Gem-Stones and Their Distinctive Characters

by George Frederick Herbert Smith

INDEX

• Absorption, [53], [59]
• Absorption spectra, [59]
• Achroite, [220], [221]
• Adularia, [255]
• Agate, [247]
• Akbar Shah diamond, [163]
• Alalite, [272]
• Albite, [254]
• Alexandrite, [54], [60], [233]
• Scientific, [122]
• Almandine, [60], [214]
• Oriental, [112], [172]
• spinel, [112], [204]
• Amazon-stone, [255]
• Amber, [83], [298]
• Amethyst, [239], [242]
• Oriental, [111], [172], [239]
• Anatase, [281]
• Andalusite, [274]
• Andradite, [216]
• Anomalous refraction, [47]
• Anorthite, [254]
• Apatite, [279]
• Apophyllite, [290]
• Aquamarine, [184], [193]
• Arizona-ruby, [213]
• Artificial stones, [124]
• Asteria, [38], [177]
• Asterism, [38]
• Australia stones, [154], [174], [182], [195], [213], [216], [227], [232], [252], [288]
• Austrian Yellow diamond, [165]
• Aventurine, [240], [241]
• Axes, Crystallographic, [9]
• Optic, [49]
• Axinite, [278]
• Azure-quartz, [244]
• Azurite, [287]
• Balas-ruby, [203]
• Barnato, Barnett, [145]
• Baroque, Barrok, pearls, [292]
• Bastite, [272]
• Benitoite, [267]
• Berquem, Louis de, [90], [161]
• Beryl, [184]
• Beryllonite, [270]
• Bezel facet, [92]
• Biaxial double refraction, [45], [49], [57]
• Bisectrix, [45], [49]
• Black diamond, [129]
• Black lead, [129]
• Black opal, [249], [250]
• Black Prince’s ruby, [206]
• Blister-pearl, [296]
• Bloodstone, [247]
• Blue felspar, [255]
• Blue ground, [143], [147]
• Blue John, [285]
• Boart, [103], [129], [133]
• Bohemian garnet (pyrope), [207], [212]
• Bone turquoise, [259]
• Boodt, A. B. de, [132], [213]
• Borgis, Hortensio, [161]
• Borneo stones, [154], [170]
• Bort, v. Boart, [103], [129], [133]
• Bottle-stone, [284]
• Boule, [118]
• Bowenite, [263]
• Braganza diamond, [170]
• Brazil stones, [138], [165], [166], [169], [194] et seq., [201], [215], [223], [236], [243], [244], [248], [266], [269], [270], [274]
• Brazilian emerald, [111], [220], [221]
• peridot, [221]
• sapphire, [111], [221]
• topaz, [111], [197]
• Brilliant form of cutting, [92]
• Brilliant, Scientific, [122]
• Bristol diamonds, [243]
• Bruting, [100]
• Burma stones, [178], [205], [223], [227], [263]
• Button-pearl, [295]
• Byes, Bywaters, [136], [150]
• Cabochon form of cutting, [88]
• Cacholong, [251]
• Cairngorm, [239]
• Callaica, callaina, callais, [258]
• Calcite, [40], [289]
• California stones, [156], [195], [202], [224], [259], [265], [267], [275]
• Californite, [264], [275]
• Cape-ruby, [213]
• Carat weight, [72], [84]
• Carbon, [129]
• Carbonado, [129]
• Carborundum, [105]
• Carbuncle, [89], [215]
• Carnelian, [247]
• Cascalho, [139]
• Cassiterite, [281]
• Cat’s-eye (chrysoberyl), [38], [90], [233]
• (quartz), [39], [90], [240]
• (tourmaline), [39], [219]
• Hungarian, [244]
• Ceylon stones, [181], [195], [201], [205], [212], [215], [216], [223], [232], [236], [237], [243], [244], [255], [267], [274], [279], [284]
• Ceylonese peridot (tourmaline), [221]
• Ceylonite, [204]
• Chalcedony, [246]
• Chatoyancy, [38]
• Chert, [247]
• Chessylite, [287]
• Chrysoberyl, [233]
• Chrysocolla, [288]
• Chrysolite (chrysoberyl), [233]
• (peridot), [225]
• Chrysoprase, [247]
• Church, Sir Arthur, [61], [211], [231]
• Cinnamon-stone, [211]
• Citrine, [239]
• Cleavage, [80], [100], [149]
• Close goods, [149]
• Colenso diamond, [131]
• Colour, [53]
• Colour dispersion, [20], [97]
• Conchiolin, [293]
• Coral, [298]
• Cordierite, [266]
• Cornish diamonds, [243]
