaceous earth, [42], [91]
• Dinas bricks, [52], [81]
• Discolouration of bricks, [114], [135]
• Dolomite in brick-earths, [55]
• micro-structure of, [131]
• under blow-pipe, [74]
• Drying bricks, [94]
• Durability of bricks, [103]
• Efflorescence on bricks, [110]
• Electric furnace, [33]
• Elephants’ remains, found in brick-earth, [2], [3]
• Erith, brick-earth at, [1]
• Estuarine brick-earths, [21]
• Expansion of bricks and variations of temperature, [115]
• Felspar, [34]
• chemical composition of, [34]
• micro-structure of, [129]
• under blow-pipe, [73]
• Ferruginous matter (see [Iron])
• Fire-bricks, Dinas, [52]
• earths suitable for making, [21]
• effect of lime in, [53]
• Kieselguhr for, [42], [91]
• strength of, [136]
• Fire-clays, chemical composition of, [80], [81]
• Newcastle-on-Tyne, [80]
• tests, [148]
• Welsh localities, [81]
• Fishes, fossil, [25]
• Flint, [39], [41]
• behaviour of in the kiln, [42], [43]
• implement: an implement, or tool, made of flint—in the sense indicated in this work an implement made by pre-historic man.
• implements, found in brick-earths, [3], [5]
• micro-structure of, [129]
• origin of, [41]
• Fluid inclusions in quartz, [41]
• Fluorine in clays, [59]
• Fluviatile brick-earths: brick-earths that have been deposited in rivers
• Fossil shells, carbonate of lime in, [50]
• shells found in brick-earths, [4]
• sponges, in flint, [42]
• Fusion of brick-earths in the kiln, [29], [31]
• Gault clay, [51]
• Glaze, micro-structure of, [119], [120]
• Glazing, salt, [57]
• Granite, Cornish, [35]
• Dartmoor, [35]
• Granites, weathering of, [36]
• Greece, magnesite in, [56]
• Green bricks, [101]
• Grizzly bear’s remains found in brick-earth, [2]
• Gypsum in brick-earths, [54]
• under blow-pipe, [74]
• Heat, bricks affected by, [117]
• Hippopotamus remains found in brick-earth, [2]
• Ilford, brick-earth at, [1]
• Infusorial earth, Tuscany, [92]
• Iron, [44]
• a constituent of brick-earths, [44]
• behaviour in the kiln, [45]
• bricks, Saarbrücken, [92]
• micro-structure of, [130]
• mode of occurrence in brick-earths, [45]
• under blow-pipe, [73], [74]
• vapour in the kiln, [46]
• pyrites, [46], [131]
• pyrites, behaviour in the kiln, [48]
• pyrites, under blow-pipe, [74]
• pyrites, weathering of in bricks, [48]
• Jurassic estuarine clays, [21]
• Kangaroo rats, fossil, [25]
• Kaolin: a hydrous silicate of alumina, derived chiefly from the decomposition of felspars
• Kaolin, [31]
• behaviour in the kiln, [32], [33]
• chemical composition of, [78]
• micro-structure, [32], [33]
• under blow-pipe, [73]
• “Kaolinised” matter, [33]
• Kilns, temperature in, [98]
• Kieselguhr: a diatomaceous earth
• Kieselguhr, [91]
• chemical composition of, [92]
• of the Isle of Skye, [42]
• Kimeridge clay brick-earth, [26]
• Labradorite felspar, chemical composition, [34]
• Lacustrine brick-earth: that laid down or deposited in lakes
• brick-earths—[Chapter II.], [17–21]
• brick-earths, formation of, [17], [18]
• Lime, builder’s, [52]
• in bricks, [52]
• in manufacture of fire-bricks, [53]
• Limestone, a flux, [54]
• Limonite, under blow-pipe, [73]
• Lincolnshire brick-earths, [21]
• Loam: sandy clay
• London stock bricks, [97], [140]
• Magnesian limestones, chemical composition of, [90]
• limestone (see [Dolomite])
• Magnesite, [55]
• behaviour in the kiln, [56]
• Californian, [56]
• in Greece, [56]
• Styrian, [56]
• under blow-pipe, [74]
• Malachite, [67]
• Malm bricks, [53], [86]
• Manganese, under blow-pipe, [74]
• Marcasite, [46], [47]
• behaviour in the kiln, [48]
• weathering of, [47], [48]
• Marine brick-earths: those laid down or deposited on the sea-floor
• Marine brick-earths, not so variable in character as river, lacustrine, or estuarine, [23]
• brick-earths—[Chapter III.], [22–27]
• brick-earths, origin of, [23]
• Marl: clay containing much lime.
• Mica, [43]
• behaviour in the kiln, [44]
• micro-structure of, [130]
• under blow-pipe, [73]
• Microscopes, [121]
• Microscopes, use of, [59]
• useful in analysing earths, [30]
• Micro structure as a means of determining fusibility of minerals and brick-earths, [43]
• of bricks, [118], [128]
• Minerals, their behaviour in the kiln (see [Kaolin], [Felspar], [Quartz], [Flint], [Mica], [Iron], [Calcite], [Aragonite], [Selenite], [Dolomite], [Salt], etc.).