• Corundum, [172]
• Crocidolite, [39], [240]
• Crookes, Sir William, [132], [153]
• Cross facet, [93]
• Crystal, [6], [7], [8]
• Rock-, [97]
• Cubic system, [8]
• Culet facet, [93]
• Cullinan diamond, [94], [100], [168]
• Culture pearls, [297]
• Cumberland diamond, [164]
• Cyanite (Kyanite), [79], [273]
• Cymophane, [234]
• Darya-i-nor diamond, [162]
• De Beers diamonds, [167]
• Demantoid, [216]
• Density, [63]
• Deviation, Minimum, [30]
• Diamond, Characters of, [128]
• cutting, [90]
• gauges, [86]
• Glaziers’, [135]
• mining, [146]
• Occurrence of, in—
• Borneo, [154]
• Brazil, [139]
• German South-West Africa, [155]
• India, [138]
• New South Wales, [154]
• Rhodesia, [155]
• South Africa, [139]
• Origin of, [151]
• -point, [91]
• -rose, [92]
• -table, [91]
• Diamonds, Classification of, [136], [149]
• Historical, [157]
• Prices of, [135]
• Dichroism, [55]
• Dichroite, [266]
• Dichroscope, [55]
• Diffusion column, [65]
• Diopside, [272]
• Dioptase, [280]
• Dispersion, Colour, [20], [24], [97]
• Disthene, [273]
• Dop, [102]
• Double refraction, [28], [40]
• Doublet, [125]
• Dresden diamond, [171]
• Drop-stone, [94]
• Duke of Devonshire’s emerald, [191]
• Edwardes ruby, [175]
• Electrical characters, [82]
• Emerald, [89], [184]
• Brazilian, [220], [221]
• Evening, [225]
• Oriental, [111], [172]
• Scientific, [122]
• Uralian, [216]
• Emeraldine, [247]
• Emery, [175]
• English Dresden diamond, [166]
• Enstatite, [271]
• Epidote, [275]
• Essence d’Orient, [126]
• Essonite (Hessonite), [211]
• Euclase, [269]
• Eugénie diamond, [164]
• Evening emerald, [225]
• Excelsior diamond, [167]
• Extinction, [45]
• Faceting machine, [105]
• False topaz, [239]
• Felspar, [254]
• Fire, [20], [96]
• Fire-marble, [289]
• Fire-opal, [251]
• Flats, [150]
• Flêches d’amour, [240]
• Flint, [247]
• Floors, [147]
• Fluor, [285]
• Frémy, E., [115]
• Garnet, [207]
• Green, [271]
• Gaudin, M. A. A., [115]
• Gauges, Diamond, [86]
• Girdle, [92]
• Glass, [7], [124]
• Gnaga Boh ruby, [180]
• Goniometer, [30]
• Grain, Pearl, [86]
• Graphite, [129]
• Greaser, [149]
• Great Mogul diamond, [161]
• Great Southern Cross group of pearls, [294]
• Great Table diamond, [162]
• Great White diamond, [167]
• Green garnet, [271]
• Greenstone, [261]
• Grossular, [211]
• Habit, [12]
• Hardness, [78]
• Haüynite, [286]
• Heavy liquids, [64]
• Hematite, [282]
• Hessonite, [211]
• Hexagonal system, [10]
• Hiddenite, [266]
• Hope cat’s-eye, [237]
• chrysolite, [237]
• diamond, [170]
• pearl, [294]
• sapphire, [121]
• Hornstone, [247]
• Hungarian cat’s-eye, [244]
• Hyacinth, [211], [228]
• Hydrophane, [250]
• Hydrostatic weighing, [72]
• Hypersthene, [271]
• Iceland-spar, [40], [44]
• Idocrase, [274]
• Imitation stones, [124]
• Imperial diamond, [167]
• Index of refraction, [16]
• India stones, [137], [181], [194], [215], [243], [244], [248], [290]
• Indicators, [65]
• Indicolite, [221]
• Interference of light, [39], [48]
• Iolite, [266]
• Iris, [240]
• Isle of Wight diamonds, [243]
• Isomorphous replacement, [13], [19]
• Jacinth, [211], [228]
• Jade, [260]
• Jadeite, [262]
• Jargoon, [228]
• Jasper, [247]
• Jehan Ghir Shah diamond, [163]
• Jigger, [149]
• Jubilee diamond, [167]
• Kauri-gum, [299]
• Khiraj-i-Alam ruby, [206]
• Kimberlite, [152]
• King topaz, [181], [201]
• Klein’s solution, [67]
• Koh-i-nor diamond, [137], [158]
• Kunz, Dr. G. F., [186], [224], [262], [265]
• Kunzite, [265]
• Kyanite, [79], [273]
• Labradorite, [255]
• La Pellegrina pearl, [294]
• Lapis lazuli, [286]
• Lazurite, [286]
• Lozenge facet, [93]
• Lumachelle, [289]
• Lustre, [37]
• Maacles, Macles, [12], [150]
• Madagascar stones, [195], [224], [243], [265], [266]
• Malachite, [287]
• Malacolite, [272]
• Manufactured stones, [113]
• Marble, [289]
• Mattan diamond, [155], [170]
• Matura diamonds, [232]
• Mazarin, Cardinal, [92]
• Meerschaum, [288]
• Mêlée, [136]
• Methylene iodide, [26], [66]
• Metric carat, [85], [87]
• Milky-quartz, [240]
• Minimum deviation, [30]
• Mocha-stone, [247]
• Moe’s gauge, [87]
• Mohs’s scale of hardness, [78]
• Moissan, Henri, [153]
• Moldavite, [283]
• Monoclinic system, [11]
• Moon of the Mountains diamond, [162]
• Moonstone, [39], [255]
• Morganite, [186], [195]
• Moroxite, [279]
• Moss-agate, [247]
• Mother-of-emerald, [240]
• Mother-o’-pearl, [292]
• Nacre, [292]
• Napoleon diamond, [164]
• Nassak diamond, [163]
• Negative double refraction, [45]
• Nephrite, [261]
• Nicol’s prism, [44]
• Nizam diamond, [162]
• Obsidian, [283]
• Occidental topaz, [111], [239]
• Odontolite, [259]
• Off-coloured diamonds, [130]
• Olivine (demantoid), [216]
• (peridot), [225]
• Onyx, [247]
• Opal, [39], [249]
• Fire, [251]
• -matrix, [251]
• Opalescence, [39]
• Optical anomalies, [47]
• Optic axes, [49]
• Oriental almandine, [112], [172]
• amethyst, [111], [172]
• emerald, [111], [172]
• topaz, [111], [172]
• Orient of pearls, [292]
• Orloff diamond, [160]
• Orthoclase, [254]
• Orthorhombic system, [11]
• Pacha of Egypt diamond, [165]
• Paste, [47], [124]
• Paul I diamond, [171]
• Pavilion, [93]
• Pavilion facet, [93]
• Pear-drop pearls, [292]
• Pear-eye pearls, [292]
• Pearl, [291]
• grain, [86]
• imitations, [126]
• Pendeloque, [94]
• Peridot, [225]
• Brazilian, [221]
• Ceylonese, [221]
• Peruzzi, Vincenzio, [92]
• Phenakite, [269]
• Pigott diamond, [164]
• Pipes, [152]
• Pistacite, [275]
• Pitt diamond, [100], [159]
• Plasma, [247], [264]
• Pleochroism, [57]
• Pleonaste, [204]
• Pliny, [6], [88], [138], [184], [191], [241], [249]
• Polar Star diamond, [163]
• Polarization, [42]
• Porter-Rhodes diamond, [166]
• Positive double refraction, [45]
• Prase, [240], [247]
• Prehnite, [278]
• Pycnometer, [75]
• Pyrites, [282]
• Pyrope, [212]
• Quartz, [50], [238]
• Quoin facet, [93]
• Rainbow-quartz, [240]
• Reconstructed stones, [116]
• Reef, [144]
• Reflection of light, [14]
• Refraction of light, [15]
• Refractive index, [16]
• Refractometer, [22], [50]
• Regent diamond, [100], [159]
• Retgers’s salt, [69]
• Rhodes, Cecil J., [145]
• Rhodesia stones, [155], [183], [213], [236]
• Rhodolite, [62], [214]
• Rhodonite, [287]
• Rock-crystal, [97], [239]
• Rock-drill, [134]
• Röntgen rays, [83]
• Rose form of cutting, [91]
• Rose-quartz, [240]
• Rospoli sapphire, [182]
• Rotation of plane of polarization, [50]
• Rubellite, [220], [223]
• Rubicelle, [203]
• Ruby, [98], [110], [172]
• Balas-, [203]
• Cape-, [213]
• Sancy diamond, [161]
• Sapphire, [98], [110], [172]
• Brazilian (tourmaline), [221]
• -quartz, [244]
• Water- (iolite), [266]
• Water- (topaz), [201]
• Sard, [247]
• Sardonyx, [247]
• Saussurite, [263]
• Schorl, [221]
• Scientific alexandrite, [122]
• brilliant, [122]
• emerald, [122]
• topaz, [121]
• Scotch topaz, [239]
• Seed pearls, [294]
• Serpentine, [289]
• Setting of gem-stones, [107]
• Shah diamond, [163]
• Sheen, [39]
• Shepherd’s Stone diamond, [163]
• Siam stones, [180]