• behaviour under the blow-pipe (see [Quartz], [Felspar], [Mica], [Calcite], etc.).
• Mississippi, sediments of the Delta of, [7]
• Mortar and Scum, [112]
• Muscovite mica, [43]
• mica, under blow-pipe, [73]
• Musk-sheep remains, found in brick-earth, [2], [3]
• Natrolite, [68]
• Newcastle-on-Tyne fire-clays, [80]
• Newton Abbot, clays near, [20]
• Northamptonshire brick-earths, [21]
• Oligoclase felspar, chemical composition, [34]
• felspar, under blow-pipe, [73]
• Origin of fluviatile brick-earths—[Chapter I.], [1–16]
• Orthoclase, [69]
• felspar, chemical composition, [34]
• felspar, under blow-pipe, [73]
• Overburden: the material for the most part useless, overlying the good brick-earth, sand, limestone, or other rock for which the pit or quarry was exploited, and which, in the majority of cases, has to be removed to obtain the material sought for.
• Oxford clay, [24], [25], [33]
• Oxidising flame, [65]
• Paving bricks, tests, [148]
• Peterborough bricks, [24]
• clays, [51]
• Plants, fossil, [21], [26]
• Platinum wire, [60], [63], [66]
• Plesiosaurus, fossil reptile, [26]
• Porcelain earths, [30]
• Pottery clays, chemical composition, [82]
• Power of transport of sediment by rivers, [8]
• Pumice for brickmaking, [93]
• Pyrite, [46]
• behaviour in the kiln, [48]
• under blow-pipe, [74]
• Pyrometers, [99], [100]
• Quartz, behaviour in the kiln, [39], [42], [43]
• cavities in, [40], [41]
• characters of, [39]
• imperishable, [40]
• micro-structure of, [128]
• occurrence in brick-earths, [40]
• under blowpipe, [72]
• vein, [40]
• Race: concretions of carbonate of lime, commonly found in brick-earths in brick-earths, [50]
• Rainfall and the durability of bricks, [108]
• “Rattling” tests, [148]
• Reading mottled clay, [18]
• Red brick, [100]
• Red brick clay, [86]
• Red bricks, colouring matter of, [45]
• Reducing flame, [65]
• Refractory minerals (see [Calcite], [Dolomite], [Magnesite], [Quartz], etc.).
• Reindeer remains, found in brick-earth, [2], [3]
• Reptiles, fossil, [25]
• Rhinoceros’ remains, found in brick-earth, [2], [3]
• River deposits, typical section, [10], [11]
• River terraces, brick-earths of, [12], [13]
• Rock crystal, [40]
• Rock salt, under blow-pipe, [74]
• Ruabon bricks and terra-cotta, [84]
• terra-cotta, [116]
• Rubbers, [29], [86]
• Saarbrücken “iron bricks,” [92]
• Salt, a powerful flux, [57]
• behaviour in the kiln, [57]
• glazing, [57]
• in brick-earths, [25], [27], [56]
• in quartz crystals, [41]
• under blow-pipe, [74]
• Schorl, [40]
• Scum, [110]
• Sea-shore, brick-earths from the, [25]
• Selenite, [54], [131]
• under blow-pipe, [74]
• Septaria: tabular or rounded concretions of argillaceous limestone, commonly found in clays
• Septaria, [51]
• Shrinkage of brick-earth in the kiln, [85]
• Silica, behaviour in the kiln, [28]
• group of minerals, [39]
• Slates, chemical composition of, [87]
• débris for brickmaking, [87]
• refuse, [47]
• used in brickmaking, [47]
• Snails, found in brick-earth, [4]
• Specific gravity of bricks, [146], [149]
• Stacking in the kiln, [97]
• Staffordshire blue bricks, [99]
• Stibnite, [68], [70]
• Stocks, London, [140]
• Stoneware, earths for making, [21]
• Stourbridge bricks, [82]
• Strength of bricks, [136]
• Styrian magnesite, [56]
• Swiss brick-earths, [89]
• Temperature and weathering of bricks, [115]
• in kilns, [98]
• Terra-cotta earths, [19], [30]
• earth, chemical composition of, [84]
• expansion of in weathering, [115]
• Ruabon, [116]
• Tests for bricks (see [strength], [absorption], [specific gravity], [chemical composition], [micro-structure], etc.).
• Thames, mineral salts in solution in the, [7]
• Thames Valley brick-earths, [1], [2], [3], [4], [5]
• Tuscany, infusorial earth, [92]
• Variable character of brick-earths, [10]
• Variability in character of marine brick-earths, [23], [24]
• of estuarine brick-earths, [21]
• of lacustrine brick-earths, [17]
• Vegetable growth on bricks, [113]
• Vein quartz, [40]
• Volcanic ejectamenta for brickmaking, [93]
• Wales, fire-clays of, [81]
• Warping, [98]
• “Weathering” agents which affect bricks, [6]
• Weathering of brick-earths, [27]
• White bricks, [100]
• Yellow bricks, [101]