• Siberia and Asiatic Russia stones, [182], [188], [194], [201], [217], [223], [236], [244], [256], [262], [269], [270], [287]
• Siberite, [221]
• Siderite, [244]
• Silver-thallium nitrate, [69]
• Skew facet, [93]
• Skill facet, [93]
• Smoky quartz, [240]
• Snell’s laws, [16]
• Soapstone, [288]
• Sodalite, [286], [287]
• Sonstadt’s solution, [67]
• South Africa stones, [139] et seq., [166], [167] et seq., [213], [232], [244], [264], [271]
• Spanish topaz, [239]
• Specific gravity, [63]
• Specific-gravity bottle, [75]
• Spectroscope, [59]
• Spectrum, [20], [25]
• Spectrum, Absorption, [59]
• Spessartite, [216]
• Sphene, [276]
• Spinel, [203]
• Spodumene, [265]
• Spotted stones, [149]
• Star-facet, [92]
• Star of Africa diamond, [168]
• Star of Este diamond, [165]
• Star of Minas diamond, [169]
• Star of South Africa diamond, [141], [166]
• Star of the South diamond, [139], [165]
• Starstones, [38], [177]
• Steatite, [288]
• Step form of cutting, [98]
• Stewart diamond, [166]
• Strass, [124]
• Sunstone, [255]
• Synthetical stones, [113]
• Syriam, Syrian, garnet, [215]
• Table facet, [92]
• Table form of cutting, [91]
• Tavernier, J. B., [91], [129], [137], [161], [162], [170]
• Templet facet, [92]
• Tetragonal system, [9]
• Thulite, [289]
• Tiffany diamond, [171]
• Tiger’s-eye, [39], [240]
• Timur ruby, [206]
• Titanite, [276]
• Topaz, [197]
• Brazilian, [197]
• False, [239]
• Occidental, [111], [239]
• Oriental, [111], [173]
• Scientific, [121]
• Scotch, [239]
• Spanish, [239]
• Topazolite, [216]
• Total-reflection, [18], [21]
• Tourmaline, [43], [219]
• Trap form of cutting, [98]
• Trichroism, [57]
• Triclinic system, [12]
• Triplet, [126]
• Turquoise, [257]
• Turquoise-matrix, [258]
• Tuscany diamond, [165]
• Twinning, [12], [47]
• Uniaxial double refraction, [45], [48], [57]
• Uralian emerald, [217]
• Uvarovite, [218]
• Variscite, [259]
• Verdite, [264]
• Verneuil, A. V. L., [116]
• Vesuvianite, [274]
• Victoria diamond, [167]
• Violane, [287]
• Wart-pearl, [296]
• Water (of diamonds), [129]
• (of pearls), [292]
• Water-chrysolite, [284]
• -sapphire (iolite), [266]
• -sapphire (topaz), [201]
• White opal, [249]
• White Saxon diamond, [165]
• Wollaston, W. H., [133]
• X-rays, [83]
• Yellow ground, [143]
• Zircon, [228]

Printed by Morrison & Gibb Limited, Edinburgh

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FOOTNOTES:

[1] The word medium is employed by physicists to express any substance through which light passes, and includes solids such as glass, liquids such as water, and gases such as air; the nature of the substance is not postulated.

[2] Methylene iodide must be heated almost to boiling-point to enable it to absorb sufficient sulphur; but caution must be exercised in the operation to prevent the liquid boiling over and catching fire, the resulting fumes being far from pleasant. It is advisable to verify by actual observation that the liquid is refractive enough not to show any shadow-edge in the field of view of the refractometer.

[3] γωνία, angle; μέτρον, measure. For details of the construction, adjustment, and use of this instrument the reader should refer to textbooks of mineralogy or crystallography.

[4] A cleavage flake of topaz may conveniently be used to show the phenomenon, but owing to the great width of the angle the “eyes” are invisible.

[5] In accordance with the usual custom the angle between the facets is taken as that between their normals, or the supplement of the salient angle.